Observations of upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric water vapor and its isotopes

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 111, Issue 14, 2006, Pages

  Coffey, M T ^a   Hannigan, J W ^a   Goldman, A ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS; SPECTROMETERS; UPPER ATMOSPHERE; WATER;

AIRBORNE SENSING; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LATITUDINAL GRADIENT; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; SPECTROMETER; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; WATER VAPOR;

EID: 33846097752     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006093     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Baertschi, P. (1976), Absolute 18O content of standard mean ocean water, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 31, 341-344.
2. Bechtel, C., and A. Zahn (2003), The isotope composition of water vapour: A powerful tool to study transport and chemistry of middle atmospheric water vapour, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc., 3, 3991-4036.
3. Chang, Y. S., and J. H. Shaw (1977), A nonlinear least squares method of determining line intensities and half-widths, Appl. Spectrosc., 31, 213-220.
4. Coffey, M. T. (1988), On the temporal change of stratospheric NO2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 331-334.
5. Coffey, M. T., W. G. Mankin, and A. Goldman (1981), Simultaneous spectroscopic determination of the latitudinal, seasonal and diurnal variability of stratospheric N2O, NO, NO2 and HNO3, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7331-7341.
6. Coffey, M. T., W. G. Mankin, and A. Goldman (1989), Airborne measurements of stratospheric constituents over Antarctica in the austral spring 1987: 2. Halogen and nitrogen trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 94,16,597-16,614.
7. Dansgaard, W. (1964), Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436-468.
8. De Bievre, P., M. Gallet, N. E. Holden, and I. L. Barnes (1984), Isotopic abundances and atomic weights of the elements, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 809-891.
9. Dessler, A. E., and S. C. Sherwood (2003), A model of HDO in the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc., 3, 4489-4513.
10. Ehhalt, D. H. (1971), Vertical profiles and transport of HTO in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 7351-7367.
11. Ehhalt, D. H. (1974), Vertical profiles of HTO, HDO and H2O in the troposphere, Tech. Note TN/STR100, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
12. Eriksson, E. (1965), Deuterium and oxygen-18 in precipitation and some other natural waters, Tellus, 17, 498-512.
13. Fahey, D. W., K. K. Kelly, S. R. Kawa, A. F. Tuck, M. Loewenstein, K. R. Chan, and L. E. Heidt (1990), Observations of denitrification and dehydration in the winter polar stratospheres, Nature, 344, 321-324.
14. Folkins, I., M. Loewenstein, J. Podolske, S. J. Oltmans, and M. Proffitt (1999), A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,095-22,102.
15. Gettelman, A., P. M. de F. Forster, M. Fujiwara, Q. Fu, H. Vomel, L. K. Gohar, C. Johanson, and M. Ammerman (2004), Radiation balance of the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07103, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD004190.
16. Gunson, M. R., C. B. Farmer, R. H. Norton, R. Zander, C. P. Rinsland, J. H. Shaw, and B. C. Gao (1990), Measurements of CH4, N2O, CO, H2O and O3 in the middle atmosphere by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy Experiment on Spacelab 3, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,867-13,882.
17. Hagemann, R., G. Nief, and E. Roth (1970), Absolute isotopic scale for deuterium analysis of natural waters, Absolute D/H ratio for SMOW, Tellus, 22, 712-715.
18. Hintsa, E. J., et al. (1998), Troposphere-to-stratosphere transport in the lowermost stratosphere from measurements of H2O, CO2, N2O and O3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2655-2658.
19. Holton, J. R., P. H. Haynes, M. E. McIntyre, A. R. Douglass, R. B. Rood, and L. Pfister (1995), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439.
20. Hurst, D. F., et al. (1999), Closure of the total hydrogen budget of the northern extratropical lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8191-8200.
21. Jancso, G., and W. A. van Hook (1974), Condensed phase isotope effects, Chem. Rev., 74, 689-750.
22. Johnson, D. G., K. W. Jucks, W. A. Traub, and K. V. Chance (2001), Isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapor: Measurements and photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12,211-12,218.
23. Kaye, J. A. (1987), Mechanisms and observations for isotope fractionation of molecular species in planetary atmospheres, Rev. Geophys., 25, 1609-1658.
24. Keith, D. W. (2000), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: Inferences from the isotopic composition of water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15,167-15,173.
25. Kelly, K. K., et al. (1989), Dehydration in the lower Antarctic stratosphere during late winter and early spring, 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,317-11,357.
26. Kley, D., J. M. Russell, and C. Phillips (Eds.) (2000), SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour, WMO/TD 1043, SPARC Rep. 2, World Clim. Res. Programme, Geneva, Switzerland.
27. Kuang, Z., G. C. Toon, P. O. Wennberg, and Y. L. Yung (2003), Measured HDO/H2O ratios across the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1372, doi:10.1029/2003GL017023.
28. LeTexier, H., S. Solomon, and R. R. Garcia (1988), The role of molecular hydrogen and methane oxidation in the water vapour budget of the stratosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 281-295.
29. Mankin, W. G., and M. T. Coffey (1983), Latitudinal distribution and temporal changes of stratospheric HC1 and HF, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,766-10,784.
30. Mankin, W. G., and M. T. Coffey (1989), Airborne measurements of stratospheric constituents over Antarctica in the austral spring 1987: 1. Method and ozone observations, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,413-11,421.
31. McCarthy, M. C., K. A. Boering, T. Rahn, J. M. Eiler, A. L. Rice, S. C. Tyler, S. Schauffler, E. Atlas, and D. G. Johnson (2004), The hydrogen isotopic composition of water vapor entering the stratosphere inferred from high-precision measurements of δD-CH4 and δD-H2, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07304, doi:10.1029/2003JD004003.
32. Moyer, E. J., F. W. Irion, Y. L. Yung, and M. R. Gunson (1996), ATMOS stratospheric deuterated water and implications for troposphere-stratosphere transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2385-2388.
33. Niple, E., W. G. Mankin, A. Goldman, D. G. Murcray, and F. J. Murcray (1980), Stratospheric NO2 and H2O mixing ratio profiles from high resolution infrared solar spectra using nonlinear least squares, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 489-492.
34. Oltmans, S. J., H. Vomel, D. J. Hofmann K. H. Rosenlof, and D. Kley (2000), The increase in stratospheric water vapor from balloonborne, frostpoint hygrometer measurements at Washington, D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3453-3456.
35. Randel, W. J., F. Wu, J. R. Russell, and J. Waters (1999), Space-time patterns of trends in stratospheric constituents derived from UARS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3711-3727.
36. Rinsland, C. P., et al. (1984), Simultaneous stratospheric measurements of H2O, HDO and CH4 from balloon-borne and aircraft infrared solar absorption spectra and tunable diode laser laboratory spectra of HDO, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7259-7266.
37. Rinsland, C. P., M. R. Gunson, J. C. Foster, R. A. Toth, C. B. Farmer, and R. Zander (1991), Sratospheric profiles of heavy water vapor isotopes and CH3D from analysis of the ATMOS Spacelab 3 infrared solar spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1057-1068.
38. Rinsland, C. P., et al. (1998) Nothern and Southern Hemisphere groundbased infrared spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric carbon monoxide and ethane. J. Geophys Res., 103, 28,197-28,217.
39. Rodgers, C. D. (1976), Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition from remote measurements of thermal radiation. Rev. Geophys., 14, 609-624.
40. Rodgers, C. D. (2000), Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, World Sci., Hackensack, N. J.
41. Rosenlof, K. H., A. F. Tuck, K. K. Kelly, J. M. Russell, and M. P. McCormick (1997), Hemispheric asymmetries in water vapor and inferences about transport in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,213-13,234.
42. Rosenlof, K. H., et al. (2001), Stratospheric water vapor increases over the past half-century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1195-1198.
43. Rothman L. S., et al. (1998), The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic data- base and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 edition, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 665-710.
44. Rothman, L. S., et al. (2003), The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic data- base: Edition of 2000 including updates through 2001, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 82, 5-44.
45. Rothman L. S., et al. (2005), The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 96, 139-204.
46. Schoeberl, M. R., L. R. Lait, P. A. Newman, and J. E. Rosenfield (1992), The structure of the polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7859-7882.
47. Smith, C. A., R. Toumi, and J. D. Haigh (2000), Seasonal trends in stratospheric water vapour, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1687-1690.
48. Smith, M. A. H. (1982), Compilation of atmospheric gas concentration profiles from 0 to 50 km, NASA Tech. Memo. 83289.
49. Taylor, C. B. (1972), The vertical variations of isotopic concentrations of tropospheric water vapour over continental Europe, and their relationship to tropospheric structure, Rep. INS-R-107, 45 pp., Inst. of Nucl.Sci., Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
50. Webster. C. R., and A. J. Heymsfield (2003), Water isotope ratios D/H, 18O/16O, 17O/16O in and out of clouds map dehydration pathways, Science, 302, 1742-1745.
51. Zahn, A., V. Barth, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt (1998), Deuterium, oxygen-18, and tritium as tracers for water vapour transport in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region, J. Atmos. Chem., 30, 25-47.