Plasmacytoid dendritic cell leukaemia/lymphoma: Towards a well defined entity?

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 136, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 539-548

  Garnache Ottou, Francine ^a,b,c,d   Feuillard, Jean ^e   Saas, Philippe ^a,b,c,d  

^a ETABLISSEMENT FRANÇAIS DU SANG   (France)

^b INSERM   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE FRANCHE COMTÉ   (France)

^d IFR 133   (France)

^e DUPUYTREN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Acute leukaemia; Biological aspects; CD4+CD56 + malignancies; Immunophenotype; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; BLOOD DENDRITIC CELL ANTIGEN 2; CD123 ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYTOCHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; DENDRITIC CELL; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE MARKER; HEMATOPOIESIS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL LEUKEMIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

DENDRITIC CELLS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HEMATOPOIESIS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, PLASMACYTIC; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 33846441606     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06458.x     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Allman, D., Dalod, M., Asselin-Paturel, C., Delale, T., Robbins, S.H., Trinchieri, G., Biron, C.A., Kastner, P. & Chan, S. (2006) Ikaros is required for plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation. Blood, 108, 4025-4034.
2. Anargyrou, K., Paterakis, G., Boutsis, D., Politou, M., Papadhimitriou, S.I., Siakandaris, M., Vassiliadis, J., Androulakis, A., Meletis, J., Rombos, J., Tassiopoulou, A. & Vaiopoulos, G. (2003) An unusual case of CD4+ CD7+ CD56+ acute leukaemia with overlapping features of type 2 dendritic cell (DC2) and myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukaemia. European Journal of Haematology, 71, 294-298.
3. Bayerl, M.G., Rakozy, C.K., Mohamed, A.N., Vo, T.D., Long, M., Eilender, D. & Palutke, M. (2002) Blastic natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia: a report of seven cases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 117, 41-50.
4. Bendriss-Vermare, N., Barthelemy, C., Durand, I., Bruand, C., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Moulian, N., Berrih-Aknin, S., Caux, C., Trinchieri, G. & Briere, F. (2001) Human thymus contains IFN-alpha-producing CD11c (-), myeloid CD11c(+), and mature interdigitating dendritic cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 107, 835-844 [Erratum in: Journal of Clinical Investigation, 108, 1237].
5. Bendriss-Vermare, N., Chaperot, L., Peoc'h, M., Vanbervliet, B., Jacob, M.C., Briere, F., Bensa, J.C., Caux, C. & Plumas, J. (2004) In situ leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells pattern of chemokine receptors expression and in vitro migratory response. Leukemia, 18, 1491-1498.
6. Bene, M.C., Castoldi, G., Knapp, W., Ludwig, W.D., Matutes, E., Orfao, A. & van't Veer, M.B. (1995) Proposals for the immunological classification of acute leukemias. European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL). Leukemia, 9, 1783-1786.
7. Blasius, A.L. & Colonna, M. (2006) Sampling and signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells: the potential roles of Siglec-H. Trends in Immunology, 27, 255-260.
8. Briere, F., Bendriss-Vermare, N., Delale, T., Burg, S., Corbet, C., Rissoan, M.C., Chaperot, L., Plumas, J., Jacob, M.C., Trinchieri, G. & Bates, E.E. (2002) Origin and filiation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Human Immunology, 63, 1081-1093.
9. Brody, J.P., Allen, S., Schulman, P., Sun, T., Chan, W.C., Friedman, H.D., Teichberg, S., Koduru, P., Cone, R.W. & Loughran, T.P. (1995) Acute agranular CD4-positive natural killer cell leukemia. Comprehensive clinicopathologic studies including virologic and in vitro culture with inducing agents. Cancer, 75, 2474-2483.
10. Bruder, D., Probst-Kepper, M., Westendorf, A.M., Geffers, R., Beissert, S., Loser, K., von Boehmer, H., Buer, J. & Hansen, W. (2004) Neuropilin-1: a surface marker of regulatory T cells. European Journal of Immunology, 34, 623-630 [Erratum in: European Journal of Immunology (2004), 34, 1498].
11. Bueno, C., Almeida, J., Lucio, P., Marco, J., Garcia, R., de Pablos, J.M., Parreira, A., Ramos, F., Ruiz-Cabello, F., Suarez-Vilela, D., San Miguel, J.F. & Orfao, A. (2004) Incidence and characteristics of CD4(+)/HLA DRhi dendritic cell malignancies. Haematologica, 89, 58-69.
12. Canque, B. & Gluckman, J.C. (2001) Toward a unified theory of dendritic-cell diversity. Trends in Immunology, 22, 664.
13. Cella, M., Jarrossay, D., Facchetti, F., Alebardi, O., Nakajima, H., Lanzavecchia, A. & Colonna, M. (1999) Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nature Medicine, 5, 919-923.
14. Chaperot, L., Bendriss, N., Manches, O., Gressin, R., Maynadie, M., Trimoreau, F., Orfeuvre, H., Corront, B., Feuillard, J., Sotto, J.J., Bensa, J.C., Briere, F., Plumas, J. & Jacob, M.C. (2001) Identification of a leukemic counterpart of the plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood, 97, 3210-3217.
15. Chaperot, L., Perrot, I., Jacob, M.C., Blanchard, D., Salaun, V., Deneys, V., Lebecque, S., Briere, F., Bensa, J.C. & Plumas, J. (2004) Leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells share phenotypic and functional features with their normal counterparts. European Journal of Immunology, 34, 418-426.
16. Comeau, M.R., Van der Vuurst de Vries, A.R., Maliszewski, C.R. & Galibert, L. (2002) CD123bright plasmacytoid predendritic cells: progenitors undergoing cell fate conversion? Journal of Immunology, 169, 75-83.
17. Dijkman, R., van Doorn, R., Szuhai, K., Willemze, R., Vermeer, M.H. & Tensen, C.P. (2007) Gene expression profiling and array-based CGH classify CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm and cutaneous myelomonocytic leukemia as distinct disease entities. Blood (in press).
18. Drenou, B., Lamy, T., Amiot, L., Fardel, O., Caulet-Maugendre, S., Sasportes, M., Diebold, J., Le Prise, P.Y. & Fauchet, R. (1997) CD3-CD56+ non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with an aggressive behavior related to multidrug resistance. Blood, 89, 2966-2974.
19. Dzionek, A., Fuchs, A., Schmidt, P., Cremer, S., Zysk, M., Miltenyi, S., Buck, D.W. & Schmitz, J. (2000) BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. Journal of Immunology, 165, 6037-6046.
20. Falcao, R.P., Garcia, A.B., Marques, M.G., Simoes, B.P., Fonseca, B.A., Rodrigues, M.L. & Foss, N.T. (2002) Blastic CD4 NK cell leukemia/lymphoma: a distinct clinical entity. Leukemia Research, 26, 803-807.
21. Feuillard, J., Jacob, M.C., Valensi, F., Maynadie, M., Gressin, R., Chaperot, L., Arnoulet, C., Brignole-Baudouin, F., Drenou, B., Duchayne, E., Falkenrodt, A., Garand, R., Homolle, E., Husson, B., Kuhlein, E., Le Calvez, G., Sainty, D., Sotto, M.F., Trimoreau, F. & Bene, M.C. (2002) Clinical and biologic features of CD4(+)CD56(+) malignancies. Blood, 99, 1556-1563.
22. Garand, R. & Robillard, N. (1996) Immunophenotypic characterization of acute leukemias and chronic lymphoproliferative disorders: practical recommendations and classifications. Hematology and Cell Therapy, 38, 471-486.
23. Garnache-Ottou, F., Chaperot, L., Biichle, S., Ferrand, C., Remy-Martin, J.P., Deconinck, E., Darodes de Tailly, P., Bulabois, B., Poulet, J., Kuhlein, E., Jacob, M.C., Salaun, V., Arock, M., Drenou, B., Schillinger, F., Seilles, E., Tiberghien, P., Bensa, J.C., Plumas, J. & Saas, P. (2005a) Expression of the myeloid-associated marker CD33 is not an exclusive factor for leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood, 105, 1256-1264.
24. Garnache-Ottou, F., Jacob, M.C., Biichle, S., Chaperot, L., Trimoreau, F., Plumas, J., Tiberghien, P., Saas, P. & Feuillard, J. (2005b) Identification of BDCA-2 and high levels of CD123 expression as useful markers for the diagnosis of plasmacytoid dendritic cell leukemia. Blood, 106, 3269 [abstract].
25. Gattei, V., Carbone, A., Zagonel, V. & Pinto, A. (1990) Expression of natural killer antigens in a subset of 'non-T, non-B lymphoma/leukaemia with histiocytic features'. British Journal of Haematology, 76, 444-448.
26. Giagounidis, A.A., Heinsch, M., Haase, S. & Aul, C. (2004) Early plasmacytoid dendritic cell leukemia/lymphoma coexpressing myeloid antigenes. Annals of Hematology, 83, 716-721.
27. Ginarte, M., Abalde, M.T., Peteiro, C., Fraga, M., Alonso, N. & Toribio, J. (2000) Blastoid NK cell leukemia/lymphoma with cutaneous involvement. Dermatology, 201, 268-271.
28. Gluckman, J.C., Canque, B. & Rosenzwajg, M. (2002) Dendritic cells: a complex simplicity. Transplantation, 73, S3-S6.
29. Gopcsa, L., Banyai, A., Jakab, K., Kormos, L., Tamaska, J., Matolcsy, A., Gogolak, P., Rajnavolgyi, E. & Paloczi, K. (2005) Extensive flow cytometric characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cell leukemia cells. European Journal of Haematology, 75, 346-351.
30. Hao, Q.L., Zhu, J., Price, M.A., Payne, K.J., Barsky, L.W. & Crooks, G.M. (2001) Identification of a novel, human multilymphoid progenitor in cord blood. Blood, 97, 3683-3690.
31. Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Diebold, J., Flandrin, G., Muller-Hermelink, H.K., Vardiman, J., Lister, T.A. & Bloomfield, C.D. (2000) The World Health Organization classification of neoplasms of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November, 1997. The Hematology Journal, 1, 53-66.
32. Herling, M., Teitell, M.A., Shen, R.R., Medeiros, L.J. & Jones, D. (2003) TCL1 expression in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC2s) and the related CD4+ CD56+ blastic tumors of skin. Blood, 101, 5007-5009.
33. Jacob, M.C., Chaperot, L., Mossuz, P., Feuillard, J., Valensi, F., Leroux, D., Bene, M.C., Bensa, J.C., Briere, F. & Plumas, J. (2003) CD4+ CD56+ lineage negative malignancies: a new entity developed from malignant early plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Haematologica, 88, 941-955.
34. Kameoka, J., Ichinohasama, R., Tanaka, M., Miura, I., Tomiya, Y., Takahashi, S., Yamada, M., Ishikawa, I., Kadowaki, I., Sasaki, O., Kimura, J., Meguro, K., Ooya, K. & Ito, S. (1998) A cutaneous agranular CD2) CD4+ CD56+ 'lymphoma': report of two cases and review of the literature. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 110, 478-488.
35. Karube, K., Ohshima, K., Tsuchiya, T., Yamaguchi, T., Suefuji, H., Suzumiya, J., Harada, M. & Kikuchi, M. (2003) Non-B, non-T neoplasms with lymphoblast morphology: further clarification and classification. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 27, 1366-1374.
36. Katsura, Y. (2002) Redefinition of lymphoid progenitors. Nature Reviews in Immunology, 2, 127-132.
37. Kazakov, D.V., Mentzel, T., Burg, G., Dummer, R. & Kempf, W. (2003) Blastic natural killer-cell lymphoma of the skin associated with myelodysplastic syndrome or myelogenous leukaemia: a coincidence or more? British Journal of Dermatology, 149, 869-876.
38. Khoury, J.D., Medeiros, L.J., Manning, J.T., Sulak, L.E., Bueso-Ramos, C. & Jones, D. (2002) CD56(+) TdT(+) blastic natural killer cell tumor of the skin: a primitive systemic malignancy related to myelomonocytic leukemia. Cancer, 94, 2401-2408.
39. Kimura, S., Kakazu, N., Kuroda, J., Akaogi, T., Hayashi, H., Nishida, K. & Abe, T. (2001) Agranular CD4+CD56+ blastic natural killer leukemia/lymphoma. Annals of Hematology, 80, 228-231.
40. Klangsinsirikul, P., Carter, G.I., Byrne, J.L., Hale, G. & Russell, N.H. (2002) Campath-1G causes rapid depletion of circulating host dendritic cells (DCs) before allogeneic transplantation but does not delay donor DC reconstitution. Blood, 99, 2586-2591.
41. Knudsen, H., Gronbaek, K., thor Straten, P., Gisselo, C., Johansen, P., Timshel, S., Bergmann, O.J., Hansen, N.E. & Ralfkiaer E. (2002) A case of lymphoblastoid natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma: association with the NK-cell receptor complex CD94/NKG2 and TP53 intragenic deletion. British Journal of Dermatology, 146, 148-153.
42. Kohrgruber, N., Halanek, N., Groger, M., Winter, D., Rappersberger, K., Schmitt-Egenolf, M., Stingl, G. & Maurer, D. (1999) Survival, maturation, and function of CD11c- and CD11c+ peripheral blood dendritic cells are differentially regulated by cytokines. Journal of Immunology, 163, 3250-3259.
43. Kojima, H., Bai, A., Mukai, H.Y., Hori, M., Komeno, T., Hasegawa, Y., Ninomiya, H., Mori, N. & Nagasawa, T. (2000) Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia derived from a possible common progenitor of monocytes and natural killer cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 37, 617-621.
44. Kuwabara, H., Nagai, M., Nishio, H., Yoneda, M., Tasaka, T., Suzuki, K. & Mori, H. (2003) Co-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, neuropilin-1, in a B cell lymphoma cell line (OHK) with primary effusion lymphoma immunophenotype. Pathology International, 53, 649-651.
45. Leroux, D., Mugneret, F., Callanan, M., Radford-Weiss, I., Dastugue, N., Feuillard, J., Le Mee, F., Plessis, G., Talmant, P., Gachard, N., Uettwiller, F., Pages, M.P., Mozziconacci, M.J., Eclache, V., Sibille, C., Avet-Loiseau, H. & Lafage-Pochitaloff, M. (2002) CD4(+), CD56(+) DC2 acute leukemia is characterized by recurrent clonal chromosomal changes affecting 6 major targets: a study of 21 cases by the Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique. Blood, 99, 4154-4159.
46. Lock, K., Zhang, J., Lu, J., Lee, S.H. & Crocker, P.R. (2004) Expression of CD33-related siglecs on human mononuclear phagocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunobiology, 209, 199-207.
47. Lucio, P., Parreira, A. & Orfao, A. (1999) CD123hi dendritic cell lymphoma: an unusual case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131, 549-550.
48. MacDonald, K.P., Munster, D.J., Clark, G.J., Dzionek, A., Schmitz, J. & Hart, D.N. (2002) Characterization of human blood dendritic cell subsets. Blood, 100, 4512-4520.
49. Meyer, N., Petrella, T., Poszepczynska-Guigne, E., Boumsell, L., Wechsler, J., Bensussan, A. & Bagot, M. (2005) CD4+ CD56+ blastic tumor cells express CD101 molecules. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 124, 668-669.
50. Mhawech, P., Medeiros, L.J., Bueso-Ramos, C., Coffey, D.M., Gei, A.F. & Shahab, I. (2000) Natural killer-cell lymphoma involving the gynecologic tract. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 124, 1510-1513.
51. Mohty, M., Jarrossay, D., Lafage-Pochitaloff, M., Zandotti, C., Briere, F., de Lamballeri, X.N., Isnardon, D., Sainty, D., Olive, D. & Gaugler, B. (2001) Circulating blood dendritic cells from myeloid leukemia patients display quantitative and cytogenetic abnormalities as well as functional impairment. Blood, 98, 3750-3756.
52. Momoi, A., Toba, K., Kawai, K., Tsuchiyama, J., Suzuki, N., Yano, T., Uesugi, Y., Takahashi, M. & Aizawa, Y. (2002) Cutaneous lymphoblastic lymphoma of putative plasmacytoid dendritic cell-precursor origin: two cases. Leukemia Research, 26, 693-698.
53. Mukai, H.Y., Kojima, H., Suzukawa, K., Hori, M., Komeno, T., Hasegawa, Y., Ninomiya, H., Mori, N. & Nagasawa, T. (1999) High-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell rescue in blastoid natural killer cell lymphoma. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 32, 583-588.
54. Nakamura, S., Suchi, T., Koshikawa, T., Kitoh, K., Koike, K., Komatsu, H., Iida, S., Kagami, Y., Ogura, M. & Katoh, E. (1995) Clinicopathologic study of CD56 (NCAM)-positive angiocentric lymphoma occurring in sites other than the upper and lower respiratory tract. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 19, 284-296.
55. Narducci, M.G., Pescarmona, E., Lazzeri, C., Signoretti, S., Lavinia, A.M., Remotti, D., Scala, E., Baroni, C.D., Stoppacciaro, A., Croce, C.M. & Russo, G. (2000) Regulation of TCL1 expression in B- and T-cell lymphomas and reactive lymphoid tissues. Cancer Research, 60, 2095-2100.
56. Nava, V.E. & Jaffe, E.S. (2005) The pathology of NK-cell lymphomas and leukemias. Advances in Anatomic Pathology, 12, 27-34.
57. Ng, A.P., Lade, S., Rutherford, T., McCormack, C., Prince, H.M. & Westerman, D.A. (2006) Primary cutaneous CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm (blastic NK-cell lymphoma): a report of five cases. Haematologica, 91, 143-144.
58. Olweus, J., BitMansour, A., Warnke, R., Thompson, P.A., Carballido, J., Picker, L.J. & Lund-Johansen, F. (1997) Dendritic cell ontogeny: a human dendritic cell lineage of myeloid origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 12551-12556.
59. Pekarsky, Y., Hallas, C. & Croce, C.M. (2001) The role of TCL1 in human T-cell leukemia. Oncogene, 20, 5638-5643.
60. Pelayo, R., Hirose, J., Huang, J., Garrett, K.P., Delogu, A., Busslinger, M. & Kincade, P.W. (2005) Derivation of 2 categories of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in murine bone marrow. Blood, 105, 4407-4415.
61. Penven, K., Macro, M., Salaun, V., Comoz, F., Reman, O., Leroy, D., Troussard, X., Petrella, T. & Dompmartin, A. (2003) Skin manifestations in CD4+, CD56+ malignancies. European Journal of Dermatology, 13, 161-165.
62. Petrella, T., Dalac, S., Maynadie, M., Mugneret, F., Thomine, E., Courville, P., Joly, P., Lenormand, B., Arnould, L., Wechsler, J., Bagot, M., Rieux, C., Bosq, J., Avril, M.F., Bernheim, A., Molina, T., Devidas, A., Delfau-Larue, M.H., Gaulard, P. & Lambert, D. (1999) CD4+ CD56+ cutaneous neoplasms: a distinct hematological entity? Groupe Francais d'Etude des Lymphomes Cutanes (GFELC). American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 23, 137-146.
63. Petrella, T., Comeau, M.R., Maynadie, M., Couillault, G., De Muret, A., Maliszewski, C.R., Dalac, S., Durlach, A. & Galibert, L. (2002) Agranular CD4+ CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm' (blastic NK-cell lymphoma) originates from a population of CD56+ precursor cells related to plasmacytoid monocytes. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 26, 852-862.
64. Petrella, T., Meijer, C.J., Dalac, S., Willemze, R., Maynadie, M., Machet, L., Casasnovas, O., Vergier, B. & Teitell, M.A. (2004a) TCL1 and CLA expression in agranular CD4/CD56 hematodermic neoplasms (blastic NK-cell lymphomas) and leukemia cutis. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 122, 307-313.
65. Petrella, T., Teitell, M.A., Spiekermann, C., Meijer, C.J., Franck, F. & Enache, I. (2004b) A CD56-negative case of blastic natural killer-cell lymphoma (agranular CD4+/CD56+ haematodermic neoplasm). British Journal of Dermatology, 150, 174-176.
66. Rakozy, C.K., Mohamed, A.N., Vo, T.D., Khatib, G., Long, P.M., Eilender, D. & Palutke, M. (2001) CD56+/CD4+ lymphomas and leukemias are morphologically, immunophenotypically, cytogenetically, and clinically diverse. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 116, 168-176.
67. Reichard, K.K., Burks, E.J., Foucar, M.K., Wilson, C.S., Viswanatha, D.S., Hozier, J.C. & Larson, R.S. (2005) CD4(+) CD56(+) lineage-negative malignancies are rare tumors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 29, 1274-1283.
68. Reimer, P., Rudiger, T., Kraemer, D., Kunzmann, V., Weissinger, F., Zettl, A., Muller-Hermelink, H. & Wilhelm, M. (2003) What is CD4+CD56+ malignancy and how should it be treated? Bone Marrow Transplantation, 32, 637-646.
69. Rissoan, M.C., Duhen, T., Bridon, J.M., Bendriss-Vermare, N., Peronne, C., de Saint Vis, B., Briere, F. & Bates, E.E. (2002) Subtractive hybridization reveals the expression of immunoglobulin-like transcript 7, Eph-B1, granzyme B, and 3 novel transcripts in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood, 100, 3295-3303.
70. Rossi, J.G., Felice, M.S., Bernasconi, A.R., Ribas, A.E., Gallego, M.S., Somardzic, A.E., Alfaro, E.M. & Alonso, C.N. (2006) Acute leukemia of dendritic cell lineage in childhood: incidence, biological characteristics and outcome. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 47, 715-725.
71. Schuch, G., Machluf, M., Bartsch, Jr, G., Nomi, M., Richard, H., Atala, A. & Soker, S. (2002) In vivo administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its antagonist, soluble neuropilin-1, predicts a role of VEGF in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia in vivo. Blood, 100, 4622-4628.
72. Siegal, F.P., Kadowaki, N., Shodell, M., Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P.A., Shah, K., Ho, S., Antonenko, S. & Liu, Y.J. (1999) The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science, 284, 1835-1837.
73. Slater, D.N. (2005) The new World Health Organization-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification for cutaneous lymphomas: a practical marriage of two giants. British Journal of Dermatology, 153, 874-880.
74. Spits, H., Couwenberg, F., Bakker, A.Q., Weijer, K. & Uittenbogaart, C.H. (2000) Id2 and Id3 inhibit development of CD34(+) stem cells into predendritic cell (pre-DC)2 but not into pre-DC1. Evidence for a lymphoid origin of pre-DC2. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 192, 1775-1784.
75. Suzuki, R., Yamamoto, K., Seto, M., Kagami, Y., Ogura, M., Yatabe, Y., Suchi, T., Kodera, Y., Morishima, Y., Takahashi, T., Saito, H., Ueda, R. & Nakamura, S. (1997) CD7+ and CD56+ myeloid/natural killer cell precursor acute leukemia: a distinct hematolymphoid disease entity. Blood, 90, 2417-2428.
76. Taieb, J., Chaput, N., Menard, C., Apetoh, L., Ullrich, E., Bonmort, M., Pequignot, M., Casares, N., Terme, M., Flament, C., Opolon, P., Lecluse, Y., Metivier, D., Tomasello, E., Vivier, E., Ghiringhelli, F., Martin, F., Klatzmann, D., Poynard, T., Tursz, T., Raposo, G., Yagita, H., Ryffel, B., Kroemer, G. & Zitvogel, L. (2006) A novel dendritic cell subset involved in tumor immunosurveillance. Nature Medicine, 12, 214-219.
77. Testa, U., Torelli, G.F., Riccioni, R., Muta, A.O., Militi, S., Annino, L., Mariani, G., Guarini, A., Chiaretti, S., Ritz, J., Mandelli, F., Peschle, C. & Foa, R. (2002) Human acute stem cell leukemia with multi-lineage differentiation potential via cascade activation of growth factor receptors. Blood, 99, 4634-4637.
78. Touahri, T., Belaouni, H., Mossafa, H., Pulik, M., Bourguigna, L., Ibbora, C., Dal Soglio, D., Davi, F. & Fourcade, C. (2002) Agranular CD4+/CD56+ cutaneous neoplasm. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 43, 1475-1479.
79. Trimoreau, F., Donnard, M., Turlure, P., Gachard, N., Bordessoule, D. & Feuillard, J. (2003) The CD4+ CD56+ CD116- CD123+ CD45RA+ CD45RO- profile is specific of DC2 malignancies. Haematologica, 88, ELT10.
80. Tsimberidou, A.M., Giles, F.J., Estey, E., O'Brien, S., Keating, M.J. & Kantarjian, H.M. (2006) The role of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in acute leukaemia therapy. British Journal of Haematology, 132, 398-409.
81. Urosevic, M., Conrad, C., Kamarashev, J., Asagoe, K., Cozzio, A., Burg, G. & Dummer, R. (2005) CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms bear a plasmacytoid dendritic cell phenotype. Human Pathology, 36, 1020-1024.
82. Virgilio, L., Narducci, M.G., Isobe, M., Billips, L.G., Cooper, M.D., Croce, C.M. & Russo, G. (1994) Identification of the TCL1 gene involved in T-cell malignancies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 12530-12534.
83. Willemze, R., Jaffe, E.S., Burg, G., Cerroni, L., Berti, E., Swerdlow, S.H., Ralfkiaer, E., Chimenti, S., Diaz-Perez, J.L., Duncan, L.M., Grange, F., Harris, N.L., Kempf, W., Kerl, H., Kurrer, M., Knobler, R., Pimpinelli, N., Sander, C., Santucci, M., Sterry, W., Vermeer, M.H., Wechsler, J., Whittaker, S. & Meijer, C.J. (2005) WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood, 105, 3768-3785.
84. von Wussow, P., Jakschies, D., Hochkeppel, H.K., Fibich, C., Penner, L. & Deicher, H. (1990) The human intracellular Mx-homologous protein is specifically induced by type I interferons. European Journal of Immunology, 20, 2015-2019.