The influence of social and economic disadvantage on racial patterns in youth homicide over time

Homicide Studies

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 50-69

  Strom, Kevin J ^a   MacDonald, John M ^b  

^a RTI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Crack cocaine; Homicide; Racial disparities; Youth homicide; Youth violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845974445     PISSN: 10887679     EISSN: 15526720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1088767906296199     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Allan, E. A., & Steffensmeier, D. J. (1989). Youth, underemployment, and property crime: Differential effects of job availability and job quality on juvenile and youth adult arrest rates. American Sociological Review, 54, 107-123.
2. Anderson, E. (1998). The social ecology of youth violence. In M. Tonry & M. H. Moore (Eds.), Youth violence (Vol. 24, pp. 65-104). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. Baumer, E., Lauritsen, J. L., Rosenfeld, R., & Wright, R. (1998). The influence of crack cocaine on robbery, burglary, and homicide rates: A cross-city, longitudinal analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 316-340.
4. Bennett, W. J., Dilulio, J. J., & Walters, J. P. (1996). Body count: Moral poverty and how to win America's war against crime and drugs. New York: Simon & Schuster.
5. Biderman, A. D., & Lynch, J. P. (1991). Understanding crime incidence statistics: Why the UCR diverges from the NCS. New York/Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
6. Blau, J. R., & Blau, P. M. (1982). Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47, 114-128.
7. Blumstein, A. (1995). Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, 10-36.
8. Blumstein, A., & Rosenfeld, R. (1998). Explaining recent trends in U.S. homicide rates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 1175-1216.
9. Blumstein, A., & Wallman, J. (2000). The recent rise and fall of American violence. In A. Blumstein & J. Wallman (Eds.), The crime drop in America (pp. 1-12). New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Braga, A., Piehl, A. M., & Kennedy, D. M. (1999). Youth homicide in Boston: An assessment of supplementary homicide report data. Homicide Studies, 3, 277-299.
11. Bursik, R. J. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology, 26, 519-550.
12. Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime. New York: Lexington Books.
13. Bushway, S. D. (1998). The impact of an arrest on the job stability of young White American men. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 454-479.
14. Cantor, D., & Land, K. (1985). Unemployment and crime rates in the post-World War II United States. American Sociological Review, 50, 317-332.
15. Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995). Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 1261-1293.
16. Cook, P. J., & Laub, J. H. (1998). The unprecedented epidemic of youth violence. In M. Tonry & M. H. Moore (Eds.), Youth violence (Vol. 24, pp. 27-64). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Cook, P. J., & Laub, J. H. (2002). After the epidemic: Recent trends in youth violence in the United States. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 29, pp. 1-29). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Cork, D. (1999). Examining space-time interaction in city-level homicide data: Crack markets and the diffusion of guns among youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15, 379-406.
19. Elliott, D. S., Wilson, W. J., Huizinga, D., Sampson, R. J., Elliott, A., & Rankin, B. (1996). The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33, 389-426.
20. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1999). Uniform crime reporting program data (United States): Arrests by age, sex, and race for police agencies in metropolitan statistical areas, 1960-1997 (ICPSR No. 2538). Washington, DC: Author.
21. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2000). Supplementary homicide reports, 1976-98 [Machine-readable data file]. Washington, DC: Author.
22. Fox, J. A., & Zawitz, M. W. (2002). Homicide trends in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
23. Greene, W. H. (1997). Econometric analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
24. Grogger, J. (1995). The effect of arrests on employment and earnings of youth men. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 51-71.
25. Grogger, J., & Willis, M. (2000). The emergence of crack cocaine and the rise in urban crime rates. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 519-529.
26. Hagedorn, J. M. (1998). Gang violence. In M. Tonry & M. H. Moore (Eds.), Youth violence (pp. 365-419). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27. Jackson, P. I. (1991). Crime, youth gangs, and urban transition: The social dislocation of postindustrial economic development. Justice Quarterly, 8, 379-397.
28. Jacobs, D., & O'Brien, R. M. (1998). The determinants of deadly force: A structural analysis of police violence. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 837-862.
29. Kessler, R. C., & Greenberg, D. F. (1981). Linear panel analysis: Models of quantitative change. New York: Academic Press.
30. Klein, M. W. (1995). The American street gang: Its nature, prevalence, and control. New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Klein, M. W., Maxson, C. L., & Cunningham, L. C. (1991). Crack, street gangs, and violence. Criminology, 29, 623-650.
32. Kornhauser, R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
33. Kozel, N. (1997). Identifying and monitoring emerging drug abuse problems. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
34. Krivo, L. J., & Peterson, R. D. (1996). Extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods and urban crime. Social Forces, 75, 619-650.
35. LaFree, G. (1998). Social institutions and the crime "bust" of the 1990s. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 1325-1368.
36. Land, K. C., McCall, P. L., & Cohen, L E. (1990). Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space? American Journal of Sociology, 95, 922-963.
37. Lynch, J. P., & Sabol, W. J. (1998, October). Assessing the long-run consequences of incarceration. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Research Conference of the Association of Public Policy Analysis and Management, New York.
38. MacDonald, J. M., & Gover, A. R. (2005). Youth-on-youth violence: Assessing the structural influences over time. Homicide Studies, 9, 30-54.
39. Maltz, M. D. (1999). Bridging gaps in police crime data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
40. Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the under-class. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
41. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672-682.
42. Messner, S. (1982). Poverty, inequality, and the urban homicide rate. Criminology, 20, 103-114.
43. Messner, S., & Rosenfeld, R. (1994). Crime and the American dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
44. Messner, S., & Sampson, R. J. (1991). The sex ratio, family disruption and rate of violent crime: The paradox of demographic structure. Social Forces, 69, 693-713.
45. Moore, M. H., & Tonry, M. (1998). Youth violence in America. In M. Tonry & M. H. Moore (Eds.), Youth violence (Vol. 24, pp. 1-26). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. O'Brien, R. M., Stockard, J., & Isaacson, L. (1999). The enduring effects of cohort characteristics on age-specific homicide rates: 1960-1995. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 1061-1095.
47. Osgood, D. W. (2000). Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 21-43.
48. Ousey, G. C., & Augustine, M. C. (2001). Young guns: Examining alternative explanations of juvenile firearm homicide rates. Criminology, 39, 933-967.
49. Ousey, G. C., & Lee, M. R. (2002). Examining the conditional nature of the illicit drug market-homicide relationship: A partial test of the theory of contingent causation. Criminology, 40, 73-102.
50. Parker, K. F., & McCall, P. L. (1999). Structural conditions and racial homicide patterns: A look at the multiple disadvantages in urban areas. Criminology, 37 (3). 447-478.
51. Pattillo, M. E. (1998). Sweet mothers and gangbangers: Managing crime in a Black middle-class neighborhood. Social Forces, 76, 747-774.
52. Peterson, R. D., & Krivo, L. J. (2005). Macrostructural analyses of race, ethnicity, and violent crime: Recent lessons and new directions for research. Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 331-356.
53. Peterson, R., Krivo, L., & Harris, M. A. (2000). Disadvantage and neighborhood violent crime: Do local institutions matter? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37, 31-63.
54. Phillips, J. (1997). Variation in African-American homicide rates: An assessment of potential explanations. Criminology, 35, 527-559.
55. Reiboldt, W. (2001). Adolescent interactions with gangs, family, and neighborhoods: An ethnographic investigation. Journal of Family Issues, 22, 211-242.
56. Rosenfeld, R., & Decker, S. H. (1999). Are arrest statistics a valid measure of illicit drug use? The relationship between criminal justice and public health indicators of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana use. Justice Quarterly, 16, 685-699.
57. Ruggles, S. (1994). The origins of African-American family structure. America Sociological Review, 59, 136-151.
58. Sampson, R. J. (1986). Crime in cities: The effects of formal and informal social control. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 8, pp. 271-311). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. Sampson, R. J. (1987). Urban Black violence: The effects of male joblessness and family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 348-382.
60. Sampson, R. J. (1997). Collective regulation of adolescent misbehavior: Validation results from eighty Chicago neighborhoods. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 227-244.
61. Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774-802.
62. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Structural variations in juvenile court processing: Inequality, the underclass, and social control. Law & Society Review, 27, 285-311.
63. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-925.
64. Sampson, R. J., & Wilson, W. J. (1995). Race, crime, and urban inequality. In J. Hagan & R. D. Peterson (Eds.), Crime and inequality (pp. 37-54). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
65. Seccombe, K. (2000). Families of poverty in the 1990s: Trends, causes, consequences, and lessons learned. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 1094-1113.
66. Shaw, C., & McKay, H. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Shaw, C., & McKay, H. (1969). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas (Rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Shihadeh, E. S., & Ousey, G. C. (1998). Industrial restructuring and violence: The link between entry-level jobs, economic deprivation, and Black and White homicide. Social Forces, 77, 185-206.
69. Shihadeh, E. S., & Steffensmeier, D. J. (1994). Economic inequality, family disruption, and urban Black violence: Cities as units of stratification and social control. Social Forces, 73, 729-751.
70. Smith, D. A., & Jarjoura, G. R. (1988). Household characteristics, neighborhood composition, and victimization risk. Social Forces, 68, 621-640.
71. Thrasher, F. M. (1963). The gang: A study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago (Rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
72. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1980). Census of population and housing, 1980 (United States): Summary tape file 3c (ICPSR No. 8038) [Machine-readable data files]. Washington, DC: Author.
73. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1982). Census of the population, 1980: General social and economic characteristics. Washington, DC: Author.
74. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1990). Census of population and housing, 1990 (United States): Summary tape file 3c (ICPSR No. 6054) [Machine-readable data files]. Washington, DC: Author.
75. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1992). Census of the population, 1990: Social and economic characteristics. Washington, DC: Author.
76. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2000 (12th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
77. U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2001). Homicide trends in the United States. Retrieved April 4, 2004, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/ homtrnd.htm
78. Wiersema, B., Loftin, C., & McDowall, D. (2000). A comparison of Supplementary Homicide Reports and National Vital Statistics System homicide estimates for U.S. counties. Homicide Studies, 4, 317-340.
79. Williams, J. H., Auslander, W. F., Houston, C. A., Krebill, H., & Haire-Joshu, D. (2000). African-American family structure: Are there differences in social, psychological, and economic well-being? Journal of Family Issues, 21, 838-857.
80. Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
81. Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Vintage.
82. Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44, 1-24.
83. Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1997). Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.