An integrated systems engineering approach to aircraft design

Progress in Aerospace Sciences

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 331-376

  Price, M ^a   Raghunathan, S ^a   Curran, R ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aircraft design; Automated design; Digital manufacturing; Economics; Interactions; Nacelle wing pylon integration; Systems engineering

Indexed keywords

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING; AIRCRAFT MODELS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; COST EFFECTIVENESS; ECONOMICS; INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; NITROGEN OXIDES; NOISE ABATEMENT;

AIRCRAFT DESIGN; AUTOMATED DESIGN; DIGITAL MANUFACTURING; INTERACTIONS; NACELLE WING PYLON INTEGRATION;

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING;

EID: 33846613608     PISSN: 03760421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2006.11.002     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Aerospace & Defense Industries Association of Europe. Facts and Figs. 2004, 2004.
2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Annual Report of the Council, 2004.
3. Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE). Strategic Research Agenda 2 Executive Summary, October 2004.
4. Paul D., and Pratt D. History of flight vehicle structures 1903-1990. AIAA J Aircraft 41 5 (2004)
5. Mohagheh M. Evolution of structures design philosophy and criteria. AIAA J Aircraft 42 4 (2005)
6. AEIGT Technology Subgroup. Greener by Design, 2004.
7. Nietz TC, Baber S. An innovative UAV design, In: AIAA 3rd "Unmanned Unlimited" technical conference, workshop and exhibit, Paper no. AIAA 2004-6380, Chicago, IL, 20-23 September 2004.
8. Crouse G, Sash T. Conceptual design of a long-endurance, tilt-boom unmanned aerial vehicle. In: AIAA 3rd "Unmanned Unlimited" technical conference, workshop and exhibit, Chicago, IL, 20-23 September 2004.
9. Velev O. Regenerative fuel cell system for an unmanned solar powered aircraft. In: AIAA-2000-2873 ASME, IEEE, et al., intersociety energy conversion engineering conference and exhibit (IECEC), 35th, Las Vegas, NV, 24-28 July 2000.
10. McKee M. Pioneering private space flight. New Scientist 2479 (2004)
11. Raymer D. Aircraft design: a conceptual approach. AIAA Education Series, 1999.
12. Roskam J. Airplane design part I: preliminary sizing of airplanes. Design Analysis & Research Corporation, 1989
13. Jenkinson L.R., Simpkin P., and Rhodes D. Civil jet aircraft design (1999), Butterworth-Heinemann, London
14. Fielding J.P. Introduction to aircraft DESIGN (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
15. Armstrong C.G., Monaghan D.J., Price M.A., Ou H., and Lamont J. Integrating CAE concepts with CAD geometry. In: Topping B.H.V., and Bittnar Z. (Eds). Engineering computational technology (2002), Saxe-Coburg Publications, Stirling 75-104
16. Blair JC, Ryan RS, Schutzenhofer LA, Humphries WR. Launch vehicle design process: characterization, technical integration, and lessons learned. NASA, TP-2001-210992, 2001.
17. Knight NF, Stone TJ. Rapid modeling and analysis tools: evolution, status, needs and directions. NASA, CR-2002-211751, NASA Langley Research Center, 2002.
18. Nickol C. Conceptual design shop. In: Presentation to conceptual aircraft design working group (CADWG21), September 2004.
19. INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02. Systems engineering handbook. INCOSE Technical Product, 2004.
20. Blair JC, Ryan RS, Schutzenhofer LA, Humphries WR. NASA systems engineering handbook. NASA Report SP-6105, 1995.
21. Camarinha-Matos LM, Afsarmanesh H. The virtual enterprise concept. In: IFIP conference proceedings, vol. 153 archive, proceedings of the IFIP TC5 WG5.3/PRODNET working conference on infrastructures for virtual enterprises: networking industrial enterprises, 1999.
22. Jameson A. Re-engineering the design process through computation. AIAA J Aircraft 36 1 (1999) 36-50 [0021-8669]
23. Price M., Early J.M., Curran R., Benard E., and Raghunathan S. Identifying interfaces in engineering systems. AIAA J 44 3 (2006) 529-540
24. Frezza ST, Levitan S, Chrysanthis P. Requirements-based design evaluation. In: 32nd ACM/IEEE design automation conference, 1995, p. 76-81.
25. Ranky PG. Concurrent/simultaneous engineering: methods, tools & case studies, Series World class CIM series. Guildford: CIMware; 1994.
26. Peters JF. The transition of functional organizations to integrated product teams on the space station program. NCOSE 1995. p. 767-73.
27. Ullman D.G. The mechanical design process. 3rd ed. (2003), McGraw-Hill, New York (Maidenhead, UK)
28. Guindon R. Designing the design process: exploiting opportunistic thoughts. Hum-Comput Interact 5 2&3 (1990) 305-344
29. Whitney D.E. Designing the design process. Res Eng Des 2 1 (1990) 3
30. CATIA. Dassault Systemes, Paris, France, Version 5 Release 15, 2005.
31. StarCD, CD-adapco 〈www.cd-adapco.com〉.
32. Patran. MSC Software Corp, Santa Ana, CA, Version 2004 Release 2a, 2004.
33. Stark J. Engineering information management systems: beyond Cad/Cam to concurrent engineering support (Automation in Manufacturing). Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992.
34. Crnkovic I., Asklund U., and Dahlqvist A. Implementing and integrating product data management and software configuration management (2003), Artech House Inc., Boston, MA
35. Burden R. PDM: product data management. Resource Publishing, 2003.
36. Morris A.J., and Vignjevic R. Consistent finite element structural analysis and error control. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 140 (1997) 87-108
37. Frey EK. Parametric modelling techniques for aircraft structures, AIAA Paper 99-1363, 1999. p. 1411-5.
38. Vaughan C. Product data management and the engineering analysis environment. NAFEMS, 2000
39. Peak R.S., Fulton R.E., Nishigaki I., and Okamoto N. Integrating engineering design and analysis using a multi-representation approach. Eng Comput 14 2 (1998) 93-114
40. La Rocca G, Krakers L, van Tooren M. Development of an ICAD generative model for blended wing-body aircraft design, In: AIAA/ISSMO symposium on multidisciplinary analysis and optimization, 9th, AIAA, AIAA-2002-5447, 2002. p. 453-62.
41. Wallace D.R., Abrahamson S., Senin N., and Sferro P. Integrated design in a service marketplace. Comput-Aided Des 32 2 (2000) 97-107
42. Senin N., Wallace D.R., and Borland N. Distributed object-based modelling in design simulation marketplace. ASME J Mech Des 125 (2003) 2-13
43. ISight, Engineous Software Inc. Cary, NC, Version 9, 2005.
44. Fiper, Engineous Software Inc. Cary, NC, Version 1.6, 2005.
45. Model Center, Phoenix Integration Inc. Blacksburg, VA, Version 6.1, 2005.
46. Armstrong CG, McCune RW, Ou H, Price MA, McMillan AJ. Modelling requirements for dimensional addition. In: 5th world congress on computational mechanics, vol. 1, 2002. p. 442 ISBN:3950155414.
47. Mawhinney P, Price M, Armstrong CG, Ou H, Murphy A, Gibson A, et al. Using idealised models to enable integration and analysis driven design. In: AIAA's 3rd annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) Forum, AIAA Paper 2003-6747, Denver, November 2003.
48. Mawhinney P, Price M, Armstrong C, Curran R, Murphy A, Early J, et al. Design and analysis integration using systems engineering for aircraft structural design. In: 4th AIAA aviation technology and operations forum, Chicago, 20-22 September 2004.
49. Mawhinney P, Price M, Curran R, Benard E, Murphy A, Raghunathan S. Geometry-based approach to analysis integration for aircraft conceptual design. In: 5th annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) forum, AIAA-2005-7481, Washington, DC, September 2005.
50. Price M, Mawhinney P, Curran R, Armstrong C, Murphy A. Geometry centred airframe design, In: AIAA's 5th annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) forum, Paper No. AIAA-2005-7479, Washington, September 2005.
51. Mawhinney P, Price M, Armstrong CG, Ou H, Murphy A, Gibson A, et al. Using idealised models to enable integration and analysis driven design. In: AIAA's 3rd annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) forum, AIAA Paper 2003-6747, Denver, November 2003.
52. Mawhinney P, Price M, Armstrong C, Curran R, Murphy A, Early J, et al. Design and analysis integration using systems engineering for aircraft structural design. In: 4th AIAA aviation technology and operations forum, Chicago, 20-22 September 2004.
53. Mawhinney PN. CAE integration for aircraft structural design. PhD thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005.
54. Monaghan DJ, Lee KY, Armstrong CG, Ou H. Mixed dimensional finite element analysis of frame models. In: Proceedings of the 10th ISOPE conference, Seattle, USA, 2000.
55. Shim K.W., Monaghan D.J., and Armstrong C.G. Mixed dimensional coupling in finite element stress analysis. Eng Comput 18 Part 3 (2002) 241-252
56. Castagne S, Curran R, Rothwell A, Price M, Murphy A. Development of a precise manufacturing cost model for the optimization of aircraft structures. In: AIAA's 5th annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) forum, Paper No. AIAA-2005-7438, 2005.
57. Curran R., Price M., Raghunathan S., Benard E., Crosby S., Castagne S., et al. Integrating aircraft cost modelling into conceptual design. Concurrent Eng: Res Appl (CERA) 13 4 (2005) 321-330
58. Early J, Price M, Mawhinney P, Curran R, Benard E, Raghunathan S. Framework for modelling and simulation within a flexible integration environment. AIAA's 4th annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) forum, Paper No. AIAA-2004-6457, Chicago, IL, September 2004.
59. Early J, Price M, Curran R, Raghunathan S, Benard E, Castagne S. Constraint management for engineering systems, In: 5th annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) forum, AIAA-2005-7374, Washington DC, September 2005.
60. Poon J, Maher ML. Emergent behaviour in co-evolutionary design. Artificial Intelligence in Design, 1996.
61. Jankovich L, Jankovich S, Chan AHC, Little GH. Emergent modelling for structural design. In: Conference on complexity and complex systems in industry, 20-22 September 2000.
62. Crick F. The astonishing hypothesis (1994), Simon & Schuster, London
63. Damper R.I. Emergence and levels of abstraction. Int J Syst Sci 31 7 (2000)
64. Ottino J.M. Engineering complex systems. Nature 427 399 (2004)
65. Jackson S. Systems engineering for commercial aircraft (2000), Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot
66. Isaacs A, Sudhakark PM, Mujundar A. Design and development of MDO framework. In: International conference on modeling, simulation, optimization for design of multi-disciplinary engineering system, Goa, India, 2003.
67. Clymer JR. The role of reductionism and expansionism in system design and evaluation. In: 4th international symposium of the international council on systems engineering, San Jose, CA, 10-12 August 1994.
68. Curran R., Raghunathan S., and Price M. A review of aircraft cost modelling and genetic causal approach. Prog Aerospace Sci J 40 8 (2004) 487-534
69. Curran R., Rothwell A., and Castagne S. A numerical method for cost-weight optimisation of stringer-skin panels. J Aircraft 43 1 (2006) 264-274
70. Krus P. Systems engineering in aircraft system design. In: 11th annual international council on systems engineering, Melbourne, Australia, 2001.
71. Kroo I, Altus S, Braun R, Gage P, Sobieski I. Multidisciplinary optimisation methods for aircraft preliminary design. In: Fifth AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO symposium on multidisciplinary analysis and optimization, Panama City, FL, AIAA 94-4325, 7-9 September 1994.
72. Clarkson PJ, Simons C, Eckert C. Predicting change propagation in complex design. In: ASME design engineering technical conference, DETC1002-DTM-21698, 2001.
73. Flanagan TL, Eckert CM, Simth J, Eger T, Clarkson PJ. A functional analysis of change propagation. In: International conference on engineering design, Stockholm, 2003.
74. Sobek DK, Ward AC. Principles From Toyota's set-based concurrent engineering process. 1996 ASME design engineering technical conferences and computers in engineering conference, 96-DETC/DTM-1510, Irvine, CA, 18-22 August 1996.
75. Ostwald PF. Engineering cost estimating. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1992. p. 576 ISBN:0-13-276627-2.
76. Department of Defense. Systems engineering fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press.
77. Wierda L. Design-oriented cost information: the need and the possibilities. J Eng Des 1 2 (1990) 147-167
78. Hoult DP, Meador CL, Deyst J, Dennis M. Cost awareness in design: the role of data commonality. SAE technical paper, Number 960008, 1996.
79. Sheldon D.F., Huang G.Q., and Perks K. Design for cost: past experience and recent development. J Eng Des 2 2 (1991) 127-139
80. Dean EB, Unal R. Elements of designing for cost. In: Proceedings of AIAA 1992 Aerospace Design Conference, Irvine, CA, February 1992.
81. Wood MJ. Design to cost. New York: Wiley Interscience; 1989.
82. Curran R, Rush C, Roy R, Raghunathan S. Current cost estimating practice in aerospace. In: Proceedings of concurrent engineering: research and applications (CE2002), 2002. p. 894-902.
83. Curran R, Kundu A, Ray A, Woods K, Crosby S, Raghunathan S, et al. Aerospace cost estimating for competitive design for manufacture. In: Proceedings of concurrent engineering, 2002. p. 885-93.
84. Roy R, Jones P. Developing an integrated approach to design and manufacturing cost modelling. In: Proceedings of CE2000 conference, Lyon (France), 17-21 July 2000. p. 31-9.
85. Heinmuller B, Dilts DM. Automated design-to-cost: application in the aerospace industry. In: Annual meeting of the Decision-Science-Institute, vols. 1-3, San Diego, CA, 22-25 November 1997. p. 1227-9 [chapter 569].
86. Gieger T.S., and Dilts D.M. Automated design-to-cost: integrating costing into the design decision. Computer Aided Des 28 6/7 (1996) 423-438
87. Brimson J.A., and Downey P.J. Feature technology: a key to manufacturing integration. CIM Rev 2 3 (1986) 21-27
88. Bashir H.A., and Thompson V. Estimating design complexity. J Eng Des 10 3 (1999) 248-257
89. Cooper R., and Kaplan R.S. Measure cost right: make the right decisions. Harvard Bus Rev 66 5 (1988) 96-103
90. Cokins G. ABC can spell a simpler, coherent view of costs. Computing Canada, 1 September 1998.
91. Taylor IM. Cost engineering-a feature based approach. In: 85th meeting of the AGARD structures and material panel, Aalborg, Denmark, October 13-14, 14: 1-9, 1997.
92. Curran R., Kundu A., Raghunathan S., and Eakin D. Costing tools for decision making within integrated aerospace design. J Concurrent Eng Res 9 4 (2002) 327-338
93. Smith A.E., and Mason A.K. Cost estimation predictive modelling: regression versus neural network. Eng Economist 42 2 (1997) 137-162
94. Villarreal JA, Lea RN, Savely RT. Fuzzy logic and neural network technologies. In: 30th aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit, Houston, TX, 6-9 January 1992.
95. Bode J. Neural networks for cost estimation. Am Assoc Cost Eng 40 1 (1998) 25-30
96. Roy R, Bendall D, Taylor JP, Jones P, Madariaga AP, Crossland J, et al. Development of airframe engineering CERs for military aerostructures. Second world manufacturing congress (WMC'99), Durham, UK, 27-30 September 1999.
97. Department Of Defence (DoD). Parametric estimating handbook, 2nd ed. DoD; 1999.
98. Pugh P. Working top-down: cost estimating before development begins. J Aerospace Eng Part G 206 (1992) 143-151
99. Thurston D.L., and Essington S.K. A tool for optimal manufacturing design decisions. Manuf Rev 6 1 (1993) 48-59
100. Keeney R.L., and Raiffa H. Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs (1976), Wiley, New York
101. Vanderplaats G.N. Numerical optimization techniques for engineering design: with applications (1984), McGraw-Hill, New York (Maidenhead, UK)
102. Collopy P.D., and Eames D.J.H. Aerospace manufacturing cost prediction from a measure of part definition information (2001), SAE Publications, Warrendale, PA
103. Kundu AK, Raghunathan S, Curran R, Cather G. Cost modelling as a holistic tool in the multidisciplinary systems architecture of aircraft design-the next step design for customer. In: 41st AIAA aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit, USA, 6-9 January 2003, Reno, NV.
104. Butterfield J, Yao H, Curran R, Price M, Armstrong CG, Raghunathan S. Integration of aerodynamic, structural, cost and manufacturing considerations during the conceptual design of a thrust reverser cascade. In: 42nd AIAA aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit, AIAA Paper 2003, 5-8 January 2004.
105. Marx WJ, Mavris DN, Schrage DP. Effects of alternative wing structural concepts on high speed civil transport life cycle costs. In: Conference proceedings of 37th AIAA/ASME/AHS/ASC structures, structural dynamics, and materials conference, Salt Lake City, Paper No. AIAA-96-1381, UT, 15-17 April 1996.
106. Roskam J. Airplane design, vol. 8. Roskam Aviation/Engineering Company, 1985.
107. Westphal R., and Scholz D. A method for predicting direct operating costs during aircraft system design. Cost Eng 39 6 (1997) 35-39
108. Boothroyd G, Dewhurst P. Product design for assembly. Boothroyd Dewhurst. Wakefield, RI, USA, 1990 [first edition published in 1983].
109. Stoll H.W. Design for manufacture: an overview. Appl Mech Rev 39 9 (1998) 1356-1364
110. Bloom HM. Design for manufacturing and the life cycle. In: Proceeding of the NSF design theory 88 conference, 1998. p. 302-12.
111. Murman E.M., Walton M., and Rebentisch E. Challenges in the better, faster, cheaper, era of aeronautical design, engineering and manufacturing. Aeronautical J (2000) 481-488
112. Rais-Rohani M. A framework for preliminary design of aircraft structures based on process information. NASA Grant NAG-1-1716, 1998.
113. Rais-Rohani M, Greenwood AG. Product and process coupling in multidisciplinary design of flight vehicle structures. In: 7th AIAA/NASA/USAF/ISSMO symposium on multidisciplinary analysis and optimisation, Paper No AIAA 98-4820, St. Louis, MO, USA, 2-4 September 1998.
114. Sandoz PL. Structural design of future commercial transports, Paper No AIAA 73-20, 1973.
115. Noton B.R. Cost drivers in design and manufacture of composite structures. Compos Struct Anal Des (1987) 419-428
116. Noton BR. Cost drivers and design methodology for automated airframe assembly. In: Proceedings of 31st international SAMPE symposium, 7-10 April 1986 p. 1441-55.
117. Ermanni P, Ziegmann G. Cost-efficiency of highly integrated fuselage structures-comparison between metals and composites. In: Proceedings of SAMPE advanced materials: cost effectiveness, quality control, health and environment, 1991. p. 347-59.
118. Curran R., Kundu A., Raghunathan S., and Eakin D. Costing tools for decision making within integrated aerospace design. J Concurrent Eng Res 9 4 (2002) 327-338
119. Mileham A.R., Currie G.C., Miles A.W., and Bradford D.T. A parametric approach to cost estimating at the conceptual stage of design. J Eng Des 4 2 (1993) 117
120. Pugh P. Working top-down: cost estimating before development begins. J Aerospace Eng 206 (1992) 143-151
121. Herrera A. Design for manufacture and assembly, a cost effective tool supporting lean design initiatives. In: Proceedings of international forum on DFMA; 1998.
122. Rush C, Roy R. Analysis of cost estimating processes used within a concurrent engineering environment throughout a product life cycle. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on concurrent engineering, Lyon, France, Technomic Publishing Co. Inc.; 2000. p. 58-67.
123. Arrow KJ, Arrow SS. Methodology problems in airframe cost-performance studies. Rand Corporation document no.: RM-456-PR, 33; 1950.
124. Levenson GS, Barro SM. Cost-estimating relationships for aircraft airframes. Rand Corporation document no.: RM-4845-PR, 99; 1966.
125. Roy R, Bendall D, Taylor JP, Jones P, Madariaga PA, Crossland J, et al. Identifying and capturing the qualitative cost drivers within a concurrent engineering environment. Advances in concurrent engineering. Pennsylvania, USA: Technomic Publishing Co. Inc.; 1999. p. 39-50.
126. Curran R, Kundu A, Raghunathan S, McFadden R. Influence of manufacturing tolerance on aircraft direct operating cost (DOC). J Mater Process Technol 2003; 239-47, ISSN:0924-0136.
127. Curran R., Raghunathan S., and Price M. A review of aircraft cost modelling and genetic causal approach. Prog Aerospace Scie J 40 8 (2004) 487-534
128. Curran R., Rothwell A., and Castagne S. A numerical method for cost-weight optimisation of stringer-skin panels. J Aircraft 43 1 (2005) 264-274 [January-February 2006]
129. Curran R, Watson P, Cowan S, Mahwinney J, Raghunathan S. Development of an aircraft cost estimating model for program cost rationalization. In: Proceedings of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space institute (CASI), April, Montreal, 2003.
130. Curran R, Castagne S, Rothwell A, Price M, Murphy A. Integrating manufacturing cost and structural requirements in a systems engineering approach to aircraft design. In: Proceedings of the 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC structures, structural dynamics & materials conference, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2005.
131. Department of Defense. Parametric estimating handbook, 2nd ed. DoD; 1999.
132. Goranson HT. The agile virtual enterprise : cases, metrics, tools. Quorum Books; 1999.
133. Camarinha-Matos L.M., Afsarmanesh H., Garita C., and Lima C. Towards an architecture for virtual enterprises. J Intell Manuf 9 2 (1998) 189-199
134. VIVACE-〈www.vivaceproject.com〉.
135. Fiper. Cary, NC: Engineous Software Inc.; 2005. Version 1.6.
136. Kundu A, Raghunathan S, Morris W. Effect of manufacturing tolerances on aircraft aerodynamics and cost. In: World manufacturing congress, Paper 711-003, New Zealand, November 1997.
137. Kundu A, Raghunathan S, Cooper RK. Effect of aircraft smoothness requirements on cost. Aeronautical J 2000; 104(1039): 415-20 [Paper 2389].
138. Curran R., Kundu A., Raghunathan S., and McSpadden R. Impact of the aerodynamic surface tolerance on aircraft cost driver. J Aerospace Eng Proc. IMechE Part C 215 (2001) 29-39
139. Kundu A., Watterson J.K., Raghunathan S., and McFadden R. Parametric optimisation of manufacturing tolerances at the aircraft surface. J Aircraft AIAA 39 2 (2002) 271-279
140. Woods K, Curran R, Raghunathan S. University-industry technology transfer in the aerospace industry-the way forward. In: Proceedings of the 19th CASI conference, Canadian Aeronautical and Space Institute, Montreal, 2003.
141. Sanchez M., Kundu A.K., Hinds B.K., and Raghunathan S. A methodology for assessing manufacturing cost due to tolerance on aerodynamic surface features on turbo fan nacelles. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 14 (1999) 894-900
142. Price M, Curran R, Murphy A, Raghunathan S, Early J, Castagne S, et al. Integrating design, manufacturing and cost for trade-offs on aircraft configurations. In: AIAA's 6th annual aviation technology, integration, & operations (ATIO) forum, Paper No. AIAA-2006-7739, Witchita, KS, September 2006.
143. Broderson O. Drag prediction of engine-airframe interference effects using unstructured Navier-Stokes calculations. AIAA J Aircraft 39 6 (2002) 927-935
144. Rossow C.C., Godard J., Hoheisel H., and Schmitt V. Investigation of propulsion integration effects on a transport aircraft configuration. AIAA J Aircraft 31 5 (1994) 1022-1030
145. Henderson W.P. Airframe/propulsion integration at transonic speeds. J Eng Gas Turbines Power Trans ASME 113 1 (1991) 51-59
146. Godard JL, Hoheisel H, Rosscow CC, Sscmitt V. Investigation of interference effects for different engine positions on a transport aircraft configuration. In: Hoheisel H, editor, Proceedings of DLR workshop on aspects of airframe integration for transport aircraft, German Research Centre, DLR, TR96-01, Brunswick, Germany, 1996.
147. Berry D. The Boeing 777 engine/airframe integration aerodynamics design process. International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS) 94-6.4.4, 1994.
148. Rudnik R, Rossow CC. Numerical simulations of engine/airframe integration for high bypass engines. ECCOMAS 2000.
149. Ingraldi A.M., Kariya T.T., Re R., and Pendegraft O.C. Interference effects of very high bypass ratio nacelle installations on a low-wing transport. J Eng Gas Turbines Power Trans ASME 114 4 (1992) 809-815
150. Rossow CC, Hoheisel H. Numerical study of interference effects of wing mounted advanced engine concepts. International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS) 94-6.4.1, 1994.
151. Jie L., Fengwei L., and Qin E. Numerical simulation of transonic flow over wing-mounted twin-engine transport aircraft. J Aircraft 37 3 (2000) 469-478
152. Rudnik R., and Rossow C.C. Numerical simulations of engine/airframe integration for high bypass engines. Aerospace Sci Technol 6 (2002) 31-42
153. Wilhelm R. An inverse design method for engine nacelle and wings. International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS) 2004-2.7.2, 2004.
154. Carlson JR, Lamb M. Integration effects of pylon geometry on a high-wing transport airplane. NASA technical paper 2877, 1989.
155. Mavriplis D. Aerodynamic drag prediction using unstructured mesh solvers. VKI lecture series, CFD-based aircraft drag prediction and reduction, 2003.
156. Riedel H., Horstmann K.H., Ronsheimer A., and Stizmann M. Aerodynamic design of a natural laminar flow nacelle and design validation by flight testing. Aerospace Sci Technol 2 1 (1998) 1-12
157. Rumsey CL, Rivers SM, Morrison JH. Study of CFD validation on transport configurations from the second drag prediction workshop. In: AIAA 43rd aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit, 5-8 January, Reno, NV, USA, paper 2004-0394.
158. Devine R, Crawford B, Benard E, Cooper R, Raghunathan S. A computational investigation of propulsion integration. In: AIAA 4th aviation technology, integration and operations (ATIO) forum, Paper No. AIAA 2004-6340, Chicago, IL, 20-22 September 2004.