Stand-level herbivory in an old-growth conifer forest canopy

Western North American Naturalist

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 473-481

  Shaw, David C ^a,b   Ernest, Kristina A ^c   Rinker, H Bruce ^d   Lowman, Margaret D ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Pinellas County Environmental Management Environmental Lands   (United States)

^e NEW COLLEGE OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Conifers; Herbivory; Old growth; Wind River Canopy Crane

Indexed keywords

CONIFEROPHYTA;

EID: 33845992199     PISSN: 15270904     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[473:SHIAOC]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. BASSET, Y., V. HORLYCK, AND S.J. WRIGHT. 2003. Studying forest canopies from above: the International Canopy Crane Network. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and United Nations Environment Program, Panama.
2. BRAUN, D.M., B. RUNCHENG, D.C. SHAW, AND M. VANSCOY. 2002. Folivory of vine maple in an old-growth Douglas-fir-western hemlock forest. Northwest Science 76:315-321.
3. BRUBAKER, L.B., AND S.K. GREENE. 1979. Differential effects of Douglas-fir tussock moth and western spruce budworm defoliation on radial growth of grand fir and Douglas-fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9:95-105.
4. CARROLL, G.C. 1991. Fungal associates of woody plants as insect antagonists in leaves and stems. Pages 253-271 in P. Barbosa, V.A. Krischik, and C.G. Jones, editors, Microbial mediation of plant-herbivore interactions. Wiley, New York.
5. COLEY, P.D. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecological Monographs 53:209-233.
6. EDELSTEIN, Z.R., AND E.D. FORD. 2003. Branch and foliage morphological plasticity in old-growth Thuja plicata. Tree Physiology 23:649-662.
7. FIELD, C.B., AND J. KADUK. 2004. The carbon balance of an old-growth forest: building across approaches. Ecosystems 7:525-533.
8. FRANKLIN, J.F., K. CERMACK, JR., W. DENISON, A. MCKEE, C. MASER, J. SEDELL, F. SWANSON, AND G. JUDAY, 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. General Technical Report PNW-118, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
9. HALAJ, J., D.W. ROSS, AND A.R. MOLDENKE. 2000. Importance of habitat structure to the arthropod food-web in Douglas-fir canopies. Oikos 90:139-152.
10. HARMON, M.E., K. BIBLE, M.G. RYAN, D.C. SHAW, H. CHEN, J. KLOPATEK, AND X. LI. 2004. Production, respiration, and overall carbon balance in an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest ecosystem. Ecosystems 7: 498-512.
11. LANDSBERG, J., AND C. OHMART. 1989. Levels of insect defoliation in forests-patterns and concepts. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:96-100.
12. LOWMAN, M.D. 1984. An assessment of techniques for measuring herbivory: is rainforest defoliation more intense than we thought? Biotropica 16:264-268.
13. _. 1985. Temporal and spatial variability in insect grazing of the canopies of five Australian rainforest tree species. Australian Journal of Ecology 10:7-24.
14. _. 1995. Herbivory as a canopy process in rain forest trees. Pages 431-455 in M.D. Lowman and N.M. Nadkarni, editors, Forest canopies. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
15. LOWMAN, M.D., AND H.B. RINKER, EDITORS. 2004. Forest canopies. 2nd edition. Elsevier/Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
16. MCNAUGHTON, S.J. 2001. Herbivory and trophic interactions. Pages 101-122 in J. Roy, B. Saugier, and H.A. Mooney, editors, Terrestrial global productivity. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
17. MITCHELL, A.W., K. SECOY, AND T. JACKSON. 2002. The global canopy handbook. Global Canopy Programme, Oxford, U.K.
18. NILSSON, M.C., AND D.A. WARDLE. 2005. Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver: evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3:421-428.
19. OZANNE, C.M.P., D. ANHUF, S.L. BOULTEK, M. KELLER, R.L. KITCHING, C. KÖRNER, F.C. MEINZER, ET AL. 2003. Biodiversity meets the atmosphere: a global view of forest canopies. Science 301:183-186.
20. PARKER, G.G. 1997. Canopy structure and light environment of an old-growth Douglas-fir / western hemlock forest. Northwest Science 71:261-270.
21. PAW U, K.T., M. FALK, T.H. SUCHANEK, S.L. USTIN, J. CHEN, Y. PARK, W.E. WINNER, ET AL. 2004. Carbon dioxide exchange between an old-growth forest and the atmosphere. Ecosystems 7:513-524.
22. PERRY, D.A., AND G.B. PITMAN. 1983. Genetic and environmental influences in host resistance to herbivory: Douglas-fir and the western spruce budworm. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 96:217-228.
23. RINKER, H.B., AND M.D. LOWMAN. 2004. Insect herbivory in tropical forests. Pages 359-386 in M.D. Lowman and H.B. Rinker, editors, Forest canopies. 2nd edition. Elsevier/Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
24. SCHOWALTER, T.D. 1989. Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:318-322.
25. _. 1995. Canopy arthropod communities in relation to forest age and alternative harvest practices in western Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 78:115-125.
26. SCHOWALTER, T.D., AND L.M. GANIO. 1998. Vertical and seasonal variation in canopy arthropod communities in an old-growth conifer forest in southwestern Washington, USA. Bulletin of Entomological Research 88: 633-640.
27. SCHOWALTER, T.D., W.W. HARGROVE, AND D.A. CROSSLEY, JR. 1986. Herbivory in forested ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology 31:177-196.
28. SHAW, D.C., J.F. FRANKLIN, K. BIBLE, J. KLOPATEK, E. FREEMAN, S. GREENE, AND G.G. PARKER. 2004. Ecological setting of the Wind River old-growth forest. Ecosystems 7:427-439.
29. SHAW, D.C., E.A. FREEMAN, AND C. FLICK. 2002. The vertical occurrence of small birds in an old-growth Douglas-fir-western hemloek forest stand. Northwest Science 76:322-334.
30. SHAW, D.C., AND S. GREENE. 2003. Wind River Canopy Crane Research Facility and Wind River Experimental Forest. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 83:115-121.
31. THOMAS, S.C., AND W.E. WINNER. 2000. Leaf area index of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest estimated from direct structural measurements in the canopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30:1922-1930.
32. USDA FOREST SERVICE. 2004. Forest insect and disease condition in the United States 2003. Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Washington DC.