Judiciaries within Europe: A comparative review

Judiciaries Within Europe: A Comparative Review

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-402

  Bell, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929738705     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511493829     Document Type: Book

References (324)

1. E. Sapir, The Psychology of Culture. A Course of Lectures (reconstructed and edited by Judith T. Irvine, Berlin 1994), 141.
2. S. Derné, ‘Cultural Conceptions of Human Motivation’ in D. Crane (ed.), The Sociology of Culture (Oxford 1994), 267, 282.
3. G. E. R. Lloyd, Demystifying Mentalities (Cambridge 1990), 5; Derné, ‘Cultural Conceptions’, above n. 2, 284--5.
4. A. Garapon, Bien juger. Essai sur le rituel judiciaire (Paris 1997), 150.
5. C. Guarnieri and P. Pederzoli, The Power of Judges. A Comparative Study of Courts and Democracy (Oxford 2001) (hereafter ‘Guarnieri and Pederzoli’), 1.
6. C. N. Tate and T. Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power (New York 1995), ch. 1.
7. M. Shapiro and A. Stone Sweet, On Law, Politics and Judicialisation (Oxford 2002), 189.
8. L. M. Friedman, Law and Society: An Introduction (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1977), 76.
9. J. Bell, French Legal Cultures (London 2001) (hereafter ‘French Legal Cultures’), ch. 1.
10. R. Cotterrell, ‘The Concept of Legal Culture’ in D. Nelken (ed.), Legal Cultures (Aldershot 1997), 22--3 and 29
11. Z. Bauman, Culture as Praxis (London 1973).
12. C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (1973, Basic Books edn, London 1993), 5
13. R. Williams, Culture (London 1981), 11--12.
14. J. R. Searle, The Social Construction of Reality (London 1995), 47.
15. N. MacCormick and O. Weinberger, An Institutional Theory of Law (Dordrecht 1986), ch. 3.
16. F. Gény, Méthodes d’interprétation et sources du droit positif (2nd edn, Paris 1919), vol. II, 287--307.
17. S. Zetterholm (ed.), National Cultures and European Integration. Exploratory Essays on Cultural Diversity and Common Policies (Oxford 1994), 71.
18. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Oxford 1994), 89-91, 254—8
19. N. MacCormick, H. L. A. Hart (London 1981), 37—40
20. J. Bell, ‘Comparative Law and Legal Theory’ in W. Krawietz, Festschrift for R. S. Summers (Berlin 1994), 19 at 29.
21. M. Krygier, ‘Law as Tradition’ (1986) 5 Law and Philosophy 237 at 255.
22. P. Bourdieu, ‘Systems of Education and Systems of Thought’ in M. F. D. Young (ed.), Knowledge and Control (London 1971), 189 at 192-3.
23. B. Rudden, ‘Courts and Codes in England, France and Soviet Russia’ (1974) 48 Tulane Law Review 1010 at 1014.
24. D. Robertson, Judicial Discretion in the House of Lords (Oxford 1998), especially chs. 1 and 2.
25. M. Lasser, Judicial Deliberations. A Comparative Analysis of Judicial Transparency and Legitimacy (Oxford 2004), 14-20.
26. V. Gessner, ‘Global Legal Interaction and Legal Cultures’ (1994) 7 Ratio Juris 132.
27. W. Twining, Globalisation and Legal Theory (London 2000), 189-93, 252-3.
28. J. Bell. ‘Lay Judges’ (2002) 5 Cambridge Yearbook of European Law 293 at 294-6.
29. G. Oberto, Recrutement et formation des magistrats en Europe. Etude comparative (Paris 2003), 13.
30. H. Fix-Fierro, Courts, Justice and Efficiency (Oxford 2003), 139.
31. C. Guarnieri, ‘Appointment and Career of Judges in Continental Europe: The Rise of Judicial Self-Government’ (2004) 24 Legal Studies 169 at 187.
32. J. Bell, ‘The Judge as Bureaucrat’ in J. Eekelaar and J. Bell, Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence - Third Series (Oxford 1987), 51—3
33. J. Bell, ‘Judicial Cultures and Judicial Independence’ (2001) 4 Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 47.
34. C. Charle, ‘Etat et magistrats. Les origins d’une crise prolongée’ (1993) Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 39.
35. H. Rottleutner, ‘The Conformity of the Legal Staff’ (1993) Rechtstheorie, Beiheft 15, 441
36. J. Limbach, Im Namen des Volkes (Stuttgart 1999), 10.
37. L. Philip in T. S. Renoux, Les Conseils supérieurs de la magistrature en Europe (Paris 1999),61.
38. J. Bell, Policy Arguments in Judicial Decisions (Oxford 1983), 133-4, 148-53.
39. R. Sacco, ‘Legal Formants: A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law’ (1991) 39 American Journal of Comparative Law 1 at 21-4.
40. G. Samuel, Epistemology and Method in Law (Aldershot 2003), 125-48.
41. R. C. Van Caenegem, Legislators, Judges, Professors (Cambridge 1987), 84-111.
42. N. Duxbury, Judges and Jurists (Oxford 2003), 17-21.
43. R. M. Dworkin, Freedom’s Law (Oxford 1996)
44. J. Bell, French Constitutional Law (Oxford 1992), 236-9.
45. J. Bell, S. Boyron and S. Whittaker, Principles of French Law (Oxford 1998) (hereafter ‘Principles of French Law’), ch. 2.
46. L. N. Brown and J. Bell, French Administrative Law (5th edn, Oxford 1998).
47. J. Bell, French Constitutional Law (Oxford 1992), 48—56.
48. P. Fanachi, ‘Les tribunaux administratifs de 1953 à l’an 2000’ in La Revue Administrative, numéro spécial: Le Conseil d’Etat avant le Conseil d’Etat (Paris 1999), 115.
49. H. Dalle, ‘Le recrutement et la formation des magistrats: Une question de légitimité’ (1991) 57 Revue de l’Administration Publique 53.
50. J.-L. Bodiguel, Les magistrats, un corps sans ˆame (Paris 1991) (hereafter ‘Bodiguel’), 139.
51. A. Boigeol, ‘La magistrature française au féminin: Entre spécificité et banalisation’ (1993) 25 Droit et Société 489 at 492.
52. A. Boigeol, ‘Male Strategies in the Face of the Feminisation of a Profession’ in U. Schultz and G. Shaw (eds.), Women in the World’s Legal Professions (Oxford 2003), ch. 22 at 412-13.
53. A. Bancaud, ‘Une nomination judiciaire sous la IIIe République’ (1997) 26 Genèses 154.
54. A. Garapon and I. Papadopoulos, Juger en Amérique et en France (Paris 2003) (hereafter ‘Garapon and Papadopoulos’), 156-7.
55. C. Samet, Journal d’un juge d’instruction (Paris 2000), 33.
56. J. Hodgson, French Criminal Justice (Oxford 2005).
57. V. Roussel, Affaires de juges (Paris 2002), ch. 2
58. L. Greilsamer and D. Schneidermann, Les juges parlent (Paris 1992), 41ff and 69ff.
59. A. Garapon, Bien juger. Essai sur le rituel judiciaire (Paris 1997), 257-9.
60. C. Charle, Les élites de la République 1880-1900 (Paris 1987), 109-10.
61. D. Applebaum, ‘The Syndicat de la Magistrature 1968-1978’ in W. Wesley Pue and D. Sugarman (eds.), Lawyers and Vampires. Cultural Histories of Legal Professions (Oxford 2003),269 at 278
62. J. Ardagh, France in the New Century (Penguin, London 2000), 45.
63. D. Loschak, Le rˆole politique du juge administratif français (Paris 1972), 241-2.
64. M. Troper and C. Grzegorczyk, ‘Precedent in France’ in D. N. MacCormick and Robert S. Summers (eds.), Intérpreting Precedents (Aldershot 1997), ch. 4
65. J. Carbonnier, ‘Sources and Methods of French Law’ in J. Dainow (ed.), The Role of Judicial Decisions and Doctrine in the Civil Law (Notre Dame 1971), 91 at 97.
66. E. Serverin, De la jurisprudence en droit privé. Théorie d’une pratique (Lyons 1985); Principles of French Law,25-33.
67. B. Markesinis, ‘Unity or Division. The Search for Similarities in Contemporary European Law’ [2001] Current Legal Problems 591.
68. B. Genevois, ‘Le Conseil d’Etat et l’interprétation de la loi’ RFDA 2002, 877, 888.
69. G. Canivet, ‘Une responsabilité supplémentaire vis-à-vis de L’Europe’ in A. Garapon, Les juges. Un pouvoir irresponsable? (Paris 2003), ch. 7; French Legal Cultures,58-63.
70. J. Bell, ‘French Administrative Law and the Supremacy of European Laws’ (2005) 11 European Public Law 487.
71. J. Bell, ‘French Constitutional Council and European Law’ (2005) 54 ICLQ 735.
72. F. Lichère, L. Potvin-Solis and A. Raynouard (eds.), Le dialogue entre les juges européens et nationaux: Incantation ou réalité (Brussels 2004), 96, 98 and 124.
73. M. Lasser, Judicial Deliberations. A Comparative Analysis of Judicial Transparency and Legitimacy (Oxford 2004), 16, 44-61.
74. J. Bell, ‘Reflections on the Procedure of the Conseil d’Etat’ in G. Hand and J. McBride (eds.), Droit sans frontières (Birmingham 1991), 211.
75. L. Rouban, Les cadres supérieurs de la function publique et la politique de modernisation administrative (Paris 1994), ch. 6.4.
76. J. Bell, ‘What is the Function of the Conseil d’Etat in the Preparation of Legislation?’ (2000) 49 ICLQ 661.
77. M. Letourneur, J. Bauchet and J. Méric, Le Conseil d’Etat et les Tribunaux Administratifs (2nd edn, Paris 1970), 181.
78. N. Questiaux, ‘Do the Opinions Expressed by the Conseil d’Etat in its Capacity as Legal Advisor to the Government Influence Policy?’ (2000) 49 ICLQ 672.
79. L. Karpik, French Lawyers (Oxford 1999), 32-5.
80. R. Merle, ‘Défense pénale’ (1998) 10 Justices 91, 93; French Legal Cultures, 142-4.
81. C. Moreau (ed.), Statistique sur la Profession d’avocat (Ministry of Justice, Paris 2002: http://www.justice.gouv.fr/publicat/statsavocats/statsavocatssomm.htm), tables 1-3.
82. H. Le Berre, Les revirements de jurisprudence en droit administratif de l’an VIII à 1998 (Conseil d’Etat et Tribunal des Conflits) (Paris 1999), 297.
83. G. Wiederkehr, ‘La culture des revues françaises de droit privé’ (1988) 29 Quaderni fiorentini per la storia del pensiero giuridico 9 at 23.
84. Y. Dezelay, ‘La production doctrinale comme objet et terrain de luttes politiqueset professionnelles’ in Y. Poirmeur (ed.), La doctrine juridique (Paris 1993), 230.
85. Y. Gaudemet, Les méthodes du juge administratif (Paris 1972), 148; French Legal Cultures,182-5.
86. J. Rivero, ‘Jurisprudence et doctrine dans l’élaboration du droit administratif’ EDCE 1955, 27, 29.
87. J. Hardy, ‘Le statut doctrinal de la jurisprudence en droit administratif français’ RDP 1990, 453, 467.
88. M. Deguergue, Jurisprudence et doctrine dans l’élaboration du droit de la responsabilité administrative (Paris 1994), 731-2 and 738.
89. B. Stirn, ‘Les commissaires du gouvernement et la doctrine’ La Revue Administrative1997: numéro spécial: Le Conseil d’Etat et la Doctrine, 41.
90. P. Poncela, ‘Pour une histoire d’une revue de droit pénal’ (1988) 29 Quaderni fiorentini per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno 31 at 35.
91. D. Rousseau, Sur le Conseil constitutionnel. La doctrine Badinter et la démocratie (Paris 1997), 42.
92. O. Schrameck, ‘Le Conseil constitutionnel et l’élection présidentielle de 1995’ AJDA 1996, 3.
93. A. Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges (Oxford 2000), 194-203, and Jan, La Saisine, above n. 164, 481.
94. T. Di Mano, Le Conseil constitutionnel et les moyens soulevés d’office (Paris 1994), 156ff.
95. P. Drai (former Premier Président of the Cour de cassation) in Greilsamer and Schneidermann, Les juges parlent, above n. 50, 125 at 134.
96. H. Nallet, La Tempˆete sur la justice (Paris 1992), 123; French Legal Cultures, 122-4.
97. J. Limbach, Im Namen des Volkes (Stuttgart 1999), 10.
98. P. C. Caldwell, Popular Sovereignty and the Crisis of German Constitutional Law (Durham 1997), 177.
99. N. Foster and S. Sule, German Legal System and Laws (3rd edn, Oxford 2003), ch. 3.
100. H.-E. Böttcher, ‘The German Judiciary System’ (2004) 5 German Law Journal, no. 10, paras. 31-5.
101. R. Zimmermann, ‘An Introduction to German Legal Culture’ in W. F. Ebke and M. W. Finkin (eds.), An Introduction to German Law (The Hague 1996), 1 at 28.
102. G. Schedler, W.-D. Treuer, B. Legler and A. Kobler, ‘Arbeitsplatz Gericht. Die Arbeitsweise des Zivilrichters am Amtsgericht’ (September 1995, Institut für Rechtstatsachenforschung, University of Konstanz, http://www.uni-konstanz.de/rtf/praktfg/praktfg.htm), 59-62.
103. W.-D. Treuer, D. Ditten, H. Hoffmann and W. Gottwald, Arbeitsplatz Gericht. Die Arbeitsweise der Zivilrichter am Oberlandesgericht (Baden-Baden 2002), 135.
104. N. Horn, H. Kötz and H. G. Leser, German Private and Commercial Law. An Introduction (Oxford 1982), 35-7.
105. J. Gnisa, in the DRB-Nordrheinwestfalen newsletter, 31 July 2003, pp. 4—5.
106. U. Schultz, ‘Women Lawyers in Germany: Perception and Construction of Femininity’ in U. Schultz and G. Shaw (eds.), Women in the World’s Legal Professions (Oxford 2003), 281.
107. G. Shaw, ‘Women Lawyers in the New Federal States of Germany: From Quantity to Quality?’ in Schultz and Shaw, Women, above n. 18, ch. 17.
108. T. Gas, ‘Les institutions de gestion et de discipline de la carrière des magistrats’ in T. S. Renoux, Les Conseils supérieurs de la magistrature en Europe (Paris 1999), 134.
109. S. Schmidt-Schondorf, ‘In-Service Training of Judges and Public Prosecutors in their Professional and Ethical Obligations’ in Themis no. 3, The Training of Judges and Prosecutors (Strasbourg 1996), 89 at 91.
110. A. Baer, Die Unabhängigkeit der Richter in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in der DDR (Berlin 1999) (hereafter ‘Baer’), 97.
111. G. Radbruch, ‘Gesetzliches Unrecht und übergesetzliches Recht’ (1946) 1 Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung 105 at 107 (trans. Berti).
112. W. Ott and F. Buob, ‘Did Legal Positivism Render German Jurists Defenceless during the Third Reich?’ (1993) 2 Social and Legal Studies 94.
113. H. Rottleutner, ‘The Conformity of the Legal Staff’ (1993) Rechtstheorie, Beiheft 15, 441.
114. B. Rüthers, Die unbegrenzte Auslegung. Zum Wandel der Privatrechtsordnung im Nationalsozialismus (2nd edn, Tübingen 1973), 69ff and 76-7.
115. H. H. Rupp, ‘Die Bindung des Rechters an das Gesetz’ NJZ 1973, 1769 at 1770; R. Eckertz, ‘Was heißt “Politische Jurisprudenz”? Eine Aufhebung’ (1976) 7 Rechtstheorie 153.
116. V. Curran, ‘Formalism and Anti-formalism in French and German Judicial Methodology’ in C. Joerges and N. S. Ghaleigh (eds.), Darker Legacies of Law in Europe (Oxford 2003), 205 at 225.
117. M. Stolleis, The Law under the Swastica (Chicago 1998), 161-4.
118. R. Wassermann, Richter, Reform, Gesellschaft (Karlsruhe 1970)
119. T. Rasehorn, ‘Das Verfahren gegen Rehse und die Problematik des §336 StGB’ NJW 1969, 457.
120. S. Michalowski and L. Woods, German Constitutional Law. The Protection of Civil Liberties (Aldershot 1999), 18-25.
121. K. Adomeit, ‘Positivismus, Gesetzgebung und Methodenlehre’ NJW 1978, 1 at 3.
122. G. Schüßler, ‘Politik und Recht bei der Gestaltung der entwickelten sozialistischen Gesellschaft’ Staat und Recht 1977, 797 at 800.
123. A. J. McAdams, Judging the Past in Unified Germany (Cambridge 2001), 33-4, 167-8.
124. H.-J. Papier, ‘Die richterliche Unabhängigkeit und ihre Schranken’ NJW 2001, 1089.
125. M. Delmas-Marty and J. S. Spencer, European Criminal Procedure (Cambridge 2003),310-17.
126. B. S. Markesinis, Foreign and Comparative Law Methodology (Oxford 1997), ch. 11.
127. R. Alexy and R. Dreier, ‘Statutory Interpretation in the Federal Republic of Germany’ in D. N. MacCormick and R. S. Summers (eds.), Interpreting Statutes (Aldershot 1991) (hereafter ‘Statutes’), ch. 4, 117.
128. S. Vogenauer, Die Auslegung von Gesetzen in England und auf dem Kontinent (Tübingen 2001), 29.
129. B. Markesinis and H. Unberath, The German Law of Torts (4th edn, Oxford 2002), 788.
130. D. P. Kommers, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany (2ndedn, Durham 1997) (hereafter ‘Kommers’), 43-5.
131. R. Scholz describes this as the ‘juridification of the Constitution’: ‘Verfassungsgerichtbarkeit in gewaltenteiligen Rechtsstaat’ in U. Karpen, Der Richterals Ersatzgesetzgeber (Baden-Baden 2002), 20 and see below pp. 167-8.
132. R. Alexy, A Theory of Constitutional Rights (Oxford 2002, trans. J. Rivers), 367-8.
133. K. Larenz, Allgemeiner Teil des deutschen bürgerlichen Rechts (7th edn, Munich 1989), 74-5,87.
134. D. P. Currie, The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (Chicago 1994) (hereafter ‘Currie’), 117-19.
135. R. Alexy and R. Dreier, ‘Precedent in the Federal Republic of Germany’ in D. N. MacCormick and R. S. Summers (eds.), Interpreting Precedents (Aldershot 1997)(hereafter ‘Precedent’), ch. 2, 37-8.
136. F. Bydlinski, ‘Richterrecht ¨uber Richterrecht’ in Bundesgerichtshof, 50 Jahre Bundesgerichtshof. Festgabe aus der Wissenschaft (Munich 2000), 1 at 28-31.
137. T. Rasehorn, ‘Rechtsfindung und Gerichtspraxis’ NJW 1972, 81, 82-3.
138. F. Henf, Billigkeit und Zivilrichterliche Argumentation (thesis Kiel 1978).
139. K. Zweigert, ‘Zum richterlichen Charisma in einer ethisierte Rechtsordnung’ in T. Eschenburg et al. (eds.), Festgabe für Carlo Schmid (Tübingen 1962), 299, 303; A. Arndt, Das Bild des Richters (Karlsruhe 1957), 9-12.
140. A. T. Kronman, Max Weber (London 1983), 50-61.
141. J. Bell, ‘The Judge as Bureaucrat’ in J. M. Eekelaar and J. Bell (eds.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (3rd edn, Oxford 1987), ch. 3.
142. T. Rasehorn, Im Namen des Volkes (Neuwied 1968), 15-25.
143. H. Ostermeyer, Die Juristische Zeitbombe (Munich 1973), 143-9.
144. T. Mayer-Maly, ‘Die politische Funktion der Rechtsprechung in einer pluralen Gesellschaft’ DRiZ 1971, 325 at 326.
145. R. Wassermann, Der politische Richter (Munich 1972), 17-18, 85.
146. W. Richter, ‘Die Rolle des Richters in unserer Zeit’ (1974) 29 JZ 345, 348.
147. J. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (Cambridge 1996, trans W. Rehg), chs. 5.3-6.3.
148. F. Wieacker, A History of Private Law in Europe (Oxford 1995, trans. Weir), 65—7.
149. J. P. Dawson, The Oracles of the Law (Westport 1968), 450-61.
150. W. Ernst, ‘New Rules of Breach of Contract in Germany’ (2002-3) 5 Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 333, 334-8.
151. N. Weiss, ‘The Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on German Jurisprudence’ in E. ¨Orücü (ed.), Judicial Comparativism in Human Rights Cases (London 2003), ch. 3.
152. M. Brusten, ‘Wie wird man Schöffe?’ in H. Lieber and U. Sens (eds.), Ehrenamtliche Richter. Demokratie oder Dekoration am Richtertisch? (Wiesbaden 1999) (hereafter ‘Lieber and Sens’), 77.
153. E. Sigismund, ‘Zur Funktion der ehrenamtlichen Richter im Strafverfahren in Deutschland’ (Ministry of Justice, Bonn, 28 April 1999), 11.
154. J. P. Richert, West German Lay Judges: Recruitment and Representativeness (Tampa 1983), 66, cited by Clark, ‘Selection’, above n. 3, 1839.
155. K. Eschen, ‘Die ehrenamtlichen Richter an den Verfassungsgerichter der L¨ander -Am Beispiel des Verfassungsgerichtshofs des Landes Berlin’ in Lieber and Sens, 56-9.
156. P. Bader, R. Hohmann and H. Klein, Die ehrenamtlichen Richterinnen und Richter beim Arbeits- und Sozialgericht (11th edn, Heidelberg 2004), 2-3.
157. J.-C. Béguin, Le contrˆole de la constitutionnalité des lois en République fédérale d’Allemagne (Paris 1982), 19-20.
158. A. Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges (Oxford 2000), 54-5.
159. C. Landfried, ‘Germany’ in C. N. Tate and T. Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power (New York 1995), ch. 17 at 309.
160. E. Blankenburg, ‘Mobilization of the German Federal Constitutional Court’ in R. Rogowski and T. Gawron (eds.), Constitutional Courts in Comparison (New York 2002),165-9.
161. J. Schwarze (ed.), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order (Baden-Baden 2001), 122-7.
162. J. Kokott, ‘German Constitutional Jurisprudence and European Integration’ (1996) 2 European Public Law 237 and 413
163. J. Limbach. ‘The Protection of Human Rights in Germany’ in B. Markesinis (ed.), The Millennium Lectures (Oxford 2000), 153 at 155, 162.
164. N. Johnson, State and Government in the Federal Republic of Germany (2nd edn, Oxford 1983), 217.
165. J. Ardagh, Germany and the Germans (3rd edn, London 1995), 520-4.
166. J.-J. Toharia, Opinión pública y justicia. La imagen de la justicia en la sociedad espa˜nola (CGPJ,Madrid 2001).
167. E. Merino-Blanco, The Spanish Legal System (London 1996) (hereafter ‘Merino-Blanco’), 92-3.
168. L. Lopez Guerra, ‘Genèse et rˆole du pouvoir judiciaire’ in T. Renoux, Les Conseils supérieurs de la magistrature en Europe (hereafter ‘Les Conseils supérieurs’) (Paris 1999), 184.
169. C. Guarnieri and P. Pederzoli, The Power of Judges. A Comparative Study of Courts and Democracy (Oxford 2001), 41-2.
170. P. Heywood, The Government and Politics of Spain (London 1995), 115-16.
171. F. Badie, ‘La responsabilité des magistrats’ in Les Conseil supérieurs, 169 at 178.
172. J.-M. Scholz, Gerechtigkeit verwalten. Die spanische Justiz im Ubergang zur Moderne (Frankfurt am Main, 2003) (hereafter ‘Scholz’), 291—2.
173. J. J. Ruiz-Rico (ed.), Monográfico dedicado al studio sobre la ‘Elite juridical espa˜nola’ (1987) 53 Documentacion Juridica (hereafter ‘Elites’), 53-4.
174. M. T. Newton with P. J. Donaghy, Institutions of Modern Spain (Cambridge 1997), ch. 14.
175. L. M. Díez-Picazo, Régimen constituccional del Poder Judicial (Madrid 1991), 35.
176. A. J. Menéndez, ‘From Republicanism to Fascist Ideology under the Early Franquismo’ in C. Joerges and N. Ghaleigh (eds.), Darker Legacies of Law in Europe (Oxford 2003), ch. 18.
177. M. J. Terol Becarra, El Consejo General del Poder Judicial (Madrid 1990), ch. 1.
178. J. F. López Aguilar, ‘Poder Judicial’ in G. Trujillo, L. López Guerra and P. González-Trevijano (eds.), La experiencia constitucional (1978-2000) (Madrid 2000), 389 at 397-8.
179. A. Ruiz Miguel and F. J. Laporta, ‘Precedent in Spain’ in D. N. MacCormick and R. S. Summers (eds.), Interpreting Precedents (Aldershot 1997) (hereafter ‘Ruiz Miguel and Laporta’), ch. 8.
180. M. A. Pérez Alvarez, Interpretación y Jurisprudencia (Pamplona 1994), 47-50.
181. E. García de Enterría and A. Mendéndez Mendéndez, El Derecho, la Ley y el Juez (Madrid 1997), 51.
182. R. C. Gavala, El Juez de Paz en la Ordenación Jurisdiccional Espa˜nola (Madrid 1989).
183. J. D. Moreno, Los Jueces de Paz (Madrid 1987) (hereafter ‘Moreno’), 117-32.
184. Carmen Gleadow, History of Trial by Jury in the Spanish Legal System (Lampeter 2000).
185. J. A. Alejandre, ‘Introduccion historica al jurado espa˜nol’ in Jornados comnmemorativas de Centenario de la Ley del Jurado (Madrid 1988), 3.
186. J. R. Sáez Valcárcel, Informe sobre la Aplicación de la Ley Orgánica de Tribunal del Jurado desde el 1 de Abril de 1997 al 31 de Marzo de 1998 (CGPJ, 5 May 1999).
187. F. R. Llorente, La Forma del Poder (Madrid 1993), 5-6.
188. E. Garcıa de Enterrıa, La Constitución como norma y el Tribunal Constitucional (Madrid 1985), 60—1.
189. J. M. Magone, The Changing Architecture of Iberian Politics (1974-1992) (Leviston, New York 1996), 299-302.
190. J. Gibbons, Spanish Politics Today (Manchester 1999), 20-1.
191. A. Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges (Oxford 2000) (hereafter ‘Stone Sweet’), 107.
192. F. Fernández Segado, ‘La estructura orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional’ in Trujillo et al., La experiencia constitucional, above n. 85, 429 at 431-2.
193. B. Barreiro, ‘Judicial Review and Political Empowerment: Abortion in Spain’ (1998) 21(4) West European Politics 147.
194. J. A. Xiol Rios, in La sentencia de amparo constitucional. Actas de la I Jornadas de la Asociación de Letrados del Tribunal Constitucional (Madrid 1996), 110.
195. P. Pérez Tremps, ‘Derecho Constitucional y Derecho Comunitario’ in Trujillo et al., La experiencia constitucional, above n. 85, 614-17.
196. J. J. García de la Cruz, Encuesta a usarios de la administración de justicia (CGPJ, December 2001), 80, table 63.
197. P. Urbano, Garzón: El hombre que veía amanecer (3rd edn, Barcelona 2002).
198. V. Pujas and M. Rhodes, ‘Party Finance and Political Scandal in Italy, Spain and France’ (1999) 22 West European Politics 41 at 51-2, 57-8
199. L. M. Díez-Picazo, La criminalidad de los gobernantes (Barcelona 1996), ch. 9.
200. J. Tusell and A. Soto (eds.), Historia de la transición (1975-1986) (Madrid 1996), ch. 5.
201. S. Jägerskiöld, ‘Administrative Law’ in S. Strömholm (ed.), An Introduction to Swedish Law (Stockholm 1981), 75.
202. O. Petersson et al., Report from the Democratic Audit of Sweden 1999. Democracy, the Swedish Way (Stockholm 1999), 58-68.
203. M. Bogdan (ed.), Swedish Law in the New Millennium (Stockholm 2000), 221 and 510.
204. T. Gregow, ‘Domstolsverket lägger sig i vårt arbete’, Brännpunkt, Svenska Dagbladet, 4 September 2000.
205. O. Ekstedt, Brännpunkt, Svenska Dagbladet, 3 April 2001
206. H. Elliot, Ur en domares liv (Stockholm 1958), 244.
207. L. Freivals, Minister of Justice, ‘Domstolen i framtiden’ (1999) 4 Tidskrift för Sveriges Domareförbund 13.
208. K. Å. Modéer, Den svenska domarkulturen - europeiska och nationelle förebilder (Lund 1994) (hereafter ‘Modéer, Domarkulturen’), 58.
209. K. Å. Modéer, ‘From “Rechtstaat” to “Welfare State”: The Swedish Judicial Culture in Transition 1870-1970’ in W. Wesley Pue and D. Sugarman (eds.), Lawyers and Vampires. Cultural Histories of Legal Professions (Oxford 2003), 151 at 155.
210. S. Strömholm, ‘Efterklang, kris och genombrott - Det intellektuella klimatet i Sverige 1850-1920’ in R. Nygren (ed.), Högsta domsmakten i Sverige under 200 år (Lund 1990), vol.I, 131 at 132 (my translation).
211. T. Vallinder, ‘Who is Included in Sweden’s Judicial and Legal Elite?’, unpublished conference paper, Bellagio Conference Centre, 1985 (hereafter ‘Judicial Elite’).
212. G. Petren, ‘Domstolsverket och domstolsv¨asendet - en studie i regeringsteknik’ (1975) Svensk Juristtidning 651.
213. B. Holmström, ‘The Judicialization of Politics in Sweden’ (1994) 15 International Political Science Review 153 at 156.
214. R. Slagstad, ‘The Breakthrough of Judicial Review in the Norwegian System’ in E. Smith (ed.), Constitutional Justice under Old Constitutions (The Hague 1995), 81.
215. J. Nergelius, ‘Domstolarnas sj¨alvst¨andighet i ett komparativt oct EU-perspektiv’ in T. Håstad and L. Lewin (eds.), Politik och Juridik. Grundlagen inför 2000-talet (Uppsala 1999), ch. 2.
216. F. Schmidt, ‘The Uppsala School of Legal Thinking’ (1976) 22 Scandinavian Studies in Law 149.
217. J. Bjarup, ‘Epistemology and Law according to Axel Hägerström’ (1985) 29 Scandinavian Studies in Law 11.
218. J. L. Austin, How to do Things with Words (Oxford 1962), ch. 1.
219. K. Olivecrona, Law as Fact (1st edn, London 1939), 21.
220. A. Hägerström, Enquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals (English edn, London 1952), 192-6.
221. A. V. Lundstedt, Superstition or Rationality in Action for Peace (London 1925).
222. T. J. Anton, Administered Politics: Elite Political Culture in Sweden (Boston 1980), 181-3.
223. T. Tilton, The Political Theory of Swedish Social Democracy (Oxford 1990), 4-5.
224. U. Bernitz, European Law in Sweden (Stockholm 2002), 111.
225. J. Pierre, ‘Legitimacy, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Public Administration in Sweden’ (1993) 14 International Political Science Review 387
226. S. Strömholm, ‘General Features of Swedish Law’ in Bogdan, Swedish Law, above n. 14, 38.
227. O. Ekelöf, ‘Teleological Construction of Statutes’ (1958) 2 Scandinavian Studies in Law 75 (hereafter ‘Ekelöf’).
228. A. Peczenik and G. Bergholz, ‘Statutory Interpretation in Sweden’ in D. N. MacCormick and R. S. Summers (eds.), Interpreting Statutes (Aldershot 1991)
229. H. P. Graver, ‘Norms and Decisions’ (1988) 32 Scandinavian Studies in Law 47.
230. S. Strömholm, ‘Criteria of Relevance in Legal Reasoning’ (1975) 19 Scandinavian Studies in Law 227, 240.
231. G. Bergholz and A. Peczenik, ‘Precedent in Sweden’ in D. N. MacCormick and R. S. Summers (eds.), Interpreting Precedents (Aldershot 1997), ch. 9 at pp. 295-6.
232. K.-G. Algotsson, ‘Lagrådet, rättstaten och demokratin’ in Håstad and Lewin, Politik och Juridik, above n. 75, 37 at 43 (hereafter ‘Algotsson’).
233. E. Palm, ‘Le contrˆole préliminaire et a posteriori des lois en Suède’ in Mélanges Braibant (Paris 1996), 569ff.
234. N. Andrén, Modern Swedish Government (2nd edn, Stockholm 1968), 206.
235. E. Holmberg, ‘Om domarkarriären’ (1999) 3 Tidskrift för Sveriges Domareförbund 15.
236. L. Lewin, Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics (Cambridge 1988), 94-5.
237. R. Nordh, ‘Den framtida domarrekyteringen och domarkarriären’ (2000) 4 Tidskrift för Sveriges Domareförbund 9.
238. T. Vallinder, ‘The Swedish Jury System in Press Cases: An Offspring of the English Jury Trial?’ (1987) 8 Journal of Legal History 190
239. T. Vallinder, Nio edsvurna män. Jury och tryckfrihet i Sverige 1815—2000 (Stockholm 2000), ch. 15.
240. I. Cameron, ‘The Protection of Constitutional Rights in Sweden’ [1997] PL 488, 502.
241. B. Holmström, in C. N. Tate and T. Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power (New York 1995), ch. 19, at 354-6.
242. H. H. Vogel, ‘Swedish Administrative Law in a State of Change’ (1997) 3 EPL 26 at 28-9.
243. R. B. Stevens, The Independence of the Judiciary. The View from the Lord Chancellor’s Office (Oxford 1993) (hereafter ‘Stevens, Independence’), 169.
244. Department of Constitutional Affairs, Judicial Appointments Annual Report 2003-4 (London 2004), part II.
245. Andrew Leggatt, Tribunals for Users. One System, One Service. A Review of Tribunals (London 2001) (http://www.tribunals-review.org.uk/index.htm).
246. R. L. Abel, The Legal Profession in England and Wales (London 1988).
247. R. Stevens, Law and Politics (London 1979).
248. A. W. B. Simpson, ‘Innovation in Nineteenth Century Contract Law’ (1975) 91 LQR 235, 271.
249. S. A. De Smith, H. Woolf and J. Jowell, Judicial Review of Administrative Action (5th edn, London 1995).
250. K. Malleson, ‘Modernising the Constitution: Completing the Unfinished Business’ (2004) 24 Legal Studies 119.
251. S. H. Bailey, J. P. L. Ching, M. J. Gunn and D. C. Ormerod, Smith, Bailey and Gunn on the Modern English Legal System (4th edn, London 2002) (hereafter ‘Smith, Bailey and Gunn’), 105-14.
252. P. Polden, A History of the County Court 1846-1971 (Cambridge 1999), 242.
253. P. Seago, C. Walker and D. Wall, ‘The Development of the Professional Magistracy in England and Wales’ [2000] Crim. LR 631, 645.
254. A. Clarke, ‘Soliciting Justice’ (1999) 96 Law Society Gazette 28.
255. K. Malleson, The New Judiciary (Aldershot 1999), 64.
256. H. Cecil, The English Judge (London 1970), ch. 1
257. J. A. G. Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary (4th edn, London 1991), 30-6.
258. C. McGlynn, Women in the Law (London 1998)
259. C. McGlynn, ‘The Status of Women Lawyers in the United Kingdom’ in U. Schultz and G. Shaw (eds.), Women in the World’s Legal Professions (Oxford 2003), ch. 9.
260. J. Siems, Equality and Diversity: Women Solicitors (Law Society Research Study 48; 2004).
261. K. Malleson, ‘Prospects for Parity: The Position of Women in the Judiciary in England and Wales’ in Schultz and Shaw, Women, above n. 47, 175 at 177—80.
262. J. Shapland and A. Sorsby, The Junior Bar in 2002 (Institute for the Study of the Legal Profession, University of Sheffield 2003), 107.
263. R. L. Abel, English Lawyers between Market and State (London 2003) (hereafter ‘Abel, Market and State’), 152.
264. T. Bingham, The Business of Judging (Oxford 2000), 55.
265. J. Bell, ‘The Judge as Bureaucrat’ in J. Eekelaar and J. Bell, Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence- Third Series (1987), 51-3.
266. S. Shetreet, Judges on Trial. A Study of the Appointment and Accountability of the English Judiciary (Amsterdam 1976), 8.
267. A. A. Olowofoyeku, Suing Judges: A Study of Judicial Immunity (Oxford 1993).
268. B. Abel-Smith and R. Stevens, Lawyers and the Courts (London 1967), ch. 5.
269. N. Browne-Wilkinson, ‘The Independence of the Judiciary in the 1980s’ [1988] PL 44,53-7.
270. Lord Mackay, The Administration of Justice (London 1994), 13—15.
271. A. Paterson, The Law Lords (London 1982), 23-4 and 60-1, 65.
272. R. Megarry, Lawyer and Litigant in England (London 1962), especially 69-72.
273. A. Bradney and F. Cownie, ‘British University Law Schools’ in D. Hayton (ed.), Law’s Futures (Oxford 2000), 2.
274. W. Twining, Blackstone’s Tower (London 1994), 26—33.
275. F. Cownie, Legal Academics, Culture and Identities (Oxford 2004), 79.
276. A. Bradney, Conversations, Choice and Chances (Oxford 2003), ch. 5.
277. R. Goff, ‘The Search for Principle’ (1983) 59 Proceedings of the British Academy 169 at 185-6.
278. R. Goff and G. Jones, The Law of Restitution (1st edn, London 1966; 6th edn, 2002).
279. N. Duxbury, Judges and Jurists (Oxford 2003), ch. 5.
280. P. Birks, ‘The Academic and the Practitioner’ (1998) 18 Legal Studies 397, 398—9.
281. P. Birks, Reviewing Legal Education (Oxford 1994), 2-6.
282. R. Morgan and D. Russell, The Judiciary in the Magistrates’ Courts (RDS Occasional Paper No. 66, Home Office 2000) (hereafter ‘Morgan and Russell’), 105.
283. T. Skyrme, The Changing Image of the Magistracy (London 1979).
284. R. Auld, Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales (2001) (http://www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk/ccr-00.htm) (hereafter ‘Auld’), §§ 72-4.
285. E. Burney, JP: Magistrate, Court and Community (London 1979).
286. Z. Bankowski, N. R. Hutton and J. J. McManus, Lay Justice (Edinburgh 1987), 168—72.
287. J. Bell, Policy Arguments in Judicial Decisions (Oxford 1983).
288. Lord Nolan and Sir Stephen Sedley, The Making and Remaking of the British Constitution (Oxford 1997), 71.
289. L. Jaffé, English and American Judges as Lawmakers (Oxford 1969), 29, but cf. p. 19.
290. A. Denning, The Changing Law (London 1953), 45.
291. J. Bell and G. Engle, Cross on Statutory Interpretation (London 1995), 16-20, 192-7.
292. W. Greene, The Judicial Office (Holdsworth Society Address, Birmingham 1938), 11.
293. K. Diplock, The Courts as Legislators (Birmingham 1965).
294. P. Devlin, ‘Judges and Lawmakers’ (1976) 39 MLR 1, 5. Lord Bingham seems to endorse this view of limited lawmaking in The Business of Judging, above n. 76, ch. 2, especially pp. 33-4.
295. J. Jowell, in V. Bogdanor, The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (Oxford 2003), 373 at 384—90.
296. C. Forsyth and I. Hare, The Golden Metwand and the Crooked Cord (Oxford 1998), and the bibliography cited by Jowell, above n. 152
297. G. Richardson, in M. Hertogh and S. Halliday, Judicial Review and Bureaucratic Impact (Cambridge 2004), ch. 4.
298. J. A. G. Griffith, Judicial Politics since 1920 (Oxford 1993), ch. 6.
299. L. Blom-Cooper and G. Drewry, Final Appeal (Oxford 1972), 203.
300. G. Drewry, ‘Judges and Political Inquiries: Harnessing a Myth’ (1975) 23 Political Studies 49.
301. J. Beatson, ‘Should Judges Conduct Public Inquiries?’ (2005) 121 LQR 221; Bingham, The Business of Judging, above n. 76, 64.
302. G. Drewry, Law, Justice and Politics (London 1975), 3; Stevens, English Judge, above n. 138, 86.
303. L. Blom-Cooper, ‘The Judiciary in an Era of Law Reform’ (1966) 37 Political Quarterly 378.
304. H. Genn, Paths to Justice (Oxford 1999), 246.
305. M. Zander and P. Henderson, Crown Court Study (Royal Commission on Criminal Justice,Research Study No. 19, 1993).
306. G. Drewry, ‘Judicial Independence in Britain’ in R. Blackburn (ed.), Constitutional Studies (London 1992), 160.
307. A. Le Sueur, ‘Developing Mechanisms for Judicial Accountability in the UK’ (2004) 24 Legal Studies 73.
308. R. E. Goodin (ed.), The Theory of Institutional Design (Cambridge 1996), 22.
309. P. E. Geller, ‘Staffing the Judiciary and “Tastes in Justice”’ (1989) 61 S. Calif. LR 1849, 1854.
310. J. P. Dawson, The Oracles of the Law (Westport 1968), 305-14, 367-71, 375-86.
311. J. Merryman ‘How Others Do It: The French and German Judiciaries’ (1989) 61 S. Calif. LR 1865, 1874.
312. M. Cappelletti, The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective (Oxford 1989), 146 and 148.
313. J. Bell, French Constitutional Law (Oxford 1992), 20-9.
314. R. David, ‘Introduction’ in K. Zweigert and U. Drobnig (eds.), International Encyclopaedia of Comparative Law (T¨ubingen 1971), vol. II, part 5, § 57.
315. M. Shapiro, Courts. A Comparative and Political Analysis (Chicago 1981), 1-10.
316. R. Stevens, The English Judge (Oxford 2002), 82.
317. A. Paterson, The Law Lords (London 1982), 29—34.
318. A. Mestiz and P. Pederzoli, ‘Training the Legal Professions in Italy, France and Germany’ in C. N. Tate and T. Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power (New York 1995), 155 at 171.
319. R. Middlehurst, Leading Academics (Buckingham 1993), 25-6.
320. J. Lenoble (ed.), La crise du juge (Paris 1990), 2.
321. S. Vogenauer, Die Auslegung von Gesetzen in England and auf dem Kontinent (T¨ubingen 2001), 1295-1305.
322. C. Guarnieri, Magistratura e politica in Italia (Bologna 1993), 27.
323. G. Canivet, ‘The Responsibility of Judges in France’ (2003) 5 Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 15.
324. A. Le Sueur, ‘Developing Mechanisms for Judicial Accountability in the UK’ (2004) 24 Legal Studies 73, 97-8.