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Schumann R, Jones SB, Ortiz VE, et al. Best practice recommendations for anesthetic perioperative care and pain management in weight loss surgery. Obes Res 2005; 13:254-266. A task force of experts reviewed published studies and then developed evidence-based recommendations to optimize the safety and efficacy of perioperative anesthetic care and pain management for patients undergoing bariatric operations. Their recommendations can be applied to any morbidly obese patient scheduled for thoracic surgery.
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Schumann R, Jones SB, Ortiz VE, et al. Best practice recommendations for anesthetic perioperative care and pain management in weight loss surgery. Obes Res 2005; 13:254-266. A task force of experts reviewed published studies and then developed evidence-based recommendations to optimize the safety and efficacy of perioperative anesthetic care and pain management for patients undergoing bariatric operations. Their recommendations can be applied to any morbidly obese patient scheduled for thoracic surgery.
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Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL, et al. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:1081-1093. The American Society of Anesthesiologists' practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Many morbidly obese patients experience significant sleep apnea.
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Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL, et al. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:1081-1093. The American Society of Anesthesiologists' practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Many morbidly obese patients experience significant sleep apnea.
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von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Regli A, Reber A, Schneider MC. Effect of obesity and thoracic epidural analgesia on perioperative spirometry. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94:121-127. Thoracic epidural analgesia was associated with better postoperative pulmonary function in obese patients.
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Dixon BJ, Dixon JB, Carden JR, et al. Preoxygenation is more effective in the 25 degrees head-up position than in the supine position in severely obese patients: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:1110-1115. One of several recent studies that have clearly demonstrated that proper patient positioning is essential during anesthetic induction of morbidly obese patients. This study found that preoxygenation in a head-up position prolonged the safe apnea period during tracheal intubation.
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Dixon BJ, Dixon JB, Carden JR, et al. Preoxygenation is more effective in the 25 degrees head-up position than in the supine position in severely obese patients: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:1110-1115. One of several recent studies that have clearly demonstrated that proper patient positioning is essential during anesthetic induction of morbidly obese patients. This study found that preoxygenation in a head-up position prolonged the safe apnea period during tracheal intubation.
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16
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Laryngoscopy and morbid obesity: A comparison of the "sniff" and "ramped" positions
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Collins JS, Lemmens HJ, Brodsky JB, et al. Laryngoscopy and morbid obesity: a comparison of the "sniff" and "ramped" positions. Obes Surg 2004; 14:1171-1175.
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Collins JS, Lemmens HJ, Brodsky JB. Obesity and difficult intubation: where is the evidence? Anesthesiology 2006; 104:617. Several recent studies have clearly demonstrated that obesity per se is not a risk factor for difficulty with tracheal intubation. Placement of a double-lumen tube should be no more difficult in an obese patient as in a patient of normal weight, but studies to confirm this have not been performed.
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Collins JS, Lemmens HJ, Brodsky JB. Obesity and difficult intubation: where is the evidence? Anesthesiology 2006; 104:617. Several recent studies have clearly demonstrated that obesity per se is not a risk factor for difficulty with tracheal intubation. Placement of a double-lumen tube should be no more difficult in an obese patient as in a patient of normal weight, but studies to confirm this have not been performed.
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The intubating laryngeal mask airway can be safely used in the management of the obese patient with a difficult airway
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Combes X, Sauvat S, Leroux B, et al. Intubating laryngeal mask airway in morbidly obese and lean patients: a comparative study. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:1106-1109. The intubating laryngeal mask airway can be safely used in the management of the obese patient with a difficult airway.
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Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ. Tracheal width and left double-lumen tube size: a formula to estimate left-bronchial width. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17:267-270. A large DLT is usually preferred, particularly to minimize airway resistance in morbidly obese patients undergoing OLV. Direct airway measurement is the most accurate way of selecting a DLT. Tube selection based solely on patient gender, height and/or weight is less accurate than airway measurements and may lead to selection of a DLT that is too small for the patient.
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Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ. Tracheal width and left double-lumen tube size: a formula to estimate left-bronchial width. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17:267-270. A large DLT is usually preferred, particularly to minimize airway resistance in morbidly obese patients undergoing OLV. Direct airway measurement is the most accurate way of selecting a DLT. Tube selection based solely on patient gender, height and/or weight is less accurate than airway measurements and may lead to selection of a DLT that is too small for the patient.
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20
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Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ, Saidman LJ. Obesity, surgery, and inhalation anesthetics - is there a drug of choice? Obes Surg 2006; 16:734. Despite claims to the contrary, none of the commonly used inhalation anesthetic agents (isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane) can be considered as the drug of choice for morbidly obese surgical patients.
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Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ, Saidman LJ. Obesity, surgery, and inhalation anesthetics - is there a "drug of choice"? Obes Surg 2006; 16:734. Despite claims to the contrary, none of the commonly used inhalation anesthetic agents (isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane) can be considered as the drug of choice for morbidly obese surgical patients.
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Choice of volatile anesthetic for the morbidly obese patient: Sevoflurane or desflurane
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This study demonstrated that in the immediate postoperative period there are no differences in emergence and recovery profiles in morbidly obese patients receiving desflurane and sevoflurane when anesthetic concentration was carefully titrated
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Arain SR, Barth CD, Shankar H, Ebert TJ. Choice of volatile anesthetic for the morbidly obese patient: sevoflurane or desflurane. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17:413-419. This study demonstrated that in the immediate postoperative period there are no differences in emergence and recovery profiles in morbidly obese patients receiving desflurane and sevoflurane when anesthetic concentration was carefully titrated.
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A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
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Following thoracotomy, paravertebral block and epidural analgesia can provide comparable pain relief. In this study paravertebral blocks were associated with fewer side effects and with a reduction in pulmonary complications
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Davies RG, Myles PS, Graham JM. A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96:418-426. Following thoracotomy, paravertebral block and epidural analgesia can provide comparable pain relief. In this study paravertebral blocks were associated with fewer side effects and with a reduction in pulmonary complications.
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Wahlander S, Frumento RJ, Wagener G, et al. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005; 19:630-635. Following thoracotomy, dexmedetomidine is a potentially effective analgesic adjunct to epidural local anesthesia since it reduces opioid requirements, thus reducing their potential for respiratory depression. Although this would be greatly advantageous for morbidly obese patients, published experience with dexmedetomidine and obesity is currently limited to anecdotal case reports.
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A case report supporting the potential benefit of dexmedetomidine in the management of postoperative pain in extremely obese patients
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Hofer RE, Sprung J, Sarr MG, Wedel DJ. Anesthesia for a patient with morbid obesity using dexmedetomidine without narcotics. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:176-180. A case report supporting the potential benefit of dexmedetomidine in the management of postoperative pain in extremely obese patients.
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Flier S, Knape JT. How to inform a morbidly obese patient on the specific risk to develop postoperative pulmonary complications using evidence-based methodology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23:154-159.
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Bong CL, Samuel M, Ng JM, Ip-Yam C. Effects of preemptive epidural analgesia on postthoracotomy pain. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005; 19:786-793. Preemptive thoracic epidural anesthesia reduced the severity of acute pain but had no effect on the incidence of chronic pain after thoracotomy.
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