Inactive pharmaceutical ingredients: Implications for pregnancy

Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2007, Pages

  Finkelstein, Yaron ^a   Rezvani, Massoud ^a   Garcia Bournissen, Facundo ^a   Nurmohamed, Laila ^a   Koren, Gideon ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETONE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ALLERNIX; ALUMINUM; ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; ANTACID AGENT; BALMINIL; BENZOIC ACID; BENZYL ALCOHOL; BORIC ACID; CHLORBUTOL; CHOLINE THEOPHYLLINATE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOSPORIN; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; DIETHANOLAMINE; DIMENHYDRINATE; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; ETHANOLAMINE; GLUCOSE; GLYCEROL; GUAIFENESIN; HEXADECANOL; LABRASOL; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; PARACETAMOL; PHENOBARBITAL; PHTHALIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; RANITIDINE; SANDIMUNNE; SENOKOT; TACROLIMUS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BIRTH DEFECT; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ACCUMULATION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; EMBRYOTOXICITY; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; FETUS DEATH; FETUS RISK; HUMAN; LETHAL DOSE; MATERNAL CARE; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; TABLET FORMULATION; TERATOGENESIS; TERATOGENICITY; TESTIS DISEASE;

EID: 33846818682     PISSN: 1198581X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (122)

1. Bariliak IR, Kozachuk SI. [Mutagenic action of different alcohols in an experiment]. Tsitol Genet 1985; 19(6):436-442.
2. Lasuncion MA, Lorenzo J, Palacin M, Herrera E. Maternal factors modulating nutrient transfer to fetus. Biol Neonate 1987; 51(2):86-93.
3. Patel D, Kalhan S. Glycerol metabolism and triglyceride-fatty acid cycling in the human newborn: effect of maternal diabetes and intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res 1992; 31(1):52-58.
4. Power GG, Ball KT, Asakura H, Gluckman PD. Rate of disappearance of glycerol from plasma of fetal and newborn sheep. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68(1):271-274.
5. Critser JK, Huse-Benda AR, Aaker DV, Arneson BW, Ball GD. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. III. The effect of cryoprotectants on motility. Fertil Steril 1988; 50(2):314-320.
6. Tulandi T, McInnes RA. Vaginal lubricants: effect of glycerin and egg white on sperm motility and progression in vitro. Fertil Steril 1984; 41(1):151-153.
7. Hahn JD. Post-testicular antifertility effects of epichlorohydrin and 2,3-xpoxypropanol. Nature 1970; 226(5240):87.
8. Shin YK, Collea JV, Kim YD. The effect of glucagon on spontaneous contractility of isolated pregnant uterine muscle. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88(5):867-871.
9. Schini SA, Bavister BD. Two-cell block to development of cultured hamster embryos is caused by phosphate and glucose. Biol Reprod 1988; 39(5):1183-1192.
10. Seshagiri PB, Bavister BD. Glucose inhibits development of hamster 8-cell embryos in vitro. Biol Reprod 1989; 40(3):599-606.
11. Cockroft DL, Coppola PT. Teratogenic effects of excess glucose on head-fold rat embryos in culture. Teratology 1977; 16(2):141-146.
12. Garnham EA, Beck F, Clarke CA, Stanisstreet M. Effects of glucose on rat embryos in culture. Diabetologia 1983; 25(3):291-295.
13. Sadler TW. Effects of maternal diabetes on early embryogenesis: II. Hyperglycemia-induced exencephaly. Teratology 1980; 21(3):349-356.
14. Gale TF. Effects of in vivo exposure of pregnant hamsters to glucose. 1. Abnormalities in LVG strain fetuses following intermittent multiple treatments with two isomers. Teratology 1991; 44(2):193-202.
15. Philipson EH, Kalhan SC, Riha MM, Pimentel R. Effects of maternal glucose infusion on fetal acid-base status in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157(4 Pt 1):866-873.
16. Singhi S, Chookang E, Hall JS, Kalghatgi S. Iatrogenic neonatal and maternal hyponatraemia following oxytocin and aqueous glucose infusion during labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92(4):356-363.
17. McIntyre HD, Russell A, Serek R, Veveris-Lowe T, Cotterill A, Cowley D et al. Placental growth hormone is not suppressed by oral glucose loading in normal human pregnancy. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34(5):250-253.
18. Patterson EC, Staszak DJ. Effects of geophagia (kaolin ingestion) on the maternal blood and embryonic development in the pregnant rat. J Nutr 1977; 107(11):2020-2025.
19. Elmore AR. Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. Int J Toxicol 2003; 22 Suppl 1:37-102.
20. Black RA, Hill DA. Over-the-counter medications in pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67(12):2517-2524.
21. Lione A. Aluminum toxicology and the aluminum-containing medications. Pharmacol Ther 1985; 29(2):255-285.
22. Berkowitz RL. Handbook for prescribing medications during pregnancy. Boston: 1981.
23. Anane R, Bonini M, Creppy EE. Transplacental passage of aluminum from pregnant mice to fetus organs after maternal transcutaneous exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997; 16(9):501-504.
24. Benett RW, Persaud TV, Moore KL. Experimental studies on the effects of aluminum on pregnancy and fetal development. Anat Anz 1975; 138(5):365-378.
25. Hall GS, Carr MJ, Cummings E, Lee M. Aluminum, barium, silicon, and strontium in amniotic fluid by emission spectrometry. Clin Chem 1983; 29(6):1318.
26. McCormack KM, Ottosen LD, Sanger VL, Sprague S, Mayor GH, Hook JB. Effect of prenatal administration of aluminum and parathyroid hormone on fetal development in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1979; 161(1):74-77.
27. Paternain JL, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of aluminum nitrate in rats upon oral administration. Teratology 1988; 38(3):253-257.
28. Wide M. Effect of short-term exposure to five industrial metals on the embryonic and fetal development of the mouse. Environ Res 1984; 33(1):47-53.
29. Bernuzzi V, Desor D, Lehr PR. Developmental alternations in offspring of female rats orally intoxicated by aluminum chloride or lactate during gestation. Teratology 1989; 40(1):21-27.
30. Yokel RA. Toxicity of gestational aluminum exposure to the maternal rabbit and offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 79(1):121-133.
31. Golub MS, Gershwin ME, Donald JM, Negri S, Keen CL. Maternal and developmental toxicity of chronic aluminum exposure in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1987; 8(3):346-357.
32. Llobet JM, Colomina MT, Sirvent JJ, Domingo JL, Corbella J. Reproductive toxicology of aluminum in male mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995; 25(1):45-51.
33. Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA, Wolff J, Harding C. Aluminum toxicity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152(5):511-512.
34. Bishop NJ, Morley R, Day JP, Lucas A. Aluminum neurotoxicity in preterm infants receiving intravenous-feeding solutions. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(22):1557-1561.
35. Lione A. More on aluminum in infants. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:923.
36. Sedman AB, Klein GL, Merritt RJ, Miller NL, Weber KO, Gill WL et al. Evidence of aluminum loading in infants receiving intravenous therapy. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(21):1337-1343.
37. Minor JL, Becker BA. A comparison of the teratogenic properties of sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and phenol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 19:373.
38. Wester RC, Hui X, Maibach HI, Bell K, Schell MJ, Northington DJ et al. In vivo percutaneous absorption of boron as boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate in humans: a summary. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998; 66(1-3):101-109.
39. Landauer W. Complex formation and chemical specificity of boric acid in production of chicken embryo malformations. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1953; 82(4):633-636.
40. Weir RJ, Jr., Fisher RS. Toxicologic studies on borax and boric acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1972; 23(3):351-364.
41. Fail PA, George JD, Seely JC, Grizzle TB, Heindel JJ. Reproductive toxicity of boric acid in Swiss (CD-1) mice: assessment using the continuous breeding protocol. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991; 17(2):225-239.
42. Heindel JJ, Price CJ, Field EA, Marr MC, Myers CB, Morrissey RE, et al. Developmental toxicity of boric acid in mice and rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1992; 18(2):266-277.
43. Lee IP, Sherins RJ, Dixon RL. Evidence for induction of germinal aplasia in male rats by environmental exposure to boron. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978; 45(2):577-590
44. Treinen KA, Chapin RE. Development of testicular lesions in F344 rats after treatment with boric acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 107(2):325-335.
45. Krasovskii GN, Varshavskaya SP, Borisov AI. Toxic and gonadotropic effects of cadmium and boron relative to standards for these substances in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 1976; 13:69-75.
46. Ku WW, Chapin RE, Wine RN, Gladen BC. Testicular toxicity of boric acid (BA): relationship of dose to lesion development and recovery in the F344 rat. Reprod Toxicol 1993; 7(4):305-319.
47. Ku WW, Shih LM, Chapin RE. The effects of boric acid (BA) on testicular cells in culture. Reprod Toxicol 1993; 7(4):321-331.
48. Price CJ, Strong PL, Marr MC, Myers CB, Murray FJ. Developmental toxicity NOAEL and postnatal recovery in rats fed boric acid during gestation. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 32(2):179-193.
49. Price CJ, Marr MC, Myers CB, Seely JC, Heindel JJ, Schwetz BA. The developmental toxicity of boric acid in rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 34(2):176-187.
50. Murray FJ. A human health risk assessment of boron (boric acid and borax) in drinking water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 22(3):221-230.
51. Balkovetz DF, Leibach FH, Mahesh VB, Ganapathy V. A proton gradient is the driving force for uphill transport of lactate in human placental brush-border membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem 1988; 263(27):13823-13830.
52. Illsley NP, Wootton R, Penfold P, Hall S, Duffy S. Lactate transfer across the perfused human placenta. Placenta 1986; 7(3):209-220.
53. Nordstrom L, Ingemarsson I, Westgren M. Fetal monitoring with lactate. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 10(2):225-242.
54. Colomina MT, Gomez M, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J. Concurrent ingestion of lactate and aluminum can result in developmental toxicity in mice. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1992; 77(1):95-106.
55. Lu CC, Mull RL, Lochry EA, Christian MS. Developmental variation of the diaphragm and liver in Fischer 344 rats. Teratology 1988; 37(6):571-575.
56. Routledge EJ, Parker J, Odum J, Ashby J, Sumpter JP. Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 153(1):12-19.
57. Nes IF, Eklund T. The effect of parabens on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. J Appl Bacteriol 1983; 54(2):237-242.
58. Batty KT. Hypersensitivity to methylhydroxybenzoate: a case for additive labelling of pharmaceuticals. Med J Aust 1986; 144(2):107-108.
59. Song BL, Peng DR, Li HY, Zhang GH, Zhang J, Li KL, et al. Evaluation of the effect of butyl p-hydroxybenzoate on the proteolytic activity and membrane function of human spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil 1991; 91(2):435-440.
60. Song BL, Li HY, Peng DR. In vitro spermicidal activity of parabens against human spermatozoa. Contraception 1989; 39(3):331-335.
61. Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA. Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(10):1335-1373.
62. Soni MG, Burdock GA, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39(6):513-532.
63. Hellwig J, Liberacki AB. Evaluation of the pre-, peri-, and postnatal toxicity of monoethanolamine in rats following repeated oral administration during organogenesis. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1997; 40(1):158-162.
64. Mankes RF. Studies on the embryopathic effects of ethanolamine in Long-Evans rats: preferential embryopathy in pups contiguous with male siblings in utero. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1986; 6(5):403-417.
65. Oglesby LA, Ebron-McCoy MT, Logsdon TR, Copeland F, Beyer PE, Kavlock RJ. In vitro embryotoxicity of a series of para-substituted phenols: structure, activity, and correlation with in vivo data. Teratology 1992; 45(1):11-33.
66. Kavlock RJ. Structure-activity relationships in the developmental toxicity of substituted phenols: in vivo effects. Teratology 1990; 41(1):43-59.
67. Kavlock RJ, Oglesby LA, Hall LL, Fisher HL, Copeland F, Logsdon T et al. In vivo and in vitro structure-dosimetry-activity relationships of substituted phenols in developmental toxicity assays. Reprod Toxicol 1991; 5(3):255-258.
68. Narotsky MG, Kavlock RJ. A multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening: II. Developmental toxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health 1995; 45(2):145-171.
69. Alexander DJ, Libretto SE. An overview of the toxicology of HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). Hum Exp Toxicol 1995; 14(9):715-720.
70. Brock WJ, Trochimowicz HJ, Farr CH, Millischer RJ, Rusch GM. Acute, subchronic, and developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a). Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 31(2):200-209.
71. Collins MA, Rusch GM, Sato F, Hext PM, Millischer RJ. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane: repeat exposure inhalation toxicity in the rat, developmental toxicity in the rabbit, and genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995; 25(2):271-280.
72. Alexander DJ. Safety of propellants. J Aerosol Med 1995; 8 Suppl 1:S29-S34.
73. van't Veen AJ. Vaccines without thiomersal: why so necessary, why so long coming? Drugs 2001; 61(5):565-572.
74. Thimerosal in vaccines - An interim report to clinicians. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Environmental Health. Pediatrics 1999; 104(3 Pt 1):570-574.
75. Pichichero ME, Cernichiari E, Lopreiato J, Treanor J. Mercury concentrations and metabolism in infants receiving vaccines containing thiomersal: a descriptive study. Lancet 2002; 360(9347):1737-1741.
76. Halsey NA, Goldman LR. Mercury in infants given vaccines containing thiomersal. Lancet 2003; 361(9358):698-699.
77. Vannier B, Bremaud R, Benicourt M, Julien P. Teratogenic effects of Polyethylene Glycol 200 in the mouse but not in the rat. Teratology 1989; 40:302.
78. Lewis RW, Moxon ME, Botham PA. Evaluation of oral dosing vehicles for use in developmental toxicity studies in the rat and rabbit. Toxicologist 1997; 36:259-260.
79. Smyth HF, Jr., Carpenter CP, Weil CS. The toxicology of the polyethylene glycols. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc 1950; 39(6):349-354.
80. Neri I, Blasi I, Castro P, Grandinetti G, Ricchi A, Facchinetti F. Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (Isocolan) for constipation during pregnancy: an observational open-label study. J Midwifery Womens Health 2004; 49(4):355-358.
81. Naigamwalla D, Chia MC, Tran TT, Medline A, Hay K, Gallinger S et al. Polyethylene glycol 8000 and colon carcinogenesis: inhibition in the F344 rat, promotion in the Min mouse. Cancer Res 2000; 60(24):6856-6858.
82. Biondi O, Motta S, Mosesso P. Low molecular weight polyethylene glycol induces chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster cells cultured in vitro. Mutagenesis 2002; 17(3):261-264.
83. Eriksson UJ, Naeser P, Brolin SE. Increased accumulation of sorbitol in offspring of manifest diabetic rats. Diabetes 1986; 35(12):1356-1363.
84. MacKenzie KM, Hauck WN, Wheeler AG, Roe FJ. Three-generation reproduction study of rats ingesting up to 10% sorbitol in the diet - and a brief review of the toxicological status of sorbitol. Food Chem Toxicol 1986; 24(3):191-200.
85. Oney T, Kaulhausen H. Effect of sodium chloride and sorbitol infusions on vascular angiotensin reactivity during third trimester pregnancy. Arch Gynecol 1982; 231:99-105.
86. Palmer A. Effect of xylitol during a modified teratology study in rats. Final report. 1977. Unpublished report from Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England submitted to the World Health Organization by Hoffman La Roche Co., Ltd., Basle Switzerland. Ref Type: Report
87. Eriksson UJ, Cederberg J, Wentzel P. Congenital malformations in offspring of diabetic mothers - animal and human studies. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003; 4(1):79-93.
88. Chakurov R, Iotsev M.[Organic solvents studied for their embryotoxic and teratogenic action on chick embryos]. Vet Med Nauki 1987; 24:60-63.
89. Kitchin KT, Ebron MT. Further development of rodent whole embryo culture: solvent toxicity and water insoluble compound delivery system. Toxicology 1984; 30(1):45-57.
90. Kocher-Becker U, Kocher W, Ockenfels H. Thalidomide-like malformations caused by Tween surfactant in mice. Z Naturforsch [C] 1981; 36(9-10):904-906.
91. Gajdova M, Jakubovsky J, Valky J. Delayed effects of neonatal exposure to Tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1993; 31(3):183-190.
92. Ema M, Itami T, Kawaski H, Kanoh S. Teratology study of Tween 60 in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 1988; 11(3):249-260.
93. Price CJ, George JD, Marr MC, Myers CB, Heindel JJ, Schwetz BA.. Developmental toxicity evaluation of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (TW20) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (TW80) in rats. Toxicologist 1994; 14:163.
94. Hilbish K, Hoyt JA, Buckley LA. The use of polysorbate 80 as a vehicle for intravenous reproductive studies. Teratology 1997; 55:70.
95. Naya M, Imoto H, Sanai I. Effects of polysorbate 80 on dams and fetuses in rabbits. J Toxicol Sci 1999; 24:353.
96. Gentry PR, Covington TR, Clewell HJ, III, Anderson ME. Application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for reference dose and reference concentration estimation for acetone. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2003; 66(23):2209-2225.
97. Vaglenova J, Petkov VV. Fetal alcohol effects in rats exposed pre- and postnatally to a low dose of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22(3):697-703.
98. Streissguth AP, Landesman-Dwyer S, Martin JC, Smith DW. Teratogenic effects of alcohol in humans and laboratory animals. Science 1980; 209(4454):353-361.
99. Becker HC, az-Granados JL, Randall CL. Teratogenic actions of ethanol in the mouse: a mini review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996; 55(4):501-513.
100. Martinez-Frias ML, Bermejo E, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Frias JL. Risk for congenital anomalies associated with different sporadic and daily doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy: a case-control study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004; 70(4):194-200.
101. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Drinking moderately and pregnancy. Effects on child development. Alcohol Res Health 1999; 23(1):25-30.
102. Sood B, Delaney-Black V, Covington C, Nordstrom-Klee B, Ager J, Templin T et al. Prenatal alcohol exposure and childhood behavior at age 6 to 7 years: I. dose-response effect. Pediatrics 2001; 108(2):E34.
103. Ernhart CB, Sokol RJ, Martier S, Moron P, Nadler D, Ager JW et al. Alcohol teratogenicity in the human: a detailed assessment of specificity, critical period, and threshold. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156(1):33-39.
104. Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Barr HM. On categorizations in analyses of alcohol teratogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108 Suppl 3:421-428.
105. Irvine LF. Relevance of the developmental toxicity of ethanol in the occupational setting: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2003; 23(5):289-299.
106. Abel EL, Hannigan JH. Maternal risk factors in fetal alcohol syndrome: provocative and permissive influences. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1995; 17(4):445-462.
107. Jones AW. Aspects of in-vivo pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24(4):400-402.
108. Shoaf SE. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous alcohol: two compartment, dual Michaelis-Menten elimination. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24(4):424-425.
109. Holford NH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 13(5):273-292.
110. Hiller JL, Benda GI, Rahatzad M, Allen JR, Culver DH, Carlson CV et al. Benzyl alcohol toxicity: impact on mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1986; 77(4):500-506.
111. Nair B. Final report on the safety assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. Int J Toxicol 2001; 20 Suppl 3:23-50.
112. Scala RA, Burtis EG. Acute toxicity of a homologous series of branched-chain primary alcohols. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1973; 34(11):493-499.
113. Gosselin R, Smith RP, Hodge HC, Braddock J. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: 1984.
114. Marty MS, Neeper-Bradley TL, Neptun DA, Carney EW. Developmental toxicity of diethanolamine applied cutaneously to CD rats and New Zealand White rabbits. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1999; 30(3):169-181.
115. Price CJ, Marr MC, Myers CB, Jahnke GD. Postnatal development of rat pups after maternal exposure to diethanolamine. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2005; 74(3):243-254.
116. Smoak IW, Amiss TJ. Chlorobutanol: maternal serum levels and placental transfer in the mouse. Vet Hum Toxicol 1997; 39(5):287-290.
117. Smoak IW. Embryotoxic effects of chlorobutanol in cultured mouse embryos. Teratology 1993; 47(3):203-208.
118. Gray LE, Jr., Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DN, Parks L. Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Sci 2000; 58(2):350-365.
119. Grey LE Jr, Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DN, Parks L. Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, DINP, but not DEP, DMP or DOTP permanently alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Biol Reprod 2000; 62 (Suppl 1):184-185.
120. Field EA, Price CJ, Sleet RB, George JD, Marr MC, Myers CB et al. Developmental toxicity evaluation of diethyl and dimethyl phthalate in rats. Teratology 1993; 48(1):33-44.
121. Hansen E, Meyer O. No embryotoxic or teratogenic effect of dimethyl phthalate in rats after epicutaneous application. Pharmacol Toxicol 1989; 64(2):237-238.
122. Rice DC, Schoeny R, Mahaffey K. Methods and rationale for derivation of a reference dose for methylmercury by the U.S. EPA. Risk Anal 2003; 23(1):107-115.