Professors and judges in Italy: It takes two to Tango

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 665-681

  Braun, Alexandra ^a  

^a ST JOHN S COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33845692617     PISSN: 01436503     EISSN: 14643820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ojls/gql025     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. As to the reasons see S. Vogenauer, 'Sources of Law and Legal Method in Comparative Law' in R. Zimmermann and M. Reimann (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (2006) at 869.
2. R. Sacco, 'La dottrina, fonte del diritto' in Studi in memoria di Giovanni Tarello, vol. II (1990) 449 at 459.
3. J.H. Merryman, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America (2nd edn, 1985) at 57.
4. P. Devlin, 'Statutory Offences' (1958) (N.S.) 4 J. Soc'y Pub. Teachers of Law 206 at 206
5. W.L. Twining, 'Goodbye to Lewis Eliot - The Academic Lawyer as Scholar' (1980) (N.S.) 15 J. Soc'y Pub. Teachers of Law 2 at 2
6. P.S. Atiyah, Pragmatism and Theory in English Law (1987) at 38.
7. R. David, Les Grands Systèmes de droit contemporains (1964)
8. K. Zweigert and H. Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (3rd edn, 1998) at 270-71
9. R.C. van Caenegem, Judges, Legislators and Professors: Chapters in European Legal History (1987) at 53-65
10. id., Legal History: A European Perspective (1991) at 179.
11. That the role of legal academics in the law-making process no longer represents an essential difference between common and civil law has been underlined, amongst others, by R. Zimmermann, 'Der europäische Charakter des englischen Rechts. Historische Verbindungen zwischen Civil law und Common law' (1993) Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 4 at 7 ff
12. M. Reimann, 'Die Erosion der klassischen Formen - Rechtskulturelle Wandlungen des Civil Law und Common Law im Europa des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts' (2006) 28 ZNR 209 at 221.
13. P.S. Atiyah and R.S. Summers, Form and Substance in Anglo-American Law: A Comparative Study of Legal Reasoning, Legal Theory, and Legal Institutions (1978) at 403
14. A. Paterson, The Law Lords (1982) at 15-18
15. F.H. Lawson 'Doctrinal Writing: A Foreign Element in English Law?' in E. Caemmerer, S. Mentschikoff and K. Zweigert (eds), Ius Privatum Gentium, Festschrift für Max Rheinstein zum 70. Geburtstag am 5. Juli 1969, vol. I (1969) 191
16. A.W.B. Simpson, 'The Survival of the Common Law System' in A.W.B. Simpson, Legal Theory and Legal History. Essays on the Common Law (1987) 383 at 395.
17. For an in-depth analysis of the relationship between judges and academics in England see A. Braun, Giudici e Accademia nell'esperienza inglese. Storia di un dialogo (2006).
18. H. Kotz, 'Die Zitierpraxis der Gerichte. Eine vergleichende Skizze' (1988) 52 Rabels Zeitschrift 644
19. id., 'Scholarship and the Courts: A Comparative Survey' in D.S. Clark (ed.), Essays in Honour of John Henry Merryman on his Seventieth Birthday (1990) 183.
20. Some have noticed this already in the 1970s. See Lord Diplock, 'A.L.G.: A Judge's View' (1975) 91 LQR 457 at 459
21. Lord Wilberforce, 'La Chambre des Lords' (1978) 30 Revue international de droit comparé 85 at 95.
22. See, for instance, A.W.B. Simpson, Invitation to Law (1988) at 129
23. P. Birks, 'Adjudication and Interpretation in the Common Law: A Century of Change' (1994) 14 LS 156
24. id., 'The Academic and the Practitioner' (1998) 18 LS 397
25. B. Markesinis, 'A Matter of Style' (1994) 110 LQR 607
26. J. Bell, 'Sources of Law' in P. Birks (ed.), English Private Law (2000) at 43
27. N. Duxbury, Jurists and Judges. An Essay on Influence (2001) at 101.
28. See for example Spiliada Maritime Corp v Cansulex Ltd [1987] AC 469 at 488 (Lord Goff of Chieveley) (HL)
29. Regina v Court [1987] QB 156 at 163 (Ralph Gibson LJ) (CA)
30. R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Richmond LBC [1994] 1 WLR 74 at 94 (Laws J) (QB)
31. Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997] AC 655 at 694 (Lord Goff of Chieveley) (HL)
32. JI Macwilliam Co Inc v Mediterranean Shipping Company SA [2003] EWCA Civ 556 [155]
33. [2004] QB 702 at 754 (Jacob J)
34. C v C (Ancillary Relief: Nuptial Settlement) [2004] EWCA Civ 1030 [41]
35. [2005] Fam 250 at 262 (Thorpe LJ).
36. R v Shivpuri [1987] AC 1 at 23 (Lord Bridge of Harwich) (HL)
37. Woolwich Building Society v IRC [1993] AC 70 166 at 168 (Lord Goff of Chieveley) (HL)
38. Pan Atlantic Ins'ce Lt. v Pine Top Ltd [1995] 1 AC 501 at 551 (Lord Mustill) (HL)
39. Luc Thiet Thuan v The Queen [1997] AC 131 at 140-41 (Lord Goff of Chieveley) (PC).
40. Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd [2001] AC 518 (HL)
41. In re (A) Children (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) [2001] Fam 147 at 232 (Brook LJ)
42. Jones v Commerzbank AG [2003] EWCA Civ 1663 [31] (Mummery LJ)
43. X v Y [2004] EWCA Civ 662 [44] (Mummery LJ).
44. Bettison v Langton [2000] Ch 54 at 64 (Robert Walker LJ) (CA)
45. Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789 at 826 (Hoffmann LJ).
46. Gregory v Portsmouth City Council [1997] EWCA Civ 2645 (Simon Brown LJ).
47. Boddington v British Transport Police [1999] 2 AC 143 at 169 (Lord Steyn) (HL)
48. see also Regina v Hinks [2001] 2 AC 241 at 244 (Lord Steyn) (HL)
49. Cressmann v Coys Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 47 [26]-[40]
50. [2004] 1 WLR 2775 at 2792 (Mance LJ).
51. In re Supply of Ready Mixed Concrete [1992] QB 213 at 237-8 (Lord Donaldson of Lymington) (CA)
52. R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and ors, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte [2000] 1 AC 147 at 283-4 (Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers) (HL)
53. A v National Blood Authority [2001] 3 All ER 289 at 322 (Burton J) (QB)
54. Quantum Corporation Inc and ors v Plane Trucking Ltd and Anor [2002] EWCA Civ 350 [63] (Mance LJ).
55. R v Ireland [1997] QB 114 at 122-3 (Swinton Thomas LJ) (CA)
56. R (ProLife) v BBC [2002] EWCA Civ 297
57. [2003] UKHL 23 [143]-[145]
58. [2004] 1 AC 185 at 258-9 (Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe)
59. Regina v Wang [2005] UKHL 9 [15]-[16]
60. [2005] 1 WLR 661 at 671 (Lord Bingham of Cornhill)
61. R (Jackson) v Attorney-General [2005] EWCA Civ 126 [37], [47]-[48]
62. [2005] QB 579 at 591, 593 (Lord Woolf CJ).
63. See Braun, above n 7 at ch. 4, 199-232.
64. Re OT Computers (in administration) [2004] EWCA Civ 653 [43]
65. [2004] Ch 317 at 332 (Longmore LJ).
66. White v Blackmore [1972] 2 QB 651 at 666 (Lord Denning MR) (CA)
67. Rowling v Takaro Properties [1988] AC 473 at 500 (Lord Keith of Kinkel) (PC)
68. White v Jones [1993] 3 WLR 730 at 750-51 (Steyn LJ) (CA). This may force judges to do their own research. See for example Gregory v Portsmouth City Council, above n 14
69. Istil Group Inc and Anor v Zahoor and ors [2003] EWHC 165 [67] (Lawrence Collins J) (Ch)
70. Apple Corps Ltd v Apple Computer Inc [2004] EWHC 768 [36] (Mann J) (Ch) .
71. State Bank of India v Sood [1997] Ch 276 at 285 (Peter Gibson LJ) (CA).
72. On the nature and origin of this prohibition see B.M. Komar, 'Text-Books As Authority in Anglo-American Law' (1922-23) 11 Cal L Rev 397
73. Duxbury Jurists & Judges, above n 10 at 62 ff
74. Braun, above n 7 at 269-96.
75. R. Goff, 'The Search for Principle' in W. Swadling and F. Jones (eds), The Search for Principle. Essays in Honour of Lord Goff of Chieveley (1999) 313 at 329.
76. See the cases indicated below, n 49.
77. Similar expressions are to be found also in German judicial decisions. See S. Vogenauer, 'An Empire of Light? II: Learning and Lawmaking in Germany Today' (2006) 26 OJLS at 627, 631-2.
78. Occasionally the term 'best doctrine' (miglior dottrina) is used.
79. This was the case of Cass., 13 December 1989, no. 5573, Foro italiano, 1990, I, 461 in which the Italian Supreme Court admitted that some academic contributions in the field of leasing had been adopted by the courts.
80. The Italian courts occasionally quote directly from a legal textbook or article without mentioning the author or the work. See for example Cass., 16 May 2000, no. 6323, Nuova giurisprudenza civile commentata 2001, I, 357 at 367, where the judges quote a passage from C.M. Bianca, Diritto civile, III, Il contratto (1984) at 238 without mentioning the author or the book.
81. A. Gambaro, 'Il successo del giurista' (1983) Foro italiano, V, 85.
82. See Vogenauer, above n 25.
83. The standard reference on the style of the judgments passed by the Great Tribunals is G. Gorla, 'Lo stile delle sentenze; ricerca storico-comparativa e testi commentati' (1967) Quaderni del Foro italiano 314.
84. See also G. Gorla, 'Civilian Judicial Decisions - An Historical Account of Italian Style' (1969-70) 44 Tulane L Rev 740.
85. Their authority is sometimes considered relevant even today. M. Lupoi, 'The Development of Protected Trust Structures in Italy' in D. Hayton (ed.), Extending the Boundaries of Trusts and Similar Ring-Fenced Funds (2002) 85 at 92.
86. Comparable enactments have existed also in other continental jurisdictions. See S. Vogenauer, 'An Empire of Light? Learning and Lawmaking in the History of German Law' (2005) 64 CLJ 481 at 492. As to the English convention forbidding the citation of living authors see above at n 22.
87. G. Gorla, 'Die Bedeutung der Präzedenzentscheidungen der Senate von Piemont und Savoyen' in E. Caemmerer, S. Mentschikoff and K. Zweigert (eds), Ius Privatum Gentium, Festschrift für Max Rheinstein zum 70. Geburtstag am 5. Juli 1969, vol. I (1969) 103
88. id., 'I "Grandi Tribunali" Italiani fra i secoli XVI e XIX: Un capitolo incompiuto della storia politico-giuridica d'Italia' (1969) Quaderni del Foro italiano 631
89. A. Marongiu, 'Legislatori e giudici di fronte all'autorità dei giuristi' in Studi di storia e diritto in onore di Enrico Besta per il XL anno del suo insegnamento (1939) 443
90. See also J.H. Baker 'English Law and the Renaissance' (1985) 44 CLJ 46 at 55.
91. G. Gorla, 'Civilian Judicial Decisions', above n 31
92. P. Caselli, 'Giurisprudenza' in Digesto italiano, vol. XII (1927) 831.
93. There is an extensive literature on this subject. Among recent works, see M. Ascheri, I. Baumgärtner and J. Kirschener (eds), Legal Consulting in the Civil Law Tradition (1999).
94. F. Wieacker, A History of Private Law in Europe (1995) at 138.
95. L.A. Muratori, Dei difetti della giurisprudenza (1743) cap. IV
96. L. Lombardi, Saggio sul diritto giurisprudenziale (1967).
97. See, for example, A. Gabriello, Communes conclusiones (1593).
98. G. Gorla, 'Die Bedeutung der Präzedenzentscheidungen', above n 34 at 104 and 122.
99. Caselli, above n 35 at 840
100. Costituzioni di S. M., of 1729, book III, title XXII, Art 9: 'Volendo noi che per la decisione delle cause si osservino in primo luogo le nostre costituzioni, in secondo luogo gli statuti locali, in terzo luogo le decisioni dei nostri magistrati ed in ultimo il testo della legge comune, così proibiamo agli avvocati di citare nelle loro allegazioni veruno dei dottori nelle materie legali, ed ai giudici, tanto supremi che inferiori di deferire alla opinione di essi, sotto pena, tanto contro detti giudici che avvocati, della sospensione dai loro Uffizi'. An English translation of this provision can be found in A. Watson, Sources of Law, Legal Change, and Ambiguity (1984) at 55.
101. 'Leggi e costituzioni di Sua Maestà' of 1770, book III, title XXII, Art 15.
102. Art 103 of the Regolamento of 14 December 1854 which introduced the Code of Civil Procedure of the Stati di S.M. Re di Sardegna and Art 98 cpv. of the Regolamento of 18 April 1860 which introduced the new Code of Civil Procedure of the Stati sardi of 1859.
103. Dispaccio Tanucci, 23 September 1774: 'le decisioni si fondino non già sulla nuda autorità dé dottori, che án' già troppo colle loro opinioni, o alterato o reso incerto ed arbitrario il diritto, ma sulle leggi espresse del regno e comuni'.
104. R. d. 14 dicembre 1865, no. 2641, Art 265: 'Nella compilazione dei motivi delle sentenze devono separarsi le questioni di fatto dalle questioni di diritto; si enunciano gli articoli di legge, sui quali la sentenza è fondata, e si fa un cenno conciso dei principii generali del diritto che avranno influito sulla decisione senza estendersi a confutare tutti gli argomenti adotti in contrario dai patrocinatori delle parti e senza invocare l'autorit degli scrittori legali'.
105. This conviction for instance also explains the concise style of the early French Tribunal de Cassation, which in most instances simply quoted the text of the code without giving any reasons for its decisions, and when it did so, stated them only very briefly. See P. Mimin Le style de jugements (Vocabulaire - Construction - Dialectique - Formes juridiques) (4th edn, 1962)
106. J.P. Dawson, Oracles of the Law (1968) at 376, 378. Some examples of the style of French decisions may be found in G. Gorla 'Lo stile delle sentenze', above n 31 at 460-72.
107. Art 118: 'La motivazione della sentenza ... consiste nell'esposizione dei fatti rilevanti della causa e delle ragioni giuridiche della decisione ... Debbono essere esposte concisamente e in ordine le questioni discusse e decise dal collegio ed indicati le norme di legge ed i principi di diritto applicati ... In ogni caso deve essere omessa ogni citazione di autori giuridici'.
108. Nevertheless, judges may on occasion explicitly cite the name of the author or his writings. On this see for example Tribunale di Savona, 21 February 1977, in G. Visintini, I Fatti illeciti (1987) 405 at 407
109. Tribunale di Velletri, 3 December 1997, Foro italiano, 1998, I, 1607, 1621
110. Tribunale di Genova, 28 September 2002 (unpublished)
111. Tribunale di Torino, 30 December 2002 (unpublished)
112. Cass., 23 January_10 June 2002, no. 22568, Guida al diritto - Il Sole 24 Ore, 12 October 2002, 91
113. Tribunale di Napoli, 26 February 2002, (2002) Il diritto dell'informazione e dell'informatica, VI, 1005 at 1007.
114. That a judgment containing references to legal writers is not automatically void is established in: Cass., 22 January 1991, no. 591, Giur. agr. it., 1991, 227; Cass., 6 October 1994, no. 8184, Mass. 1994; Cass., 23 October 2001, no. 12999, Mass. 2001.
115. B. Markesinis, M. Coester, G. Alpa and A. Ullstein, Compensation for Personal Injury in English, German and Italian Law. A Comparative Outline (2005) at 84-91.
116. For an analysis of the relevance of the work of legal scholars for the development of the 'danno biologico', see G. Comandè and G. Ponzanelli, 'Il contributo della dottrina' in M. Bargagna and F.D. Busnelli (eds), La valutazione del danno alla salute (4th edn, 2001) at 49.
117. See, especially, Tribunale di Genova, 25 May 1974, Giurisprudenza italiana, 1975, I, 2, 54
118. Tribunale di Pisa, 10 March 1979, Giurisprudenza italiana, 1979, I, 2, 20
119. Cass., 6 June 1981, no. 3675, Giustizia civile, 1981, I, 1903
120. Cass., 6 April 1983, no. 2396, RFI, 1983, no. 73
121. Corte Cost., 14 July 1986, no. 184, Giurisprudenza italiana, 1987, I, 1, 392
122. and Foro italiano, 1986, I, 2053. This rule has since become statutory law.
123. Among the first to adopt this view were Paolo Cendon and Patrizia Ziviz. P. Cendon (ed), La responsabilità extracontrattuale - Le nuove figure di risarcimento del danno nella giurisprudenza (1994) at 481 ff
124. P. Ziviz, 'Alla scoperta del danno esistenziale' in P. Cendon (ed.), Scritti in onore di R Sacco, vol. II (1994) 1299
125. P. Cendon and P. Ziviz, 'Lesione della dignità del lavoratore e risarcimento del danno' (1995) Nuova giurisprudenza civile commentata I 75
126. P. Cendon, 'Non di sola salute vive l'uomo' (1998) Rivista critica del diritto privato 568
127. P. Ziviz, La tutela risarcitoria della persona - Danno morale e danno esistenziale (1999)
128. P. Cendon and P. Ziviz (eds), Il danno esistenziale: Una nuova categoria della responsabilità civile (2000).
129. For a list of such decisions see M. Bona, 'Danno esistenziale' in Digesto delle discipline privatistiche, aggiornamento vol. I (2003) 654 ff.
130. Cass., 7 June 2000, no. 7713, Giurisprudenza italiana, 2000, 1352;
131. Cass., 3 July 2001, no. 9009, Lavoro e previdenza oggi, 2001, 1396. This kind of damage has been recognized also by the Italian Constitutional Court. See Corte Cost., 11 July 2003, no. 233.
132. The theory of the trusts 'interni' was largely shaped by the writings of Maurizio Lupoi, who expressed this view for the first time in M. Lupoi, 'Il Trust nell'ordinamento giuridico italiano dopo la convenzione dell'Aja del 10 luglio 1985' (1992) Vita notarile 966.
133. For a full account of the author's position see M. Lupoi, Trusts. A Comparative Study (2000) at ch 6.
134. For an analysis of the development of the 'trust interno' in Italy see A. Braun, 'Italy' in J. Glasson (ed.), International Trust Laws (2006) at ch. 51.
135. As to trust law in Italy see M. Graziadei, 'Trust Law' in J.S. Lena and U. Mattei (eds), Introduction to Italian Law (2002) at 317.
136. Among those who have strongly influenced the courts see, in particular, G. De Nova, Il contratto di leasing (1982) and (3rd edn, 1995)
137. and M. Bussani, Proprietà-garanzia e contratto. Formule e regole nel leasing finanziario (1992), reprint (1995).
138. For a recent overview see M. Bussani, Contratti moderni, in Trattato di diritto civile (R. Sacco ed.) (2004).
139. G.B. Portale, 'Fideiussione e Garantievertrag nella prassi bancaria' in G.B. Portale (ed.), Le operazioni bancarie (1978) at 1063.
140. The validity of the 'contratto autonomo di garanzia' was recognized by the Corte di Cassazione in' Cass., 1 October 1987, no. 7341, Foro italiano, 1988, I, 103.
141. E. Gabrielli, Il pegno 'anomalo' (1990) at 181 ff.
142. E. Gabrielli, 'Garanzia "rotativa", vincoli su titoli di Stato e disciplina del pegno' (1991) Rivista di diritto civile, II, 267
143. id., 'Le garanzie rotative' in F. Galgano (ed.), I contratti del commercio, dell'industria e del mercato finanziario, I, (1995) 853 at 859 ff.
144. id., 'I negozi costitutivi di garanzie reali' (1996) I Banca, borsa e titoli di credito 168.
145. Tribunale di Milano, 17 November 1997, Diritto fallimentare, 1998, II, 97
146. Tribunale di Genova, 30 May 1997, Diritto fallimentare, 1998, II, 729.
147. Cass., 28 May 1998, no. 5264, Giustizia civile, 1998, I, 2159; Cass., 27 September 1999, no. 10685, Giustizia civile, 2000, I, 1459; Cass., 14 June 2000, no. 8089, Gius., 2000, 2194; Cass., 11 November 2003, no. 16914, Foro italiano, 2004, I, 410.
148. A.M. Azzarro, 'Il "pegno rotativo" arriva in Cassazione: Ovvero come la dottrina diventa giurisprudenza' (1998) Banca Borsa e titoli di credito 491
149. F. Maimeri, 'Pegno rotativo: La dottrina ispira la Cassazione. Prime osservazioni' (1998) Giustizia Civile I 2162. Finally, it should perhaps be noted that this kind of pledge was subsequently recognized also by statute. Art 34 D.Lgs. 24 June 1998, no. 213 and Art 87 D. Lgs. 24 February 1998, no. 58.
150. On the relevance of legal doctrine as a source of law of the Italian legal system, see R. Sacco 'La dottrina, fonte del diritto' in Studi in memoria di Giovanni Tarello, II (1990) 449
151. id., 'Dottrina (fonte del diritto)' in Digesto delle discipline privatistiche (1991) at 214
152. P.G. Monateri, 'Fonti del diritto' in Digesto delle discipline privatistiche (1992) at 379
153. id., '"Legal doctrine" as a Source of Law. A Transnational Factor and a Historical Paradox' in Italian National Reports to the XIIth International Congress of Comparative Law (1986) 19 at 32
154. U. Mattei, Comparative Law and Economics (1998) at 109.
155. This expression was first used by G. Gorla 'Giurisprudenza' in Enciclopedia del diritto XIX (1970) at 489.
156. R. Sacco, Introduzione al diritto comparato (1992)
157. id., 'Legal Formants, A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law' (1991) 39 AJCL 1
158. id., 'Formante' in Digesto delle discipline privatistiche, vol. VIII (1992) 438.
159. See for example the series I grandi orientamenti della giurisprudenza civile e commerciale edited by Francesco Galgano.
160. G. Gorla '"Ratio decidendi", principio di diritto (e "obiter dictum"), a proposito di alcune sentenze in tema di revoca dell'offerta contrattuale' (1964) Foro italiano V 89.
161. For a description of the 'traditional Italian legal science' see M. Cappelletti, 'The Italian Style: Doctrine' in M. Cappelletti, J.H. Merryman and J.M. Perillo, The Italian Legal System. An Introduction (1967) 164 at 166.
162. For an excursus on the characteristics of Italian legal science see J.H. Merryman, 'The Italian Style I: Doctrine' (1965) 18 Stanford L Rev 39 at 46.
163. This phenomenon was already noted by G. Gorla, 'Brevi temporis praescriptio e neglectio della giurisprudenza in Italia: Comparazione con la Francia' (1967) Quaderni del Foro italiano 277.
164. This feature was often criticized by G. Gorla, 'Per una ricerca storico-comparativa sulla nota a sentenza' (1968) Quaderni del Foro italiano 601.
165. See in particular G. Gorla, 'Lo studio interno e comparativo della giurisprudenza e i suoi presupposti: Le raccolte e le tecniche per la interpretazione delle sentenze' (1964) Foro italiano, V, 73,
166. also published in G. Gorla, Diritto comparato e diritto comune europeo (1981) 303 at 306 (cited here)
167. G. Gorla, 'L'origine e l'autorità delle raccolte di giurisprudenza' (1970) Annuario di diritto comparato, fas. 1-2, 1,
168. also published in G. Gorla, Diritto comparato e diritto comune europeo (1981) 421 at 433.
169. As to France see P. Jestaz and C. Jamin, La doctrine (2004) at 1-9
170. id., 'The Entity of French Doctrine: Some Thoughts on the Community of French Legal Writers' (1998) 18 LS 415.
171. For a comparison between Italy and England see Braun, above n 7 at 457-62.
172. Corte d'Appello di Catania, 7 October 1912, Foro italiano, 1913, I, 302.
173. For a more recent case see Tribunale di Roma, 20 May 2002, Danno e responsabilità, 2002, nn 8-9, 856 with the case note written by P.G. Monateri, 'Il Brontosauro alla resa dei conti? "I will survive"' (2002) Danno e responsabilità 862 who criticized' the tendency of the court to behave like a professor. Consider also Cass., sez. unit., 22 July 1999, no. 500, Giurisprudenza italiana, 2002, 1380.
174. See also Cass., 4 July 1997, no. 6034, Giurisprudenza italiana, 1998, I, 135, in the field of leasing. The court confirmed the previous ruling by the Supreme Court, but outlined the evolution of the case law and added that the trend had continued even though the legal doctrine has raised a number of objections.
175. M. Lupoi, 'L'interesse per la giurisprudenza: è tutto oro?' (1999) Contratto e Impresa 234 at 246. A very similar phenomenon is apparent in the United States. That English judgments also sometimes resemble academic articles or mini-treatises is pointed out by Lord Rodger, 'The Form and Language of Judicial Opinions' (2002) 118 LQR 226 at 236.
176. Cass., 4 July 1997, no. 6034, Giustizia civile 1998, I, 135 represents an example in which the Supreme Court expressly maintained its position even though academics were critical of it.
177. The case of the United States seems to be different. As Alex Kozinski tells us, American academics send their articles directly to the judges, A. Kozinski, 'Who gives a Hoot about Legal Scholarship?' (2000) 37 Houston L Rev 295 at 296-7.
178. Lupoi, above n 77.
179. Birks, 'Adjudication and interpretation', above n 10 at 157.