An empire of light?: II: Learning and lawmaking in Germany today

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 627-663

  Vogenauer, Stefan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33845714969     PISSN: 01436503     EISSN: 14643820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ojls/gql026     Document Type: Article

References (202)

1. John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined: Being the First Part of a Series of Lectures on Jurisprudence, or the Philosophy of Positive Law (1832) (2nd edn, 1861) at xciv.
2. An anonymous reviewer of Savigny, quoted from James Q. Whitman, The Legacy of Roman Law in the German Romantic Era: Historical Vision and Legal Change (1990) at 110.
3. Stefan Vogenauer, 'An Empire of Light? Learning and Lawmaking in the History of German Law' (2005) 64 CLJ 481.
4. Ibid at 483.
5. Cecil Herbert Stuart Fifoot, Judge and Jurist in the Reign of Victoria (1959).
6. For recent examples see Neil Duxbury, Jurists and Judges: An Essay on Influence (2001)
7. Basil Markesinis, Comparative Law in the Courtroom and Classroom (2003).
8. For a more comprehensive account see Alexandra Braun, Guidici e Accademia nell'esperienza inglese: Storia di un dialogo (2006).
9. See the remarks by Michael Stolleis, 'Zur Bedeutung der Rechtswissenschaft für die Dynamik der Rechtsordnung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert' in S. Dauchy, J. Monballyu and A. Wijffels (eds), Auctoritates: Xenia R.C. van Caenegem Oblata - Law Making and its Authors (1997) at 118, 119-22.
10. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 495-7.
11. cf. Paul Koschaker, Europa und das römische Recht (4th edn, 1966) at 251, 256-8.
12. Alexandra Braun, 'Professors and Judges in Italy: It Takes Two to Tango' (2006) 26 OJLS 665 at 678-9.
13. John P. Dawson, The Oracles of the Law (1968) at 386-400.
14. See text to n 129, below.
15. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 492.
16. Protocol no. 84 of the politburo meeting of 18 April 1950, cited from Karl A. Mollnau (ed.), Normdurchsetzung in osteuropäischen Nachkriegsgesellschaften (1944-1989), vol 5/2: Deutsche Demokratische Republik - Dokumente (2004) at 19.
17. Niklas Luhmann, Öffentlich-rechtliche Entschädigung rechtspolitisch betrachtet (1965) at 196.
18. As to the similar phenomenon of la doctrine in French law, see Philippe Jestaz and Christophe Jamin, 'The entity of French doctrine: Some thoughts on the community of French legal writers' (1998) 18 LS 415
19. Philippe Jestaz and Christophe Jamin, La doctrine (2004) at 1-3, 6-9, 193-215.
20. For Italian law see Braun, above n 10 at 680.
21. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 486, 487-8.
22. See, for instance, Stolleis, above n 7 at 120, 124-8.
23. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 485, 492.
24. For concise biographies see Jan Schröder, 'Gustav Radbruch' in G. Kleinheyer and J. Schröder (eds), Deutsche und Europäische Juristen aus neun Jahrhunderten (4th edn, 1996) at 340-6
25. Arthur Kaufmann, 'Radbruch, Gustav' in W. Killy and R. Vierhaus (eds), Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, vol. 8 (1998) at 113.
26. See also the text to nn 55-68, below.
27. Jürgen Basedow, Peter Dopffel and Hein Kötz (eds), Die Rechtsstellung gleichgeschlechtlicher Lebensgemeinschaften (2000)
28. Hans Peter Buba and Laszlo A. Vaskovics (eds), Benachteiligung gleichgeschlechtlich orientierter Personen und Paare (2001).
29. Gerhard Wagner, Das neue Schadensersatzrecht (2002) at 62-3.
30. For a general account, see Reinhard Zimmermann, The New German Law of Obligations: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (2005) at 30-5.
31. Eckhart Pick, Secretary of State in the Ministry of Justice, quoted by Barbara Dauner-Lieb, 'Die geplante Schuldrechtsmodernisierung - Durchbruch oder Schnellschuss?' (2001) 56 Juristenzeitung 8 at 11.
32. Dirk Manzewski, Social Democrat MP, in Stenographischer Bericht, 102. Sitzung, Plenarprotokoll 14/192, p. 18763 C.
33. Jestaz and Jamin, 'Entity', above n 16 at 426
34. cf. Philippe Jestaz, Les sources du droit (2005) at 119, 138.
35. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 486, 491-2, 493-4.
36. The biographical data are collected from Theo Mayer-Maly, Gedenkrede auf Hans Carl Nipperdey (1970)
37. Hermann Stumpf, 'Hans Carl Nipperdey' in Juristen im Portrait: Festschrift zum 225jährigen Jubiläum des Verlages C.H. Beck (1988) at 608-16
38. Klaus Adomeit, 'Nipperdey, Hans Carl' in W. Killy and R. Vierhaus (eds), Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, vol. 7 (1998) at 421-2
39. Joachim Rückert, 'Nipperdey, Hans Carl' in Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.), Neue Deutsche Biographie, vol. 19 (1999) at 280-2.
40. A more detailed discussion of Nipperdey's work can be found in Thorsten Hollstein, Die Verfassung als "Allgemeiner Teil": Privatrechtsmethode und Privatrechtskonzeption bei Hans Carl Nipperdey (2005)
41. and Klaus Adomeit, 'Hans Carl Nipperdey als Anreger fr̈ eine Neubegründung des juristischen Denkens' (2006) 61 Juristenzeitung 745.
42. See text to n 41, below.
43. BVerfGE (2 BvR 2134/92 of 12 October 1993) 89, 155, translated under the name of Brunner v The European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57.
44. Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (3rd edn, 2003) at 292-4.
45. Paul Kirchhof (ed.), Einkommensteuergesetzbuch: Ein Vorschlag zur Reform der Einkommen- und Körperschaftssteuer (2003).
46. Justin Sparks, 'Schröder will play US card in TV duel', The Times, 4 September 2005.
47. BVerfGE (2 BvF 1/02 of 18 December 2002) 106, 310.
48. BVerfGE (1 BvR 550/52 of 10 May 1957) 6, 389, 398-413 (effects of homosexuality); BVerfGE (1 BvR 2378/98 of 3 March 2004) 109, 279, 337-8, 339 (effectiveness of telephone tapping in combat against organized crime).
49. BGH (KZR 5/65 of 30 June 1966) (1967) 30 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 343.
50. The opinion was later published by Wolfgang Fikentscher and Georg Sandberger, Die Schallplatte als Verlagserzeugnis: Ein Rechtsgutachten (1966).
51. Hein Kötz, 'Scholarship and the Courts: A Comparative Survey' in D.S. Clark (ed.), Comparative and Private International Law: Essays in Honour of John Henry Merryman on His Seventieth Birthday (1990) 183 at 188, 193.
52. For earlier comparisons, see Folke Schmidt, The Ratio Decidendi: A Comparative Study of a French, a German and an American Supreme Court Decision (1965) at 13-14
53. Dawson, above n 11 at 494.
54. Kötz, above n 37 at 185, 193-4.
55. As to Italy and its specific legislative provision to this effect, see Braun, above n 10 at 670-5.
56. For a useful summary of the debate in English see Christian Starck, 'Human Rights and Private Law in German Constitutional Development and in the Jurisdiction of the Federal Constitutional Court' in D. Friedmann and D. Barak-Erez (eds), Human Rights in Private Law (2001) 97 at 97-9.
57. Hans Carl Nipperdey, 'Gleicher Lohn der Frau für gleiche Leistung: Ein Beitrag zur Auslegung der Grundrechte' (1950) 3 Recht der Arbeit 121 at 124-6.
58. See also Hans Carl Nipperdey, 'Die Würde des Menschen' in F.L. Neumann, H.C. Nipperdey and U. Scheuner (eds), Die Grundrechte: Handbuch der Theorie und Praxis der Grundrechte, vol II: Die Freiheitsrechte in Deutschland (1954) 1 at 18-21, 35-6.
59. For the role of Nipperdey see text to n 28, above.
60. BAGE (1 AZR 150/54 of 3 December 1954) 1, 185, 192-4.
61. As to 'Dürigs Zwiesprache' with the Court see W. Schmidt, 'Grundrechte - Theorie und Dogmatik seit 1946 in Westdeutschland' in D. Simon (ed.), Rechtswissenschaft in der Bonner Republik: Studien zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Jurisprudenz (1994) 188 at 196, 199.
62. For a short biography see Hans-Ulrich Büchting, 'Günter Dürig' in Juristen im Portrait, above n 28 at 280-8.
63. Günter Dürig, 'Grundrechte und Zivilrechtsprechung' in T. Maunz (ed.), Vom Bonner Grundgesetz zur gesamtdeutschen Verfassung: Festschrift zum 75. Geburtstag von Hans Nawiasky (1956) 157 at 160 n 5, 171 n 28, 176-84.
64. See already Günter Dürig, 'Freizügigkeit' in Neumann, Nipperdey and Scheuner, above n 41, 507 at 525.
65. BVerfGE (1 BvR 400/51 of 15 January 1958) 7, 198, 204-6, translated in Raymond Youngs, Sourcebook on German Law (1994) 504 at 515-9 and,
66. without printing the full references to Dürig, in Basil Markesinis and Hannes Unberath, The German Law of Torts (4th edn, 2002) at 394-5.
67. For a detailed discussion of the historical background see the contributions in Thomas Henne and Arne Riedlinger (eds), Das Lüth-Urteil aus (rechts-)historischer Sicht (2005).
68. Günter Dürig, 'Zum "Lüth-Urteil" des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 15.1.1958' (1958) 11 Die öffentliche Verwaltung 194.
69. Not surprisingly, Hans Carl Nipperdey, 'Boykott und freie Meinungsäußerung' (1958) 73 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 445 was less appreciative.
70. Rudolph von Jhering, 'Culpa in contrahendo, oder Schadensersatz bei nichtigen oder nicht zur Perfektion gelangten Verträgen' (1861) 4 Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des heutigen römischen und deutschen Privatrechts 1-112.
71. For an account of this development see Reinhard Zimmermann, Roman Law, Contemporary Law, European Law: The Civilian Tradition Today (2000) at 88-92. The doctrine of culpa in contrahendo was finally codified by inserting s 311(2) and (3) into the Civil Code in 2002.
72. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 499-500.
73. Kurt Ballerstedt, 'Zur Haftung für culpa in contrahendo bei Geschäftsabschluß durch Stellvertreter' (1950/51) 151 Archiv für die civilistische Praxis 501.
74. See n 25 above.
75. Claus-Wilhelm Canaris, 'Ansprüche wegen "positiver Vertragsverletzung" und "Schutzwirkung für Dritte" bei nichtigen Verträgen' (1965) 20 Juristenzeitung 475 at 476-9
76. and Claus-Wilhelm Canaris, Die Vertrauenshaftung im deutschen Privatrecht (1971).
77. BGHZ (II ZR 164/76 of 19 December 1977) 70, 337, 344.
78. Claus-Wilhelm Canaris, 'Die Vertrauenshaftung im Lichte der Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs' in C.W. Canaris and A. Heldrich (eds), 50 Jahre Bundesgerichtshof: Festgabe aus der Wissenschaft, vol I: Bürgerliches Recht (2000) 129 at 154-70, 176-91.
79. For Radbruch see text to n 20 above.
80. Gustav Radbruch, 'Fünf Minuten Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtsgeschichte' in Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung (Heidelberg), 12 September 1945
81. Gustav Radbruch, 'Gesetzliches Unrecht und übergesetzliches Recht' (1946) 1 Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung 105-8.
82. Both texts are reprinted in A. Kaufmann (ed.), Gustav Radbruch-Gesamtausgabe, vol III: Rechtsphilosophie (1990) 78-82 and 83-93
83. and have been translated by Bonnie Litschewski Paulson and Stanley L. Paulson in (2006) 26 OJLS 1-15.
84. See H.L.A. Hart, 'Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals' (1958) 71 Harvard LR 593 at 615-21
85. Lon L. Fuller, 'Positivism and Fidelity to Law - a Reply to Professor Hart' (1958) 71 Harvard LR 630 at 644-8, 655-7.
86. See H.O. Pappe, 'On the Validity of Judicial Decisions in the Nazi Era' (1960) 23 MLR 260.
87. BGHZ (III ZR 168/50 of 12 July 1951) 3, 94, 107.
88. BGHZ (II ZR 51/52 of 11 February 1953) 9, 34, 44
89. BGHZ (IV ZR 30/53 of 8 October 1953) 10, 340, 342-3 with further references
90. BGHZ (GSZ 4/54 of 28 February 1955) 16, 350, 353-4 - all without reference to Radbruch.
91. See also BGHZ (VIII ZR 71/56 of 29 January 1957) 23, 175, 181 (obiter) with reference to Radbruch.
92. BVerfGE (2 BvR 557/62 of 14 February 1968) 23, 98, 106-7, confirmed in BVerfGE (2 BvR 842/77 of 15 April 1980) 54, 53, 68-9, concerning a similar statute.
93. The first case was discussed eight years later in Oppenheimer v Cattermole [1976] AC 249.
94. BVerfGE (1 BvL 106/53 of 18 December 1953) 3, 225, 232-3.
95. BVerfGE (1 BvR 550/52 of 10 May 1957) 6, 389, 414-9.
96. BGHSt (1 StR 563/51 of 29 January 1952) 2, 234, 237, 238-9.
97. For a similar case with similar reasoning see BGHSt (1 StR 2/52 of 19 December 1952) 3, 358, 362-3.
98. BGHSt (1 StR 658/51 of 12 February 1952) 2, 173, 177.
99. For a short account in English see Rudolf Geiger, 'The German Border Guard Cases and International Human Rights' (1998) 9 European Journal of International Law 540.
100. BGHSt (5 StR 111/94 of 20 March 1995) 41, 101, 105.
101. See already BGHSt (5 StR 370/92 of 3 November 1992) 39, 1, 15-16, translated in Youngs, above n 45 at 542, 569
102. BGHSt (5 StR 418/92 of 25 March 1993) 39, 168, 183-4.
103. BVerfGE (2 BvR 1851, 1853, 1875, 1852/94 of 24 October 1996) 95, 96, 133-5, upheld in K.-H.W. v Germany [GC], no 37201/97 _§st 48-114, ECHR 2001-II, 495.
104. See text to n 23, above.
105. cf. Zimmermann, above n 23 at 122-58.
106. See the references provided by Nipperdey 'Würde', above n 41 at 42, n 113.
107. BGHZ (I ZR 211/53 of 25 May 1954) 13, 334, 338, translated without full references in Markesinis and Unberath, above n 45 at 412, 414.
108. BGHZ (I ZR 151/56 of 14 February 1958) 26, 349, 356, translated in Markesinis and Unberath, above n 45 at 415, 418.
109. The decision was immediately greeted with an approving note by Helmut Coing, (1954) 9 Juristenzeitung 700.
110. BGHZ (GSZ 1/56 of 4 March 1957) 24, 21, 25-26, translated in Markesinis and Unberath, above n 45 at 778, 780-1.
111. BGH (V ZR 280/94 of 12 July 1996) (1996) 59 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2305 at 2307, with further references to the Court's case law.
112. BGHSt (5 StR 476/54 of 10 November 1954) 7, 28, 32.
113. For an overview of the theories see Herbert Tröndle and Thomas Fischer, Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze (53rd edn, 2005), §46 n 20.
114. BGHSt (5 StR 735/52 of 26 February 1953) 4, 76, 77.
115. For an overview of the theories see Albin Eser in A. Schönke and H. Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch: Kommentar (24th edn, 1991), §246 n 1.
116. Rainer Schröder, 'Der gewerbliche Kampf' in U. Falk and H. Mohnhaupt (eds), Das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und seine Richter: Zur Reaktion der Rechtsprechung auf die Kodifikation des deutschen Privatrechts (1896-1914) (2000), 553 at 560.
117. Bernhard Schlink, 'Die Entthronung der Staatsrechtswissenschaft durch die Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit' (1989) 28 Der Staat 161.
118. For Dürig see text to nn 43-46, above.
119. Michael Kloepfer, 'Vom Zustand des Verfassungsrechts' (2003) 58 Juristenzeitung 481 at 483.
120. Schlink, above n 80 at 163, 168 ('Bundesverfassungsgerichtspositivismus').
121. similar, but much more polemical argument has recently been made with respect to all legal scholarship by Bernd Rüthers, 'Die Neuen Herren - Rechtsdogmatik und Rechtspolitik unter dem Einfluss des Richterrechts' (2005) 3 Zeitschrift für Rechtsphilosophie 1.
122. Roman Herzog, cited by Thomas Mayen, 'Zum "Dialog zwischen Rechtsprechung und Rechtswissenschaft im Verfassungsrecht"' (1988) 103 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 948-9. Incidentally, before being appointed to the Constitutional Court, Herzog had held a chair at the University of Munich and had been regarded as one of the country's most distinguished academic constitutional lawyers.
123. Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (3rd edn, 1998) at 148-53.
124. See text to n 71-72, above.
125. The term was coined by Dawson, above n 11 at 432.
126. Franz Wieacker, A History of Private Law in Europe (1995).
127. For various attempts at definition see Stefan Vogenauer, 'Sources of Law and Legal Method in Comparative Law' in R. Zimmermann and M. Reimann (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (2006) 869 at 877-80.
128. Art 1(3) of the Swiss Civil Code of 1907.
129. Canon 19 of the Code of Canon Law of 1983.
130. See also Art 38(1)(d) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice according to which the Court 'shall apply ... the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law'.
131. Stefan Althaus, Die Konstruktion der herrschenden Meinung in der juristischen Kommunikation (1994) at 13-29.
132. Robert Alexy, A Theory of Legal Argumentation (1989) at 270, 275-8
133. Thomas Drosdeck, Die herrschende Meinung: Autorität als Rechtsquelle (1989) at 79-80, 90-2, 95, 120
134. Karl Larenz and Martin Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts (8th edn, 1997) at 118.
135. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 487-8.
136. BGH (3 June 1993 - IX 173/92) (1993) 56 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2799, 2800.
137. BGH (30 September 1993 - IX ZR 211/92) (1993) 56 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 3323, 3324-25 (obiter).
138. BGH (21 September 2000 - IX ZR 127/99) (2001) 64 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 675, 678.
139. See the cases mentioned in nn 94-96, above.
140. Dawson, above n 11 at 505.
141. Vogenauer, above n 3.
142. See ss 5(1) and 5a(1) Deutsches Richtergesetz. For the most recent account of German legal education in English see Ingo von Münch, Legal Education and the Legal Profession in Germany (2002).
143. Currently only two of the sixteen Federal Constitutional Court judges do not hold a doctorate.
144. For a recent and comprehensive overview see John Bell, Judiciaries within Europe: A Comparative Review (2006) at 108-73.
145. See text to n 97, above.
146. William Warwick Buckland and Arnold D. McNair, Roman Law and Common Law: a Comparison in Outline (1936) at 10, adding at 11 that where case law is 'handled loosely, the writer is likely to have more influence'.
147. See the thorough account by Horst Heinrich Jakobs, Wissenschaft und Gesetzgebung im bürgerlichen Recht nach der Rechtsquellenlehre des 19. Jahrhunderts (1983) at 134-58,
148. and Hans Schulte-Nölke, Das Reichsjustizamt und die Entstehung des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs (1995) at 296-7, 337-41.
149. RGZ (I 332/88 of 2 February 1889) 24, 45, 50 with respect to the 1877 Act on insolvency.
150. Harold J. Laski in a letter to O.W. Holmes, 11 June 1929, in M. De Wolfe Howe (ed.), Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935 vol II (1953) at 1156.
151. For the remainder of this paragraph see Stefan Vogenauer, Die Auslegung von Gesetzen in England und auf dem Kontinent (2001) at 167-80.
152. See text to n 105, above.
153. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 482.
154. M. Rheinstein, 'The Approach to German Law' (1958-59) 34 Indiana LJ 546 at 553.
155. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 499-500.
156. Tony Weir, 'The Common Law System' in International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. II ch. II (1974) at paras 82-84.
157. Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol I (1765) at 35.
158. Frederick Henry Lawson, A Common Lawyer Looks at the Civil Law (1953) at 66.
159. Tony Weir, An Introduction to Tort Law (2nd edn, 2006) at ix.
160. A good example is provided by the devastating critique by Friedrich Schoch, Staatliche Informationspolitik und Berufsfreiheit - Das Urteil des BVerwG vom 18. 10. 1990 (3 C 2/88) im Spiegel der Rechtsordnung' (1991) Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 667.
161. Robert B. Stevens, Law and Politics: The House of Lords as a Judicial Body 1800-1976 (1979) at 194.
162. See text to n 23, above.
163. Jürgen Kohler, 'Rücktrittsrechtliche Bereicherungshaftung' (2002) 57 Juristenzeitung 682 at 684.
164. See already Karl Binding, 'Strafgesetzgebung, Strafjustiz und Strafrechtswissenschaft in ihrem normalen Verhältnis zu einander' (1881) 1 Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft 4 at 18 and,
165. more recently, Ralf Dreier, 'Zum Selbstverständnis der Jurisprudenz als Wissenschaft' (1971) 2 Rechtstheorie 37 at 44-7
166. Klaus Adomeit, 'Zivilrechtstheorie und Zivilrechtsdogmatik' (1972) 2 Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie 503 at 504-7
167. Josef Esser, 'Dogmatik zwischen Theorie und Praxis' in F. Baur (ed.), Funktionswandel der Privatrechtsinstitutionen: Festschrift für Ludwig Raiser zum 70. Geburtstag (1974) 517 at 518, 523
168. Alexy, above n 92 at 251
169. Franz Bydlinski, Juristische Methodenlehre und Rechtsbegriff (2nd edn, 1991) at 10-11, 14
170. Jürgen Basedow, 'Anforderungen an eine europäische Zivilrechtsdogmatik' in R. Zimmermann (ed.), Rechtsgeschichte und Zivilrechtsdogmatik (1999) 79 at 84, 90.
171. Frederick Henry Lawson, The Rational Strength of English Law (1951) at 27.
172. cf. Rupert Cross and James W. Harris, Precedent in English Law (4th edn, 1991) at 27-34.
173. cf. Vogenauer, above n 3 at 499-500, with further references to the tradition of ascribing a creative function to legal scholarship at 481-2, 486, 490, 494.
174. Frederick William Maitland, 'Trust and Corporation' in H.A.L. Fisher (ed.), The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland, vol I (1911) 321 at 356.
175. Patrick S. Atiyah, Pragmatism and Theory in English Law (1987) at 37.
176. Cf. also, Frederick Henry Lawson, 'Doctrinal Writing: A Foreign Element in English Law' in F.H. Lawson, Many Laws: Selected Essays, vol I (1977) at 207;
177. A.W.B. Simpson, 'The Survival of the Common Law System' in A.W.B. Simpson, Legal Theory and Legal History: Essays on the Common Law (1987) 383 at 395.
178. For comparative views on this feature of English legal scholarship see Patrick S. Atiyah and Robert S. Summers, Form and Substance in Anglo-American Law (1987) at 398-403
179. Vogenauer, above n 108 at 923-5
180. Braun, above n 6, at 216-20.
181. William Twining, Ward Farnsworth, Stefan Vogenauer and Fernando Téson, 'The Role of Academics in the Legal System' in P. Cane and M. Tushnet (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (2003) 920 at 929-35.
182. Koschaker, above n 9 at 249.
183. See text to n 9, above.
184. Beginning, perhaps, with Rudolph Jhering, Ist die Jurisprudenz eine Wissenschaft? (1868, Reprint 1998) at 85, 89.
185. Wolfgang Ernst, 'Fritz Schulz (1879-1957)' in J. Beatson and R. Zimmermann (eds), Jurists Uprooted: German-speaking Émigré Lawyers in Twentieth-century Britain (2004) 105 at 122.
186. The debate on the scientific character began with the attack of Julius Hermann von Kirchmann, Die Werthlosigkeit der Jurisprudenz als Wissenschaft (1848) at 45,
187. and it is still going on, cf. Theodor Viehweg, 'Zur Geisteswissenschaftlichkeit der Jurisprudenz' (1958) 11 Studium Generale 334
188. Karl Larenz, Über die Unentbehrlichkeit der Jurisprudenz als Wissenschaft (1966),
189. and the summary by Dieter Simon, 'Jurisprudenz und Wissenschaft' (1988) 7 Rechtshistorisches Journal 141.
190. From a Swiss perspective Jean Nicolas Druey, 'Die schweizerische Rechtswissenschaft heute - Fragen an ihre Befindlichkeit' in Festschrift für Heinz Hausheer zum 65. Geburtstag (2002) at 3.
191. For the most prominent examples see Jürgen Schwarze, European Administrative Law, vols I and II (1992)
192. Hein Kötz, European Contract Law, vol I (1997)
193. Christian von Bar, The Common European Law of Torts, vols I and II (1998 and 2000)
194. Peter Schlechtriem, Restitution und Bereicherungsausgleich in Europa, vols I and II (2000 and 2001).
195. Helmut Coing, 'Europäisierung der Rechtswissenschaft' (1990) 53 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 937
196. Reinhard Zimmermann, 'Savigny's Legacy: Legal History, Comparative Law, and the Emergence of a European Legal, Science' (1996) 112 LQR 576
197. Basedow, above n 121 at 79.
198. Ch. 1 v 79 and ch. 2 v 32.
199. Spiliada Maritime Corporation v Consulex Ltd [1987] AC 460 at 488 (Lord Goff).
200. Lord Hope of Craighead, 'Review Article - Northern Lights' (2001) 22/3 Journal of Legal History 83, 87.
201. Fifoot, above n 5 at 21.
202. Simpson, above n 126 at 394.