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Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 465-490

Anthrax in South Africa: Economics, experiment and the mass vaccination of animals, c. 1910-1945

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EID: 33846368102     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300010292     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (15)

References (226)
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    • Milton also identifies a brief period during the mid-1940s when the state adopted a more positive attitude towards cattle production by Africans. S Milton, 'The Transvaal beef frontier: environment, markets and the ideology of development, 1902-1942', in T Griffiths and L Robin (eds), Ecology and empire: environmental history of settler societies, Edinburgh, Keele University Press, 1997, pp. 199-212, on pp. 208-9.
    • Milton also identifies a brief period during the mid-1940s when the state adopted a more positive attitude towards cattle production by Africans. S Milton, 'The Transvaal beef frontier: environment, markets and the ideology of development, 1902-1942', in T Griffiths and L Robin (eds), Ecology and empire: environmental history of settler societies, Edinburgh, Keele University Press, 1997, pp. 199-212, on pp. 208-9.
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    • Bundy, ' We don't want your rain, we won't dip: popular opposition, collaboration and social control in the anti-dipping movement, 1908-1916', in ibid., pp. 191-221;
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    • On the increasing importance of statistical methods for clinical trials during the twentieth century, see J R Matthews, Quantification and the quest for medical certainty, Princeton University Press, 1995
    • On the increasing importance of statistical methods for clinical trials during the twentieth century, see J R Matthews, Quantification and the quest for medical certainty, Princeton University Press, 1995.
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    • For a more general overview of the role of quantitative methods in dealing with uncertainty in problems of government, see I Hacking, How should we do the history of statistics, in G Burchell, C Gordon, and P Miller eds, The Foucault effect: studies in governmentality with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, pp. 181-96
    • For a more general overview of the role of quantitative methods in dealing with uncertainty in problems of government, see I Hacking, 'How should we do the history of statistics', in G Burchell, C Gordon, and P Miller (eds), The Foucault effect: studies in governmentality with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, pp. 181-96.
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    • While much has been written on bacteriology, germ theory and the laboratory revolution in medical science between 1870 and 1910, coverage for the later period is much thinner. Some important texts for the earlier period are T D Brock, Robert Koch: a life in medicine and bacteriology, Madison, Science Tech Publishers, 1988;
    • While much has been written on bacteriology, "germ theory" and the "laboratory revolution" in medical science between 1870 and 1910, coverage for the later period is much thinner. Some important texts for the earlier period are T D Brock, Robert Koch: a life in medicine and bacteriology, Madison, Science Tech Publishers, 1988;
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    • The major works on the history of immunology in the twentieth century are theoretically oriented and concern debates and controversies between scientists in leading institutions. See P M H Mazumdar, Species and specificity: an interpretation of the history of immunology, Cambridge University Press, 1995;
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    • Some recent contributions to the history of experimental practice in immunology are W Anderson, 'Immunities of empire: race, disease, and the new tropical medicine, 1900-1920', Bull. Hist. Med., 1996, 70: 94-118;
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    • Arnold Theiler was born in Frick, Switzerland and studied to be a veterinarian at Bern and Zurich. He emigrated to the South African Republic in 1893, but failed to obtain state employment as a vet until the rinderpest epizootic of 1896. For a biography, see T Gutsche, There was a man, Cape Town, Howard Timmins, 1976.
    • Arnold Theiler was born in Frick, Switzerland and studied to be a veterinarian at Bern and Zurich. He emigrated to the South African Republic in 1893, but failed to obtain state employment as a vet until the rinderpest epizootic of 1896. For a biography, see T Gutsche, There was a man, Cape Town, Howard Timmins, 1976.
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    • Petrus J du Toit (1888-1967) was born at Somerset Strand in the Western Cape. He studied zoology at Victoria College (later the University of Stellenbosch) and subsequently in Germany and Switzerland. He was awarded the degrees of DPhil in zoology at the University of Zurich in 1912 and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Berlin in 1916. Despite holding a British passport, he worked during the First World War at the Veterinary Hochschule, publishing a major textbook on tropical diseases of domestic animals in collaboration with Professor Paul Knuth in 1921. He returned to South Africa to take up a post at Onderstepoort in 1919 and succeeded Arnold Theiler as Director in 1928, a post which he held until his retirement in 1948. While directing research at Onderstepoort, teaching at the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Pretoria and participating in international science organizations, du Toit published many important contributions in the fields of tropical animal dis
    • Petrus J du Toit (1888-1967) was born at Somerset Strand in the Western Cape. He studied zoology at Victoria College (later the University of Stellenbosch) and subsequently in Germany and Switzerland. He was awarded the degrees of DPhil in zoology at the University of Zurich in 1912 and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Berlin in 1916. Despite holding a British passport, he worked during the First World War at the Veterinary Hochschule, publishing a major textbook on tropical diseases of domestic animals in collaboration with Professor Paul Knuth in 1921. He returned to South Africa to take up a post at Onderstepoort in 1919 and succeeded Arnold Theiler as Director in 1928, a post which he held until his retirement in 1948. While directing research at Onderstepoort, teaching at the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Pretoria and participating in international science organizations, du Toit published many important contributions in the fields of tropical animal diseases, immunology and nutrition. D G Kingwill and B J F Schonland, 'Petrus Johann du Toit 1888-1967,' Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1969, vol. 15, pp. 247-66.
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    • The phrase is taken from D Wade Chambers and R Gillespie, 'Locality in the history of science: Colonial science, technoscience and indigenous knowledge
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    • In 1905, before the imposition of the East Coast regulation only 16 cases were reported in the Transkei. By 1913, the figure stood at 116, rising to 265 in 1920. Union of South Africa [U.G.47-1913, Report of the Department of Agriculture, 1st January 1912 to 31st March 1913, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1913, p. 55;
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    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above,pp. 215-17;
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    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 215;
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    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 438, 454
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    • Union of South Africa, [U.G.13-1921], Annual report of the Director of Agriculture, 1919-1920, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1921, p. 20.
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    • For example, Theiler and Gray, op. cit, note 27 above, p. 784;
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    • A small number of cases of anthrax were reported annually in South Africa, usually in Africans who had handled cattle hides. See correspondence in South African Nation Archives Depot (SABE) ARB 121 CF161/10/2.
    • A small number of cases of anthrax were reported annually in South Africa, usually in Africans who had handled cattle hides. See correspondence in South African Nation Archives Depot (SABE) ARB 121 CF161/10/2.
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    • 'Regulations governing the certification and disinfection of hides, fleshings, hide cuttings, parings, and glue stock, sheepskins and goatskins and parts thereof, hair, wool, and other animal by-products, hay, straw, forage, or similar material offered for entry into the United States', Board of Trade Journal, 21 Dec. 1912.
    • 'Regulations governing the certification and disinfection of hides, fleshings, hide cuttings, parings, and glue stock, sheepskins and goatskins and parts thereof, hair, wool, and other animal by-products, hay, straw, forage, or similar material offered for entry into the United States', Board of Trade Journal, 21 Dec. 1912.
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    • Great Britain, Departmental Committee on Anthrax, Report of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire as to precautions for preventing danger of infection from anthrax in the manipulation of wool, goat hair, and camel hair. Volume 1. Report of the Disinfection Sub-committee, Cd. 9057, London, HMSO, 1918.
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    • The contest between commerce and trade, on the one side, and human life on the other: British government policies for the regulation of anthrax infection and the wool textiles industries, 1880-1939
    • For an account of the disinfection plant at Liverpool, see
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    • Australian wool producers, particularly in New South Wales, had suffered from serious problems with anthrax infection during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The vaccination of sheep was used extensively as a means of control. J Todd, Colonial technology: science and the transfer of technology in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
    • Australian wool producers, particularly in New South Wales, had suffered from serious problems with anthrax infection during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The vaccination of sheep was used extensively as a means of control. J Todd, Colonial technology: science and the transfer of technology in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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    • Great Britain, Departmental Committee on Anthrax, Report of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire as to precautions for preventing danger of infection by manipulation of wool, goat hair, and camel hair. II. Report of the Committee, Cd. 9057, London HMSO, 1918.
    • Great Britain, Departmental Committee on Anthrax, Report of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire as to precautions for preventing danger of infection by manipulation of wool, goat hair, and camel hair. Vol. II. Report of the Committee, Cd. 9057, London HMSO, 1918.
  • 85
    • 33846337699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Press Circular No. 9/1919, 'Anthrax in wool and mohair', 5 July 1919, p. 4.
    • Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Press Circular No. 9/1919, 'Anthrax in wool and mohair', 5 July 1919, p. 4.
  • 86
    • 33846388076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Report by the Central Wool Committee dealing with the trade in wool, mohair, skins, and hides in South Africa, and recommendations to effect improvements in the present systems, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1918, PP-1, 3.
    • Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Report by the Central Wool Committee dealing with the trade in wool, mohair, skins, and hides in South Africa, and recommendations to effect improvements in the present systems, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1918, PP-1, 3.
  • 87
    • 33846339262 scopus 로고
    • 9/1919, 'Anthrax in wool and mohair', 5
    • Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Press Circular No, July
    • Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Press Circular No. 9/1919, 'Anthrax in wool and mohair', 5 July 1919.
    • (1919)
  • 88
    • 33846370386 scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa [U.G.39-1918],
    • 1917-18, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office
    • Union of South Africa [U.G.39-1918], Annual report of Director of Agriculture for 1917-18, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1918, p. 40.
    • (1918) Annual report of Director of Agriculture for , pp. 40
  • 89
    • 84906199443 scopus 로고
    • For press reports in a similar vein, see, 9 Aug
    • For press reports in a similar vein, see Cape Times, 9 Aug. 1920
    • (1920) Cape Times
  • 90
    • 33846400306 scopus 로고
    • Anthrax in Union-Chief Veterinary Surgeon's warning to stock owners, 9 Aug
    • 'Anthrax in Union-Chief Veterinary Surgeon's warning to stock owners'; Cape Argus, 9 Aug. 1920
    • (1920) Cape Argus
  • 91
    • 33846338056 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of anthrax-a growing menace-Veterinary Officer's warning
    • 'Prevalence of anthrax-a growing menace-Veterinary Officer's warning'; Journal of the Department of Agriculture, 1922, 4: 8;
    • (1922) Journal of the Department of Agriculture , vol.4 , pp. 8
  • 92
    • 33846387005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5: 394-5
    • 5: 394-5.
  • 93
    • 33846391492 scopus 로고
    • Colonial Office to the Officer Administering the Government of the Union of South Africa, 11 Sept
    • SABE GG 1855 54/597, Lord Milner, Colonial Office to the Officer Administering the Government of the Union of South Africa, 11 Sept. 1920.
    • (1855) 54/597, Lord Milner
    • SABE, G.G.1
  • 98
    • 33846358389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortimer and Melling, op. cit, note 39 above, p. 230
    • Mortimer and Melling, op. cit., note 39 above, p. 230.
  • 99
    • 33846366907 scopus 로고
    • The veterinary service of the Union of South Africa
    • P J du Toit, 'The veterinary service of the Union of South Africa', JSAVMA, 1928, 1: 9-28, p. 12.
    • (1928) JSAVMA , vol.1 , Issue.9-28 , pp. 12
    • du Toit, P.J.1
  • 100
    • 0023968768 scopus 로고
    • Koch's explication of the aetiology of anthrax was the basis of his famous "postulates" for establishing a micro-organism as cause of a disease. C Kodell Carter, 'The Koch-Pasteur dispute in establishing the cause of anthrax
    • Koch's explication of the aetiology of anthrax was the basis of his famous "postulates" for establishing a micro-organism as cause of a disease. C Kodell Carter, 'The Koch-Pasteur dispute in establishing the cause of anthrax', Bull. Hist. Med., 1988, 62 (1): 42-57.
    • (1988) Bull. Hist. Med , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-57
  • 102
    • 33846342034 scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa
    • Union of South Africa, Act No. 14, 1911.
    • (1911) , vol.14
    • Act1
  • 103
    • 33846348872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 230
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 230.
  • 104
    • 33846339607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pasteur's vaccine had been available since the early 1880s. For accounts of the development and demonstration of Pasteurian vaccination, see Geison, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 151-9;
    • Pasteur's vaccine had been available since the early 1880s. For accounts of the development and demonstration of Pasteurian vaccination, see Geison, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 151-9;
  • 105
    • 0004026478 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press
    • B Latour, The Pasteurization of France, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press, 1988.
    • (1988) The Pasteurization of France
    • Latour, B.1
  • 106
    • 33846388765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worboys, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 56-60, on p. 59.
    • Worboys, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 56-60, on p. 59.
  • 108
    • 33846345606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and idem, 'Anthrax', J. Comp. Pathol. Ther., 1898, 11, 1: 51-68.
    • and idem, 'Anthrax', J. Comp. Pathol. Ther., 1898, 11, 1: 51-68.
  • 110
    • 33846358819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 450. Viljoen was one of the first Afrikaners to qualify as a vet and later served as Secretary for Agriculture.
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 450. Viljoen was one of the first Afrikaners to qualify as a vet and later served as Secretary for Agriculture.
  • 111
    • 85088189027 scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa [U.C. 47-1913],
    • st March, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, p. 55
    • st March, 1913, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1913, p. 55.
    • (1913) Annual report of the Department of Agriculture , pp. 1913
  • 112
    • 33846387698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 226
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 226.
  • 114
    • 33846402334 scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa [U.G.13-1921],
    • 1919-1920, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office
    • Union of South Africa [U.G.13-1921], Annual report of the Department of Agriculture, 1919-1920, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1921, p. 20;
    • (1921) Annual report of the Department of Agriculture , pp. 20
  • 115
    • 33846362061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, pp. 213, 225, 227, 235, 238;
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, pp. 213, 225, 227, 235, 238;
  • 116
    • 33846364142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 450
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 450.
  • 117
    • 33846351473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 225;
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 225;
  • 118
    • 33846375688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Smith of St Cyrus, A contribution of South African materia medico, chiefly from plants in use among the natives, Capetown and Johannesburg, Juta, 1895, pp. 55, 58. Smith lists six plants which were used as disinfectants or antidotes. Smith comments that boiling itself might have been effective in disinfecting meat.
    • A Smith of St Cyrus, A contribution of South African materia medico, chiefly from plants in use among the natives, Capetown and Johannesburg, Juta, 1895, pp. 55, 58. Smith lists six plants which were used as disinfectants or antidotes. Smith comments that boiling itself might have been effective in disinfecting meat.
  • 119
    • 33846358820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 433
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 433.
  • 120
    • 33846378694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goodall, op. cit, note 60 above, p. 8
    • Goodall, op. cit., note 60 above, p. 8.
  • 121
    • 33846388077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For descriptions of anthrax in sheep in France and Australia, see Geison, op. cit, note 15 above, pp. 145-6
    • For descriptions of anthrax in sheep in France and Australia, see Geison, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 145-6
  • 122
    • 33846338717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Todd, op. cit, note 40 above, pp. 37-8, 66-85
    • Todd, op. cit., note 40 above, pp. 37-8, 66-85.
  • 123
    • 33846364502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In South Africa, however, one vet estimated that around two-thirds of outbreaks of anthrax in South Africa involved cattle only. Goodall, op. cit, note 60 above, p. 6;
    • In South Africa, however, one vet estimated that around two-thirds of outbreaks of anthrax in South Africa involved cattle only. Goodall, op. cit., note 60 above, p. 6;
  • 124
    • 33846354074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 459
    • Viljoen et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 459.
  • 125
  • 126
    • 33846392182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 449-50
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 449-50.
  • 127
    • 33846339608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pasteur had demonstrated that sheep were more likely be become infected if thistles were mixed with the normal food. Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 229.
    • Pasteur had demonstrated that sheep were more likely be become infected if thistles were mixed with the normal food. Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 229.
  • 128
    • 33846383268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 464
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 464.
  • 129
    • 33846388412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 218
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 218.
  • 130
    • 33846368337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 455
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 455.
  • 131
    • 33846344537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 230
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 230.
  • 132
    • 33846387004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This theory was first advanced by the Cape government vet, Otto Henning in 1892 after attending outbreaks of anthrax in horses around Kimberley. M W Henning, Animal diseases in South Africa, Johannesburg, Central News Agency, 1948, p. 12
    • This theory was first advanced by the Cape government vet, Otto Henning in 1892 after attending outbreaks of anthrax in horses around Kimberley. M W Henning, Animal diseases in South Africa, Johannesburg, Central News Agency, 1948, p. 12.
  • 133
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    • Blood-sucking insects as transmitters of anthrax
    • Abstract, 'Blood-sucking insects as transmitters of anthrax', J. Comp. Pathol. Ther., 1918, 31: 134-6.
    • (1918) J. Comp. Pathol. Ther , vol.31 , pp. 134-136
    • Abstract1
  • 134
    • 33846385906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The horsefly theory was later accepted at Onderstepoort after Bacillus anthracis was isolated from hipposboscid flies. Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 452.
    • The horsefly theory was later accepted at Onderstepoort after Bacillus anthracis was isolated from hipposboscid flies. Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 452.
  • 135
    • 33846357688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE LDE 2760 123, Notice to Farmers 4828-10/7/14-3000.
    • SABE LDE 2760 123, Notice to Farmers 4828-10/7/14-3000.
  • 136
    • 33846390230 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary communication regarding anthrax spore vaccine and its use in South Africa
    • P R Viljoen and H H Curson, 'A preliminary communication regarding anthrax spore vaccine and its use in South Africa', South African Journal of Science, 1926, 23: 551-5, p. 555.
    • (1926) South African Journal of Science , vol.23 , Issue.551-555 , pp. 555
    • Viljoen, P.R.1    Curson, H.H.2
  • 137
    • 33846374970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 432
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 432.
  • 138
    • 33846374625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Theiler and Gray, op. cit, note 27 above, p. 785;
    • See, for example, Theiler and Gray, op. cit., note 27 above, p. 785;
  • 139
    • 33846343458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 231;
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 231;
  • 140
    • 33846371857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goodall, op. cit, note 60 above, p. 13;
    • Goodall, op. cit., note 60 above, p. 13;
  • 141
    • 33846349770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 450, 472-7;
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 450, 472-7;
  • 144
    • 33846366202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 80AOVI 1/1/3, A Theiler to Secretary for Agriculture, 17 Nov. 1922
    • 80AOVI 1/1/3, A Theiler to Secretary for Agriculture, 17 Nov. 1922.
  • 145
    • 33846369010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa, Regulation no. 1256, 28 July 1923; SABE LDB 4863 Z10027/16 2, Secretary for Agriculture to M L Rouhier, Manufacturer's Agent, 9 May 1931.
    • Union of South Africa, Regulation no. 1256, 28 July 1923; SABE LDB 4863 Z10027/16 vol. 2, Secretary for Agriculture to M L Rouhier, Manufacturer's Agent, 9 May 1931.
  • 146
    • 33846338057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 476
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 476.
  • 148
    • 33846338718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, p. 432
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, p. 432.
  • 149
    • 33846343117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE LDB 4863 Z1002/16 2, Acting Director of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry to Secretary for Agriculture, Oct. 1930.
    • SABE LDB 4863 Z1002/16 vol. 2, Acting Director of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry to Secretary for Agriculture, Oct. 1930.
  • 150
    • 33846382587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABELDB 4863Z1002/16 1, Direkteur van Veeartsenydiens to Die Senior Veearts, 28 July 1936; SABE LDB 4863 Z1002/16 2, Director of Veterinary Services to Secretary for Agriculture, 2 July 1938.
    • SABELDB 4863Z1002/16 vol. 1, Direkteur van Veeartsenydiens to Die Senior Veearts, 28 July 1936; SABE LDB 4863 Z1002/16 vol. 2, Director of Veterinary Services to Secretary for Agriculture, 2 July 1938.
  • 151
    • 33846356619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE LDB 4863 Z1002/16 2, Senior Veterinary Surgeon, Natal to Director of Veterinary Services, 31 Jan. 1924.
    • SABE LDB 4863 Z1002/16 vol. 2, Senior Veterinary Surgeon, Natal to Director of Veterinary Services, 31 Jan. 1924.
  • 152
    • 33846337355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa [U.G.40-1919], Annual report of the Director of Agriculture, 1918-1919, Pretoria, Government Jointing and Stationery Office, 1919, p. 37.
    • Union of South Africa [U.G.40-1919], Annual report of the Director of Agriculture, 1918-1919, Pretoria, Government Jointing and Stationery Office, 1919, p. 37.
  • 153
    • 33846398366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE BAO 5826 2/316 2, Native Commissioner, Taung, Bechuanaland, to Government Veterinary Officer, Vryburg, 16 Jan. 1930; Native Commissioner, Taung, to Secretary for Native Affairs, Cape Town, 29 March 1930; Superintendent of Natives, Barkly West, to Magistrate, Barkly West, 29 Oct. 1930; Secretary for Native Affairs to Native Commissioner, Nov. 1930.
    • SABE BAO 5826 2/316 vol. 2, Native Commissioner, Taung, Bechuanaland, to Government Veterinary Officer, Vryburg, 16 Jan. 1930; Native Commissioner, Taung, to Secretary for Native Affairs, Cape Town, 29 March 1930; Superintendent of Natives, Barkly West, to Magistrate, Barkly West, 29 Oct. 1930; Secretary for Native Affairs to Native Commissioner, Nov. 1930.
  • 154
    • 33846379790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicol, op. cit, note 2 above, p. 46
    • Nicol, op. cit., note 2 above, p. 46.
  • 155
    • 33846385550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transkeian Territories General Council, Proceedings and reports of the select committees at the session of 1932, annual reports and accounts for 1931 and estimates of revenue and expenditure for 1932-1933, Umtata, 1936, p. 199.
    • Transkeian Territories General Council, Proceedings and reports of the select committees at the session of 1932, annual reports and accounts for 1931 and estimates of revenue and expenditure for 1932-1933, Umtata, 1936, p. 199.
  • 156
    • 33846359537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1918, the Chief Veterinary Surgeon reported that over 41,000 cattle had been inoculated in the Transkei during the previous year. Union of South Africa [U.G.39-1918, Annual report of the Director of Agriculture, 1917-1918, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1918, p. 40;
    • In 1918, the Chief Veterinary Surgeon reported that over 41,000 cattle had been inoculated in the Transkei during the previous year. Union of South Africa [U.G.39-1918], Annual report of the Director of Agriculture, 1917-1918, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1918, p. 40;
  • 157
    • 33846375333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicol, op. cit, note 2 above, p. 46;
    • Nicol, op. cit., note 2 above, p. 46;
  • 158
    • 33846371392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gilfoyle, op. cit., note 19 above;
    • Gilfoyle, op. cit., note 19 above;
  • 159
    • 33846369008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gilfoyle, op. cit, note 10 above, pp. 306-12
    • Gilfoyle, op. cit., note 10 above, pp. 306-12.
  • 160
    • 33846352717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an account of popular opposition to the East Coast fever regulations during the 1910s, see Bundy, op. cit. note 12 above.
    • For an account of popular opposition to the East Coast fever regulations during the 1910s, see Bundy, op. cit. note 12 above.
  • 161
    • 33846348869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G de Kock, C J van Heerden, R du Toit and W O Neitz, 'Bovine theileriosis in South Africa, with special reference to Theileria mutans', OJVSAI, 1937, 8: 9-128, pp. 9-10;
    • G de Kock, C J van Heerden, R du Toit and W O Neitz, 'Bovine theileriosis in South Africa, with special reference to Theileria mutans', OJVSAI, 1937, 8: 9-128, pp. 9-10;
  • 162
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    • The campaign against East Coast fever in South Africa
    • 1 and 2
    • A M Diesel, "The campaign against East Coast fever in South Africa', OJVSAI, 1948, 23 (1 and 2): 19-31, p. 29.
    • (1948) OJVSAI , vol.23
    • Diesel, A.M.1
  • 163
    • 33846352187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The eleven districts were Elliotdale, Engcobo, Libode, Mqanduli, Ngqeleni, Qumbu, St Marks, Tsolo, Tsomo, Umtata, Xalanga, essentially the western part of the Transkei. Mount Currie was extensively settled by Europeans in the 1870s and remained largely in white hands. Nicol, op. cit., note 2 above, p. 47;
    • The eleven districts were Elliotdale, Engcobo, Libode, Mqanduli, Ngqeleni, Qumbu, St Marks, Tsolo, Tsomo, Umtata, Xalanga, essentially the western part of the Transkei. Mount Currie was extensively settled by Europeans in the 1870s and remained largely in white hands. Nicol, op. cit., note 2 above, p. 47;
  • 164
    • 33846349765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, et al, op. cit, note 1 above, p. 54;
    • Sterne, et al., op. cit., note 1 above, p. 54;
  • 165
    • 33846392183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beinart, The anatomy of a rural scare, op. cit, note 12 above, pp. 49-51
    • Beinart, 'The anatomy of a rural scare', op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 49-51.
  • 166
    • 33846342032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicol, op. cit, note 2 above, p. 55
    • Nicol, op. cit., note 2 above, p. 55.
  • 167
    • 33846391823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The five districts were Nongoma, Hlabisa, Mahlabatini, Nbombo and Ingwavuma. SABE BAO 5826 2/316 2, Secretary for Agriculture to Secretary for Native Affairs, 8 June 1933; Secretary for Native Affairs to Chief Native Commissioner, Pietermaritzburg, 26 June 1933.
    • The five districts were Nongoma, Hlabisa, Mahlabatini, Nbombo and Ingwavuma. SABE BAO 5826 2/316 vol. 2, Secretary for Agriculture to Secretary for Native Affairs, 8 June 1933; Secretary for Native Affairs to Chief Native Commissioner, Pietermaritzburg, 26 June 1933.
  • 168
    • 33846349769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 2, D Edwards, Government Veterinary Officer, Louis Trichardt to Senior Veterinary Officer, Pretoria, 20 Dec. 1935; J L Dixon, Government Veterinary Officer to Senior Veterinary Officer, Pretoria, 15 Nov. 1936; D Edwards, Government Veterinary Officer to Senior Veterinary Officer, Pretoria, 7 Dec. 1936.
    • SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 vol. 2, D Edwards, Government Veterinary Officer, Louis Trichardt to Senior Veterinary Officer, Pretoria, 20 Dec. 1935; J L Dixon, Government Veterinary Officer to Senior Veterinary Officer, Pretoria, 15 Nov. 1936; D Edwards, Government Veterinary Officer to Senior Veterinary Officer, Pretoria, 7 Dec. 1936.
  • 169
    • 33846369009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Vryburg, SABE BAG 5826 2/316 2, Secretary for Native Affairs to Secretary for Finance, 15 Dec. 1930; for Kuruman, Secretary for Native Affairs to Native Commissioner, Kuruman, 19 May 1931, and Senior Veterinary Officer, OFS to Director of Veterinary Services, 23 Dec. 1931; for Mafeking, Native Commissioner, Mafeking, to Secretary for Native Affairs, 10 Dec. 1932; for Barkly West, Superintendent of Locations to the Native Commissioner, 13 March 1933; for Herbert, Superintendent of Natives to Native Commissioner, Herbert, 26 April 1933.
    • For Vryburg, SABE BAG 5826 2/316 vol. 2, Secretary for Native Affairs to Secretary for Finance, 15 Dec. 1930; for Kuruman, Secretary for Native Affairs to Native Commissioner, Kuruman, 19 May 1931, and Senior Veterinary Officer, OFS to Director of Veterinary Services, 23 Dec. 1931; for Mafeking, Native Commissioner, Mafeking, to Secretary for Native Affairs, 10 Dec. 1932; for Barkly West, Superintendent of Locations to the Native Commissioner, 13 March 1933; for Herbert, Superintendent of Natives to Native Commissioner, Herbert, 26 April 1933.
  • 170
    • 33846349415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 2, Memo, 'Native areas in Transvaal, which are subject to annual anthrax inoculations', undated, 1937.
    • SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 vol. 2, Memo, 'Native areas in Transvaal, which are subject to annual anthrax inoculations', undated, 1937.
  • 171
    • 33846402333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, et al, op. cit, note 1 above, p. 53
    • Sterne, et al., op. cit., note 1 above, p. 53.
  • 172
    • 33846396018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 2, Director of Veterinary Services to Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, 21 Nov. 1936; Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, Pretoria, to Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, Maseru, 29 Jan. 1935.
    • SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 vol. 2, Director of Veterinary Services to Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, 21 Nov. 1936; Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, Pretoria, to Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, Maseru, 29 Jan. 1935.
  • 173
    • 33846396019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a detailed account of Pasteur's methods, see Geison, op. cit, note 15 above, pp. 151-69, esp. pp. 156, 167
    • For a detailed account of Pasteur's methods, see Geison, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 151-69, esp. pp. 156, 167.
  • 174
    • 33846364821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, pp. 232-3, 244
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, pp. 232-3, 244.
  • 175
    • 33846385227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an account of anthrax vaccination in Australia, see Todd, op. cit, note 40 above, pp. 46-107
    • For an account of anthrax vaccination in Australia, see Todd, op. cit., note 40 above, pp. 46-107.
  • 177
    • 33846390232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 244
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 244.
  • 178
    • 33846342371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen and Curson, op. cit, note 77 above, p. 552
    • Viljoen and Curson, op. cit., note 77 above, p. 552.
  • 179
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    • Todd, op. cit, note 40 above, pp. 76-7
    • Todd, op. cit., note 40 above, pp. 76-7.
  • 180
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    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 479, 526
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 479, 526.
  • 181
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    • Viljoen and Curson, op. cit, note 77 above, p. 552;
    • Viljoen and Curson, op. cit., note 77 above, p. 552;
  • 182
    • 33846356960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 482-7
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 482-7.
  • 183
    • 33846358388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viloen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 486-7
    • Viloen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 486-7.
  • 184
    • 33846365495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 234
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 234.
  • 185
    • 33846364822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viljoen, et al, op. cit, note 30 above, pp. 478-9
    • Viljoen, et al., op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 478-9.
  • 186
    • 33846374257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of Theiler's work in this regard, see Gilfoyle, op. cit., note 25 above.
    • For a discussion of Theiler's work in this regard, see Gilfoyle, op. cit., note 25 above.
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    • Pretoria, Government Printer
    • th report, volume I, October 1929, Pretoria, Government Printer, 1929, p. 183.
    • (1929) th report, volume I, October 1929 , pp. 183
    • Bekker, J.G.1
  • 188
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    • Union of South Africa [U.G.5 -1918],
    • 1916-17, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office
    • Union of South Africa [U.G.5 -1918], Annual report of the Department of Agriculture, 1916-17, Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery Office, 1918, p. 47.
    • (1918) Annual report of the Department of Agriculture , pp. 47
  • 190
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    • Kehoe, op. cit, note 29 above, p. 252
    • Kehoe, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 252.
  • 191
    • 33846374626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AOVI, box 1, file 1/1/3, A Theiler to Secretary of Forestry and Agriculture, 11 Nov. 1922; box 65, file 10/5/2, C Gray, Principal Veterinary Officer, to Director of Veterinary Research, 13 April 1920; box 65, file 10/5/2, A Theiler to R Jones, Veterinary Advisor, Siam, 18 March 1926.
    • AOVI, box 1, file 1/1/3, A Theiler to Secretary of Forestry and Agriculture, 11 Nov. 1922; box 65, file 10/5/2, C Gray, Principal Veterinary Officer, to Director of Veterinary Research, 13 April 1920; box 65, file 10/5/2, A Theiler to R Jones, Veterinary Advisor, Siam, 18 March 1926.
  • 192
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    • The use of saponin spore vaccine for inoculation against anthrax in South Africa
    • 279-304, p
    • M Sterne, E M Robinson and J Nicol, "The use of saponin spore vaccine for inoculation against anthrax in South Africa.', OJVSAI, 1939, 12 (2): 279-304, p. 299.
    • (1939) OJVSAI , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 299
    • Sterne, M.1    Robinson, E.M.2    Nicol, J.3
  • 193
    • 33846379788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Swiderski, op. cit, note 118 above, p. 155
    • See also Swiderski, op. cit., note 118 above, p. 155.
  • 194
    • 33846400993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit, note 79 above, p. 11
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit., note 79 above, p. 11.
  • 195
    • 33846373235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., pp. 11, 16.
  • 196
    • 33846381884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AOVI, box 65, file 10/5/2, Senior Veterinary Officer, Natal, to Director of Veterinary Services, Pretoria, 11 Oct. 1933; R Clark, Government Veterinary Officer, Ermelo, to Director of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, 14 Oct. 1933; SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 2, K Schulz, Government Veterinary Officer, Kimberley, to Director of Veterinary Services, Pretoria, 15 Jan. 1934; SABE BAO 5862 2/316 2, Native Commissioner, Nongoma, to Native Commissioner, Pietermaritzburg, 31 April 1934 and 2 July 1934.
    • AOVI, box 65, file 10/5/2, Senior Veterinary Officer, Natal, to Director of Veterinary Services, Pretoria, 11 Oct. 1933; R Clark, Government Veterinary Officer, Ermelo, to Director of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, 14 Oct. 1933; SABE LBD 4863 Z1002/16 vol. 2, K Schulz, Government Veterinary Officer, Kimberley, to Director of Veterinary Services, Pretoria, 15 Jan. 1934; SABE BAO 5862 2/316 vol. 2, Native Commissioner, Nongoma, to Native Commissioner, Pietermaritzburg, 31 April 1934 and 2 July 1934.
  • 197
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    • BAO 5826 2/316 2, Secretary for Forestry and Agriculture to Secretary for Native Affairs, 10 April 1934.
    • BAO 5826 2/316 vol. 2, Secretary for Forestry and Agriculture to Secretary for Native Affairs, 10 April 1934.
  • 198
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    • Max Sterne (1905-1997) was borne in Trieste and, at the age of four, emigrated with his parents to South Africa. He graduated from Onderstepoort veterinary faculty with the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Science in 1928. Sterne joined the Onderstepoort laboratory in 1934 to supervise the production of anthrax vaccine. His work on variation in Bacillus anthracis was successfully submitted for a doctoral thesis and was published in full in the Onderstepoort Journal. In 1951, he moved to Britain, where he was employed by the Wellcome Research Laboratories.
    • Max Sterne (1905-1997) was borne in Trieste and, at the age of four, emigrated with his parents to South Africa. He graduated from Onderstepoort veterinary faculty with the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Science in 1928. Sterne joined the Onderstepoort laboratory in 1934 to supervise the production of anthrax vaccine. His work on variation in Bacillus anthracis was successfully submitted for a doctoral thesis and was published in full in the Onderstepoort Journal. In 1951, he moved to Britain, where he was employed by the Wellcome Research Laboratories.
  • 199
    • 33846396630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fourteen editors of the Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association
    • R D Bigalke, 'The fourteen editors of the Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association', Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2000, 71: 68-76.
    • (2000) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association , vol.71 , pp. 68-76
    • Bigalke, R.D.1
  • 200
    • 33846383636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit, note 79 above, p. 11
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit., note 79 above, p. 11.
  • 201
    • 33846370722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M Sterne, 'Variation in Bacillus anthracis', OJVSAI, 1937, 8: 271-350, p. 272. Sterne quoted a number of articles published in Europe and America in describing these phenomena.
    • M Sterne, 'Variation in Bacillus anthracis', OJVSAI, 1937, 8: 271-350, p. 272. Sterne quoted a number of articles published in Europe and America in describing these phenomena.
  • 202
    • 33846349414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 280.
  • 203
    • 33846349075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 283.
  • 204
    • 33846338378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., pp. 286-8.
  • 205
    • 33846387701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 310;
  • 206
    • 33846365155 scopus 로고
    • A new culture tube
    • J H Mason, 'A new culture tube', JSAVMA, 1933, 4: 89-90.
    • (1933) JSAVMA , vol.4 , pp. 89-90
    • Mason, J.H.1
  • 207
    • 33846354805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the importance of Robert Koch's invention of solid media to the study of bacterial morphology and colonies, see Mazumdar, Species and specificity, op. cit, note 15 above, p. 76
    • For the importance of Robert Koch's invention of solid media to the study of bacterial morphology and colonies, see Mazumdar, Species and specificity, op. cit., note 15 above, p. 76.
  • 208
    • 33846387702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mason, op. cit, note 131 above, pp. 89-90
    • Mason, op. cit., note 131 above, pp. 89-90.
  • 209
    • 33846370048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, op. cit, note 127 above, pp. 309-36
    • Sterne, op. cit., note 127 above, pp. 309-36.
  • 210
    • 33846367953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to present knowledge, the virulence of Bacillus anthracis depends on its ability to produce toxin and capsules, which are independent genetic characteristics, designated PXO1 (toxin) and PX02 capsule, Sterne's avirulent strain lacked the PX02, but retained PXO1, so was therefore not truly avirulent. Stern acknowledged that the vaccine could produce inflammation in horses and goats and issued a separate vaccine for them. Swiderski, op. cit, note 118 above, p. 161
    • According to present knowledge, the virulence of Bacillus anthracis depends on its ability to produce toxin and capsules, which are independent genetic characteristics, designated PXO1 (toxin) and PX02 (capsule). Sterne's "avirulent" strain lacked the PX02, but retained PXO1, so was therefore not truly avirulent. Stern acknowledged that the vaccine could produce inflammation in horses and goats and issued a separate vaccine for them. Swiderski, op. cit., note 118 above, p. 161.
  • 211
    • 0002713185 scopus 로고
    • The effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations of the growth of virulent anthrax strains. Pathogenicity and immunity tests on guinea-pigs and sheep with anthrax variants derived from virulent strains
    • M Sterne, 'The effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations of the growth of virulent anthrax strains. Pathogenicity and immunity tests on guinea-pigs and sheep with anthrax variants derived from virulent strains', OJVSAI, 1937, 9: 66.
    • (1937) OJVSAI , vol.9 , pp. 66
    • Sterne, M.1
  • 212
    • 33846343459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M Sterne, 'The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (uncapsulated) variants of Bacillus anthracis', OJVSAI, 1939, 13: 307-12, p. 307.
    • M Sterne, 'The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (uncapsulated) variants of Bacillus anthracis', OJVSAI, 1939, 13: 307-12, p. 307.
  • 213
    • 84956849035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In practice six guinea-pigs were injected with 0.01cc and another six with 0.001cc of the spore suspension (vaccine). A batch of vaccine was passed only if all the guinea-pigs which had received 0.01 cc of vaccine survived an injection containing a standard dose of a virulent strain of anthrax. Typically, only some of the six which received 0.001cc survived the test. A field test was also carried out on sheep using an injection which contained four times the concentration of spores used in the standard vaccine. This was to ensure that the vaccine would not produce any unforeseen reactions. M Sterne, 'Avirulent anthrax vaccines', OJVSAI, 1946, 21: 41-3.
    • In practice six guinea-pigs were injected with 0.01cc and another six with 0.001cc of the spore suspension (vaccine). A batch of vaccine was passed only if all the guinea-pigs which had received 0.01 cc of vaccine survived an injection containing a standard dose of a virulent strain of anthrax. Typically, only some of the six which received 0.001cc survived the test. A field test was also carried out on sheep using an injection which contained four times the concentration of spores used in the standard vaccine. This was to ensure that the vaccine would not produce any unforeseen reactions. M Sterne, 'Avirulent anthrax vaccines', OJVSAI, 1946, 21: 41-3.
  • 214
    • 33846358042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, op. cit, note 127 above, p. 310
    • Sterne, op. cit., note 127 above, p. 310.
  • 215
    • 33846385549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit, note 79 above, p. 16
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit., note 79 above, p. 16.
  • 216
    • 33846391491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, op. cit, note 127 above, p. 309
    • Sterne, op. cit., note 127 above, p. 309.
  • 217
    • 33846379440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, et al, op. cit, note 1 above, p. 54
    • Sterne, et al., op. cit., note 1 above, p. 54.
  • 218
    • 33846401992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 53.
  • 219
    • 33846374972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 56.
  • 220
    • 33846338058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE BAO 5826 2/316 2, Secretary for Forestry and Agriculture to Secretary for Native Affairs, 3 Oct. 1933.
    • SABE BAO 5826 2/316 vol. 2, Secretary for Forestry and Agriculture to Secretary for Native Affairs, 3 Oct. 1933.
  • 221
    • 33846399614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, et al, op cit, note 1 above, p. 61
    • Sterne, et al., op cit., note 1 above, p. 61.
  • 222
    • 33846376027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit, note 79 above, p. 16;
    • Sterne and Robinson, op. cit., note 79 above, p. 16;
  • 223
    • 33846351832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterne, 'The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (unencapsulated) variants of bacillus anthracis', OJVSAI, 1939, 13 (2): 309.
    • Sterne, 'The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (unencapsulated) variants of bacillus anthracis', OJVSAI, 1939, 13 (2): 309.
  • 224
    • 33846381186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Union of South Africa, Government Notice No. 2699-20 Dec. 1946. The complete list was Benoni, Bethal, Boksburg, Brakpan, Bronkhorstspruit, Germiston, Groblersdal, Johannesburg, Krugersdorp, Lydenburg, Marico, Nigel, Pietersburg, Potgietersrus, Pretoria, Roodepoort, Rustenburg, Springs, Standerton, Vereeniging, Witbank and Zoutpansberg.
    • Union of South Africa, Government Notice No. 2699-20 Dec. 1946. The complete list was Benoni, Bethal, Boksburg, Brakpan, Bronkhorstspruit, Germiston, Groblersdal, Johannesburg, Krugersdorp, Lydenburg, Marico, Nigel, Pietersburg, Potgietersrus, Pretoria, Roodepoort, Rustenburg, Springs, Standerton, Vereeniging, Witbank and Zoutpansberg.
  • 225
    • 33846359197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SABE LBD Z1023 2, A M Diesel, for Director of Veterinary Services to Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, 28 Oct. 1947.
    • SABE LBD Z1023 vol. 2, A M Diesel, for Director of Veterinary Services to Secretary for Agriculture and Forestry, 28 Oct. 1947.
  • 226
    • 33846354077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swiderski, op. cit, note 118 above, pp. 156-8
    • Swiderski, op. cit., note 118 above, pp. 156-8.


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