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M. Eingartner, G. Eisenbeiß and M. Fuchs, Wasserstoff part X, Informationsschriften der VDI-Gesellschaft Energietechnik: Reihe Regenerative Energien, VDI - GET, Düsseldorf, 1996
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Eingartner, M.1
Eisenbeiß, G.2
Fuchs, M.3
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Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 275-289
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W. Gerhartz, C. Mayer, P. Monkhouse and R. Pfefferkorn, Ullmanns Encyclopädie der technischen Chemie, Band 24, 4. Auflage, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1983, pp 275-289
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Gerhartz, W.1
Mayer, C.2
Monkhouse, P.3
Pfefferkorn, R.4
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13
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4544282890
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At this point it should be noted that dehydrogenation reactions in the presence of hydrogen acceptors, e.g. transfer-hydrogenations, are often performed with homogeneous catalysts due to their higher activity and selectivity compared with heterogeneous catalysts. See for example:
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R. R. Davda J. A. Dumesic Angew. Chem. 2003 115 4202 Angew. Chem., Int. Ed 2003 42 3971
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Dumesic, J.A.2
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M. Beller, C. Bolm, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2nd edn, pp 145-166
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S. Gladiali and E. Alberico, in Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis Vol. 2, ed., M. Beller, C. Bolm, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2nd edn, 2004, pp 145-166
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Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis Vol. 2, Ed.
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Gladiali, S.1
Alberico In, E.2
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4444365581
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R. Jackstell S. Harkal H. Jiao A. Spannenberg C. Borgmann D. Röttger F. Nierlich M. Elliot S. Niven K. Cavell O. Navarro M. S. Viciu S. P. Nolan M. Beller Chem.-Eur. J. 2004 10 3891
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Jackstell, R.1
Harkal, S.2
Jiao, H.3
Spannenberg, A.4
Borgmann, C.5
Röttger, D.6
Nierlich, F.7
Elliot, M.8
Niven, S.9
Cavell, K.10
Navarro, O.11
Viciu, M.S.12
Nolan, S.P.13
Beller, M.14
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38
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33846555115
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note
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All experiments were carried out under an inert gas atmosphere (argon) with exclusion of air. For the standard reaction procedure sodium is dissolved in 4.0/8.0/38.0 mL of isopropanol at 90°C in a double walled thermostated reaction vessel. This vessel is vigorously purged with argon to remove any hydrogen before starting the catalytic reaction. Hexadecane, 0.5/1.0/4.0 mL, has been added as internal standard. The solution containing the catalyst and the ligand in 1.0/2.0 mL isopropanol is prepared in a Schlenk tube and added to the reaction vessel at 90°C via septa and a small teflon tube after refluxing became stationary. Starting with the addition of the catalyst the progress of the reaction is followed by several analytical methods. The amount of generated hydrogen is measured by gas burette. In addition a hydrogen sensor of the Fa. Hach Ultra Analytics GmbH is used for analysis of hydrogen and a GC for analyzing gases is applied (gas chromatograph HP 5890, permanent gases: Carboxen 1000, TCD, external calibration; alkanols, aldehydes/ketones: HP Plot Q, 30 m, FID). Aldol condensation products and hydrogenation of the aldol condensation products are analyzed by gas chromatography (HP 1, 50 m, FID, internal standard). Typically, the reproducibility of the volumetric determined hydrogen is between 5-15%
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