Social status as a predictor of race and gender stereotypes in late childhood and early adolescence

Social Development

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 150-168

  Rowley, Stephanie J ^a   Kurtz Costes, Beth ^b   Mistry, Rashmita ^b   Feagans, Laura ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Academic stereotypes; Gender stereotypes; Racial stereotypes; Social status

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846633215     PISSN: 0961205X     EISSN: 14679507     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00376.x     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Aboud, F. (1988). Children and prejudice. Cambridge, NY: Basil Blackwell.
2. Alfieri, T., Ruble, D. N., & Higgins, E. T. (1996). Gender stereotypes during adolescence: Developmental changes and the transition to junior high school. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1129-1137.
3. Anderman, E. M., & Midgley, C. (1997). Changes in achievement goal orientations, perceived academic competence, and grades across the transition to middle level schools. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22, 269-298.
4. Aronson, J., Quinn, D. M., & Spencer, S. J. (1998). Stereotype threat and the academic underperformance of minorities and women. In J. K. Swim, & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 83-103). New York: Academic Press.
5. Augoustinos, M., & Rosewarne, D. L. (2001). Stereotype knowledge and prejudice in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 143-156.
6. Bacharach, V. R., Baumeister, A. A., & Furr, R. M. (2003). Racial and gender science achievement gaps in secondary education. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 164, 115-126.
7. Beale, F. (1970). Double jeopardy: To be Black and female. In T. Cade (Ed.), The Black woman (pp. 90-100). New York: New American Library.
8. Biernat, M., & Kobrynowicz, D. (1997). Gender and race-based standards of competence: Lower minimum standards but higher ability standards for devalued groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 544-557.
9. Biernat, M., & Vescio, T. K. (2002). She swings, she hits, she's great, she's benched: Implications of gender-based shifting standards for judgment and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 66-77.
10. Bigler, R. S., Averhart, C. J., & Liben, L. S. (2003). Race and the workforce: Occupational status, aspirations, and stereotyping among African American children. Developmental Psychology, 39, 572-580.
11. Bigler, R. S., Brown, C. S., & Markell, M. (2001). When groups are not created equal: Effects of group status on the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 72, 1151-1162.
12. Bleeker, M. M., & Jacobs, J. E. (2004). Achievement in math and science: Do mothers' beliefs matter 12 years later? Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 97-109.
13. Bobo, L. (2001). Racial attitudes and relations at the close of the twentieth century. In N. J. Smelser, W. J. Wilson, & F. Mitchell (Eds.), America becoming: Racial trends and their consequences (pp. 264-301). Washington, DC: National Academic Press.
14. Campbell, J. R., Hombo, C. M., & Mazzeo, J. (2000). NAEP 1999 trends in academic progress: Three decades of student performance. Washington, DC: Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
15. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
16. Csizma, K. A., Wittig, A. F., & Schurr, K. T. (1988). Sport stereotypes and gender. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 62-74.
17. Doyle, A. B., & Aboud, F. (1995). A longitudinal study of White children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209-228.
18. Eccles, J. S., Adler, T. F., Futterman, R., Goff, S. B., Kaczala, C. M., Meece, J. et al. (1983). Expectancies, values, and achievement behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motives (pp. 75-146). San Francisco: Freeman.
19. Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., Flanagan, C., Miller, C., Reuman, D., & Yee, D. (1989). Self-concepts, domain values, and self-esteem: Relations and changes at early adolescence. Journal of Personality, 57, 283-310.
20. Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., Harold, R. D., & Blumenfeld, P. (1993). Age and gender differences in children's self and task perceptions during elementary school. Child Development, 64, 830-847.
21. Fagot, B. I., & Leinbach, M. D. (1989). The young child's gender schema: Environmental input: Internal organization. Child Development, 60, 663-672.
22. Farmer, H. S., Wardrop, J. L., Anderson, M. Z., & Risinger, R. (1995). Women's career choices: Focus on science, math, and technology careers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 155-170.
23. Frome, P. M., & Eccles, J. S. (1998). Parents' influence on children's achievement-related perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 435-452.
24. Galambos, N. L., Almeida, D. M., & Petersen, A. C. (1990). Masculinity, femininity, and sex roles in early adolescence: Exploring gender intensification. Child Development, 61, 1905-1914.
25. Graham, S., Taylor, A. Z., & Hudley, C. (1998). Exploring achievement values among ethnic minority early adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 606-620.
26. Grant, C. D. (1985). Afro-American music: One form of ethnic identification (ERIC Document ED 268192).
27. Hirschfeld, L. (1996). Race in the making: Cognition, culture, and the child's construction of human kinds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28. Hudley, C., & Graham, S. (2001). Stereotypes of achievement striving among early adolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 5, 201-224.
29. Jacobs, J. E. (1991). Influence of gender stereotypes on parent and child mathematics attitudes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 518-527.
30. Jacobs, J. E., Lanza, S., Osgood, D. W., Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Changes in children's self-competence and values: Gender and domain differences across grades one through twelve. Child Development, 73, 509-527.
31. Leahy, E., & Guo, G. (2001). Gender differences in mathematical trajectories. Social Forces, 80, 713-732.
32. Lee, E. B., & Browne, L. A. (1995). Effects of television advertising on Black teenagers. Journal of Black Studies, 25, 523-536.
33. McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2003). The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 74, 498-515.
34. Miller, A. G. (1982). In the eye of the beholder: Contemporary issues in stereotyping. New York: Praeger.
35. National Center for Education Statistics (2002, September). Digest of education statistics. Retrieved 18 May 2004, from http://nces.ed.gov/ programs/digest/d02/tables/dt255.asp.
36. National Science Foundation (2000). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering (NSF Rep. No. 00-327). Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
37. Nesdale, D., & Flesser, D. (2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72, 506-517.
38. Parsons, J. E., Adler, T. F., & Kaczala, C. M. (1982). Socialization of achievement attitudes and beliefs: Parental influences. Child Development, 53, 310-321.
39. Ruble, D. F., & Martin, C. L. (1998). Gender development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 933-1016). New York: Wiley.
40. Ruble, T. L., Cohen, R., & Ruble, D. N. (2001). Sex stereotypes. American Behavioral Scientist, 27, 339-356.
41. Sailes, G. A. (1991). The myth of Black sports supremacy. Journal of Black Studies, 21, 480-487.
42. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
43. Sidanius, J., & Veniegas, R. C. (2000). Gender and race discrimination: The interactive nature of disadvantage. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 47-69). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Signorella, M. L., Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1993). Developmental differences in children's gender schemata: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 13, 147-183.
45. Steele, C. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape the intellectual identities and performance of women and Blacks. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
46. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1998). Stereotype threat and the test performance of academically successful African-Americans. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White test score gap (pp. 401-427). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
47. Swim, J. K., & Stangor, C. (1998). Prejudice: The target's perspective. New York: Academic Press.
48. Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 233, 96-102.
49. Tajfel, H., & Billig, M. G. (1974). Familiarity and categorization in intergroup behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 159-170.
50. Tiedemann, J. (2000). Parents' gender stereotypes and teachers' beliefs as predictors of children's concept of their mathematical ability in elementary school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 144-151.
51. Weinraub, M., Clemens, L. P., Sockloff, A., Ethridge, R., Gracely, E., & Myers, B. (1984). The development of sex role stereotypes in the third year: Relationships to gender labeling, gender identity, sex-typed toy preferences, and family characteristics. Child Development, 55, 1493-1503.
52. Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1994). Children's competence beliefs, achievement values, and general self-esteem: Change across elementary and middle school. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 107-138.
53. Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Harold, R. D., Blumenfeld, P. C., Arbreton, A., Freedman-Doan, C. R. et al. (1997). Change in children's competence beliefs and subjective task values across the elementary school years: A 3-year study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 451-469.
54. Wood, P. B., & Sonleitner, N. (1996). The effect of childhood interracial contact on adult antiblack prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 1-17.