Young guns: Examining alternative explanations of juvenile firearm homicide rates

Criminology

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 933-968

  Ousey, Graham C ^a   Augustine, Michelle Campbell ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007257985     PISSN: 00111384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00945.x     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Agresti, Alan 1996 Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis. New York: Wiley.
2. Allison, Paul D. 1999 Logistic Regression for the SAS System: Theory and Application. Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute.
3. Anderson, Elijah 1994 The code of the streets. Atlantic Monthly 273:80-94.
4. Bailey, William C. 1984 Poverty, inequality, and city homicide rates: Some not so unexpected findings. Criminology 22:531-550.
5. Baumer, Eric, Janet L. Lauritsen, Richard Rosenfeld, and Richard Wright 1998 The influence of crack cocaine on robbery, burglary, and homicide rates: A cross-city, longitudinal analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:316-340.
6. Bell, Wendell 1954 A probability model for the measurement of ecological segregation. Social Forces 32:357-364.
7. Bennett, William J. 1990 Drugs and the black community: The other side of the picture. USA Today, July, vol. 119, no. 2542, p. 35(3).
8. Blau, Judith R. and Peter M. Blau 1982 The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review 47:114-129.
9. Blau, Peter M. and Reid M. Golden 1986 Metropolitan structure and criminal violence. Sociological Quarterly 27:15-26.
10. Blumstein, Alfred 1995 Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10-36.
11. Bonger, Willem 1916 Criminality and Economic Conditions. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.
12. Burr, Jeffrey A., John T. Hartman, and Donald W. Matteson 1999 Black suicide in U.S. metropolitan areas: An examination of the racial inequality and social integration-regulation hypotheses. Social Forces 77:1049-1082.
13. Bursik, Robert J., Jr. 1988 Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology 26:519-551.
14. Carroll, Leo and Pamela Irving Jackson 1983 Inequality, opportunity, and crime rates in central cities. Criminology 21:178-194.
15. Cohen, Jaqueline, Daniel Cork, John Engberg, and George Tita 1998 The role of drug markets and gangs in local homicide rates. Homicide Studies 2:241-261.
16. Cole, Lewis 1989 Prisoners of crack: Eight years of Reagan policies corrupted a generation of urban black Americans and devastated their communities. To B.J. and the others who fight the war against drugs, the Reagan-Bush administration just said no. Rolling Stone, 9 February, no. 545, p. 61(2).
17. Corzine, Jay and Lin Huff-Corzine 1992 Racial inequality and black homicide: An analysis of felony, nonfelony and total rates. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 8:150-165.
18. Curry, G. David, Richard A. Ball, and Scott H. Decker 1996 Extended National Assessment Survey of Law Enforcement Anti-Gang Information Resources, 1993-1994 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. St. Louis, Mo.: University of Missouri-St. Louis, Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice [producer], 1994. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
19. Curry, G. David, Robert J. Fox, Richard A. Ball, and Darryl Stone 1996 National Assessment Survey of Law Enforcement Anti-Gang Information Resources, 1990-1991 [Computer file]. Conducted by West Virginia University, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology. ICPSR edition. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].
20. Fiala, Robert and Gary LaFree 1988 Cross-national determinants of child homicide. American Sociological Review 53:432-445.
21. Fox, James Alan 2000 Uniform Crime Reports [United States]: Supplementary Homicide Reports, 1976-1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University, College of Criminal Justice [producer], 1997. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
22. Fox, James Alan and Marianne W. Zawitz 2001 Homicide Trends in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
23. Gastil, Raymond D. 1971 Homicide and a regional culture of violence. American Sociological Review 36:412-427.
24. Goldstein, Paul J. 1985 The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues 14:493-506.
25. Goldstein, Paul J., Henry H. Brownstein, Patrick J. Ryan, and Patricia A. Bellucci 1997 Crack and homicide in New York City: A case study in the epidemiology of violence. In Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine (eds.), Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley: University of California Press.
26. Guerry, Andre-Michel 1833 Essai sur la statistique morale de la France. Paris: Chez Crochard.
27. Hackney, Sheldon 1969 Southern violence. American Historical Review 39:906-925.
28. Harer, Miles D. and Darrell Steffensmeier 1992 The different effects of economic inequality on black and white rates of violence. Social Forces 70:1035-1054.
29. Howell, James C. and Scott H. Decker 1999 The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection. Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
30. Huff-Corzine, Lin, Jay Corzine, and David C. Moore 1986 Southern exposure: Deciphering the south's influence on homicide rates. Social Forces 64:906-924.
31. Hunt, Albert 1999 Respect for authority: A recurrent theme: Youth violence ranks as top cultural issue with most Americans. The Wall Street Journal, 24 June, A15.
32. Land, Kenneth C., Patricia L. McCall, and Lawrence E. Cohen 1990 Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space? American Journal of Sociology 95:922-963.
33. Land, Kenneth C., Patricia L. McCall, and Daniel S. Nagin 1996 A comparison of Poisson, negative binomial, and semiparametric mixed Poisson regression models with empirical applications to criminal careers data. Sociological Methods and Research 24:387-442.
34. Lee, Matthew R. 2000 Concentrated poverty, race, and homicide. Sociological Quarterly 41:189-206.
35. Lockwood, Dorothy, Anne E. Pottieger, and James A. Inciardi 1995 Crack use, crime by crack users, and ethnicity. In Darnell F. Hawkins (ed.), Ethnicity, Race and Crime: Perspectives across Time and Place. Albany: State University of New York Press.
36. Loftin, Colin and Robert H. Hill 1974 Regional subculture and homicide: An examination of the Gastil-Hackney thesis. American Sociological Review 39:714-724.
37. Loftin, Colin and Robert Nash Parker 1985 An errors-in-variable model of the effect of poverty on urban homicide rates. Criminology 23:269-287.
38. Logan, John R. and Steven F. Messner 1987 Racial residential segregation and suburban violent crime. Social Science Quarterly 68:510-527.
39. Martz, Larry 1989 A tide of drug killings: The crack plague spurs more inner-city murders. Newsweek, July, vol. 113, no. 3, p.44.
40. Massey, Douglas S. and Nancy A. Denton 1993 American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
41. Merton, Robert 1938 Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review 3:672-682.
42. Messner, Steven F. 1982 Poverty, inequality and the urban homicide rate. Criminology 20:103-114.
43. 1983a Regional and race effects on the urban homicide rate: The subculture of violence revisited. American Journal of Sociology 88:997-1007.
44. 1983b Regional differences in the economic correlates of the urban homicide rate: Some evidence on the importance of cultural context. Criminology 21:477-488.
45. Messner, Steven F. and Reid M. Golden 1992 Racial inequality and racially disaggregated homicide rates: An assessment of alternative theoretical explanations. Criminology 30:421-447.
46. Messner, Steven F. and Richard Rosenfeld 1999 Social structure and homicide: Theory and research. In M. Dwayne Smith and Margaret A. Zahn (eds.), Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
47. Miethe, Terance D. and Robert F. Meier 1994 Crime and its social context: Toward an integrated theory of offenders, victims, and situations. Albany: State University of New York Press.
48. Nelsen, Candice, Jay Corzine, and Lin Huff-Corzine 1994 The violent west reexamined: A research note on regional homicide rates. Criminology 32:149-161.
49. O'Carroll, Patrick W. and James A. Mercy 1989 Regional variation in homicide rates: Why is the west so violent? Violence and Victims 4:17-25.
50. Ousey, Graham C. 1999 Homicide, structural factors, and the racial invariance assumption. Criminology 37:405-426.
51. Osgood, D. Wayne and Jeff Chambers 2000 Social disorganization outside the metropolis: An analysis of rural youth violence. Criminology 38:81-116.
52. Pampel, Fred C. and Kirk R. Williams 2000 Intimacy and homicide: Compensating for missing data on the SHR. Criminology 38:661-680.
53. Parker, Karen F. and Patricia L. McCall 1997 Adding another piece to the inequality-homicide puzzle. Homicide Studies 1:35-60.
54. 1999 Structural conditions and racial homicide patterns: A look at the multiple disadvantages in urban areas. Criminology 37:447-477.
55. Parker, Karen F., Patricia L. McCall, and Kenneth C. Land 1999 Determining social-structural predictors of homicide. In M. Dwayne Smith and Margaret A. Zahn (eds.), Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
56. Parker, Karen F. and Matthew V. Pruitt 2000 How the west was one: Explaining the similarities in race-specific homicide rates in the west and south. Social Forces 78:1483-1508.
57. Peterson, Ruth D. and Lauren J. Krivo 1993 Racial segregation and urban black homicide rates. Social Forces 59:136-147.
58. Phillips, Julie A. 1997 Variation in African-American homicide rates: An assessment of potential explanations. Criminology 35:527-560.
59. Quinney, Richard 1974 Critique of the Legal Order. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.
60. Riley, K. Jack 1998 Homicide and drugs. Homicide Studies 2:176-205.
61. Rosenfeld, Richard 1986 Urban crime rates: Effects of inequality, welfare dependency, region and race. In James M. Byrne and Robert J. Sampson (eds.), The Social Ecology of Crime. New York: Springer-Verlag.
62. Rosenfeld, Richard and Scott H. Decker 1993 Discrepant values, correlated measures: Cross-city comparisons of self reports and urine tests of cocaine use among arrestees. Journal of Criminal Justice 21:223-230.
63. 1999 Are arrest statistics a valid measure of illicit drug use? The relationship between criminal justice and public health indicators of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana use. Justice Quarterly 16:685-699.
64. Sampson, Robert J. 1985 Race and criminal violence: A demographically disaggregated analysis of urban homicide. Crime and Delinquency 31:47-82.
65. Sampson, Robert J. and W. Byron Groves 1989 Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology 94:774-802.
66. Sampson, Robert J. and William Julius Wilson 1995 Toward a theory of race, crime and urban inequality. In John Hagan and Ruth D. Peterson (eds.), Crime and Inequality. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
67. Shaw, Clifford R. and Henry D. McKay 1942 Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
68. Shihadeh, Edward S. and Darrell J. Steffensmeier 1994 Economic inequality, family disruption, and urban black violence: Cities as units of stratification and social control. Social Forces 73:729-751.
69. Shihadeh, Edward S. and Nicole Flynn 1996 Segregation and crime: The effect of black social isolation on the rates of black urban violence. Social Forces 74:1325-1353.
70. Shihadeh, Edward S. and Michael O. Maume 1997 Segregation and crime: The relationship between black centralization and urban black homicide. Homicide Studies 1:254-280.
71. Smith, M. Dwayne 1992 Variations in correlates of race-specific urban homicide rates. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 8:137-149.
72. Tonry, Michael 1995 Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
73. Williams, Kirk R. 1984 Economic sources of homicide: Reestimating the effects of poverty and inequality. American Sociological Review 49:283-289.
74. Williams, Kirk R. and Robert L. Flewelling 1988 The social production of criminal homicide: A comparative study of disaggregated rates in American cities. American Sociological Review 53:421-431.
75. Wilson, William Julius 1987 The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
76. 1996 When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Vintage Books.
77. Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins 1997 Crime Is Not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.