Resolving the paradox of stasis: Models with stabilizing selection explain evolutionary divergence on all timescales

American Naturalist

Volumn 169, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 227-244

  Estes, Suzanne ^a,b   Arnold, Stevan J ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive landscape; Comparative methods; Macroevolution; Microevolution; Phenotypic evolution; Quantitative genetic models

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; DATABASE; DIVERGENCE; FITNESS; GENETIC ANALYSIS; NATURAL SELECTION; NICHE; PHENOTYPE; PHYLOGENY; PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; TIMESCALE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; EVOLUTION; FACTUAL DATABASE; PHENOTYPE; TIME;

ANIMALS; DATABASES, FACTUAL; EVOLUTION; MODELS, GENETIC; PHENOTYPE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 33846633697     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/510633     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Arnold, S. J. 1988. Quantitative genetics and selection in natural populations: microevolution of vertebral numbers in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. Pages 619-636 in B. S. Weir, E. J. Eisen, M. M. Goodman, and G. Namkoong, eds. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Quantitative Genetics. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
2. -. 1992. Constraints on phenotypic evolution. American Naturalist 140(suppl.):S85-S107.
3. Arnold, S. J., and A. E Bennett. 1988. Behavioural variation in natural populations. V. Morphological correlates of locomotion in the garter snake (Thamnophis radix). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 34:175-190.
4. Arnold, S. J., M. E. Pfrender, and A. G. Jones. 2001. The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between micro- and macroevolution. Genetica 112/113:9-32.
5. Bailey, N. T. J. 1964. The elements of stochastic processes with applications to the natural sciences. Wiley, New York.
6. Barrowclough, G. F. 1980. Gene flow, effective population sizes, and genetic variance components in birds. Evolution 34:789-798.
7. Barton, N. H., and B. Charlesworth. 1984. Genetic revolutions, founder effects, and speciation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15:133-164.
8. Begon, M., C. B. Krimbas, and M. Loukas. 1980. The genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. XV. Effective size of a natural population estimated by three independent methods. Heredity 45: 335-350.
9. Berg, R. L. 1959. The ecological significance of correlation pleiades. Evolution 14:171-180.
10. Blows, M. W., and R. Brooks. 2003. Measuring nonlinear selection. American Naturalist 162:815-820.
11. Blows, M. W., and A. A. Hoffmann. 2005. A reassessment of genetic limits to evolutionary change. Ecology 86:1371-1384.
12. Bookstein, F. L. 1987. Random walk and the existence of evolutionary rates. Paleobiology 13:446-464.
13. Boucot, A. J. 1978. Community evolution and rates of cladogenesis. Evolutionary Biology 11:545-655.
14. -. 1990. Conclusions. Pages 529-581 in A. J. Boucot, ed. Evolutionary paleobiology of behavior and coevolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
15. Bradshaw, A. D. 1991. Genostasis and the limits to evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 333:289-305.
16. Brock, J. P. 2000. The evolution of adaptive systems. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
17. Brodie, E. D., III. 1992. Correlational selection for color pattern and antipredator behavior in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides. Evolution 47:1284-1298.
18. Bunce, M., M. Szulkin, H. R. L. Lerner, I. Barnes, B. Shapiro, A. Cooper, and R. N. Holdaway. 2005. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the evolutionary history of New Zealand's extinct giant eagle. PLoS Biology 3:44.
19. Bürger, R. 2000. The mathematical theory of selection, recombination, and mutation. Wiley, Chichester.
20. Bürger, R., and M. Lynch. 1995. Evolution and extinction in a changing environment: a quantitative-genetic analysis. Evolution 49: 151-163.
21. Butler, M. A., and A. A. King. 2004. Phylogenetic comparative analysis: a modeling approach for adaptive evolution. American Naturalist 164:683-695.
22. Charlesworth, B., R. Lande, and M. Slatkin. 1982. A neo-Darwinian commentary on macroevolution. Evolution 36:474-498.
23. Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. 6th ed. J. Murray, London.
24. Eldredge, N., and S. J. Gould. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. Pages 82-115 in T. J. M. Schopf, ed. Models in paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper, San Francisco.
25. Eldredge, N., J. N. Thompson, P. M. Brakefield, S. Gavrilets, D. Jablonski, J. B. C. Jackson, R. E. Lenski, B. S. Lieberman, M. A. McPeek, and W. Miller III. 2005. The dynamics of evolutionary stasis. Paleobiology 31:133-145.
26. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125:1-15.
27. -. 2003. Inferring phylogenies. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. Frankham, R. 1995. Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife: a review. Genetical Research 66:95-107.
28. Gingerich, P. D. 1983. Rates of evolution: effects of time and temporal scaling. Science 222:159-161.
29. -. 2001. Rates of evolution on the time scale of the evolutionary process. Genetica 112/113:127-144.
30. Gould, S. J. 2002. The structure of evolutionary theory. Belknap, Cambridge, MA.
31. Haldane, J. B. S. 1949. Suggestions as to quantitative measurement of rates of evolution. Evolution 3:51-56.
32. Hansen, T. F. 1997. Stabilizing selection and the comparative analysis of adaptation. Evolution 51:1341-1351.
33. Hansen, T. F., and D. Houle. 2004. Evolvability, stabilizing selection, and the problem of stasis. Pages 130-150 in M. Pigliucci and K. Preston, eds. Phenotypic integration. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
34. Hansen, T. F., and S. H. Orzack. 2005. Assessing current adaptation and phylogenetic inertia as explanations of trait evolution: the need for controlled comparisons. Evolution 59:2063-2072.
35. Hendry, A. P., and M. T. Kinnison. 1999. The pace of modern life: measuring rates of contemporary microevolution. Evolution 53: 1637-1653.
36. Hereford, J., T. H. Hansen, and D. Houle. 2004. Comparing the strengths of directional selection: how strong is strong? Evolution 58:2133-2143.
37. Hersch, E. I., and P. C. Phillips. 2004. Power and potential bias in field studies of natural selection. Evolution 58:479-485.
38. Husband, B. C., and S. C. H. Barrett. 1992. Effective population size and genetic drift in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae). Evolution 46:1875-1890.
39. Jones, A. G., S. J. Arnold, and R. Bürger. 2003. Stability of the G-matrix in a population experiencing mutation, stabilizing selection, and genetic drift. Evolution 57:1747-1760.
40. -. 2004. Evolution and stability of the G-matrix on a landscape with a moving optimum. Evolution 58:1639-1654.
41. Jorde, P. E., and N. Ryman. 1996. Demographic genetics of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and estimation of effective population size from temporal change of allele frequencies. Genetics 143:1369-1381.
42. Karlin, S., and H. M. Taylor. 1981. A second course in stochastic processes. Academic Press, New York.
43. Kimura, M. 1983. The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
44. Kingsolver, J. G., H. E. Hoekstra, J. M. Hoekstra, D. Berrigan, S. N. Vignieri, C. E. Hill, A. Hoang, P. Gibert, and P. Beerli. 2001. The strength of phenotypic selection in natural populations. American Naturalist 157:245-261.
45. Kinnison, M. T., and A. P. Hendry. 2001. The pace of modern life. II. From rates of contemporary microevolution to pattern and process. Genetica 112/113:145-164.
46. Lande, R. 1976. Natural selection and random genetic drift in phenotypic evolution. Evolution 30:314-334.
47. -. 1979. Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain: body size allometry. Evolution 33:402-416.
48. -. 1980. Genetic variation and phenotypic evolution during allopatric speciation. American Naturalist 116:463-479.
49. -. 1985. Expected time for random genetic drift of a population between stable phenotypic states. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 82:7641-7645.
50. -. 1986. The dynamics of peak shifts and the pattern of morphological evolution. Paleobiology 12:343-354.
51. Lande, R., and S. J. Arnold. 1983. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37:1210-1226.
52. Lande, R., and S. Shannon. 1996. The role of genetic variation in adaptation and population persistence in a changing environment. Evolution 50:434-437.
53. Lynch, M. 1990. The rate of morphological evolution in mammals from the standpoint of the neutral expectation. American Naturalist 136:727-741.
54. Lynch, M., and W. G. Hill. 1986. Phenotypic evolution by neutral mutation. Evolution 40:915-935.
55. Lynch, M., and R. Lande. 1995. Evolution and extinction in response to environmental change. Pages 234-250 in P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver, and R. B. Huey, eds. Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
56. Lynch, M., and B. Walsh. 1999. Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
57. Martins, E. P., and T. P. Hansen. 1996. A microevolutionary link between phylogenies and comparative data. Pages 273-288 in P. H. Harvey, A. J. Leigh Brown, J. Maynard Smith, and S. Nee, eds. New uses for new phylogenies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
58. Mayr, E. 1954. Change of genetic environment and evolution. Pages 157-180 in J. Huxley, A. C. Hardy, and E. B. Ford, eds. Evolution as a process. Macmillan, New York.
59. -. 2001. What evolution is. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London.
60. Mousseau, T. A., and D. A. Roff. 1987. Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components. Heredity 59:181-197.
61. Olson, E. C., and R. L. Miller. 1958. Morphological integration. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
62. Partridge, L. 1978. Habitat selection. Pages 351-376 in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds. Behavioral ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
63. Phillips, P. C., and S. J. Arnold. 1989. Visualizing multivariate selection. Evolution 43:1209-1222.
64. Roopnarine, P. D. 2003. Analysis of rates of morphologic evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 34:605-632.
65. Schluter, D., T. D. Price, A. Ø. Mooers, and D. Ludwig. 1997. Likelihood of ancestor states in adaptive radiation. Evolution 51:1699-1711.
66. Sheets, H. D., and C. E. Mitchell. 2001. Why the null matters: statistical tests, random walks and evolution. Genetica 112/113:105-125.
67. Simms, E. L. 1990. Examining selection on the multivariate phenotype: plant resistance to herbivores. Evolution 44:1177-1188.
68. Simms, E. L., and M. D. Rausher. 1993. Patterns of selection on phytophage resistance in Ipomoea purpurea. Evolution 47:970-976.
69. Simpson, G. G. 1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. Columbia University Press, New York.
70. -. 1953. The major features of evolution. Columbia University Press, New York.
71. Stanley, S. M., and X. Yang. 1987. Approximate evolutionary stasis for bivalve morphology over millions of years: a multivariate, multilineage study. Paleobiology 13:113-139.
72. Storz, J. F., H. R. Bhat, and T. H. Kunz. 2001. Genetic consequences of polygyny and social structure in an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx. II. Variance in male mating success and effective population size. Evolution 55:1224-1232.
73. Turner, T. F., J. P. Wares, and J. R. Gold. 2002. Genetic effective size is three orders of magnitude lower than adult census size in an abundant, estuarine dependent marine fish (Sciaenops ocellatus). Genetics 162:1329-1339.
74. Wiens, J. J. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
75. Wright, S. 1968. Evolution and the genetics of populations. Vol. 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.