메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 2155-2163

Past, present, and future therapies for clostridium difficile-associated disease

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile associated disease; Metronidazole; Vancomycin

Indexed keywords

AMINOPENICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACITRACIN; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLINDAMYCIN; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; ENEMA; FUSIDIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; ION EXCHANGE RESIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; POLYMER; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAXIMIN; TEICOPLANIN; TOLEVAMER; UNINDEXED DRUG; VACCINE; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 33845634379     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.1H332     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (48)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 3142680740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in adults
    • Poutanen SM, Simor AE. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ 2004;171:51-7.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 51-57
    • Poutanen, S.M.1    Simor, A.E.2
  • 2
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2442-9.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3
  • 3
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003
    • McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:409-15.
    • (2006) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Owings, M.2    Jernigan, D.B.3
  • 4
    • 20144386999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use
    • Muto C, Pokrywka M, Shutt K, et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:273-80.
    • (2005) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.26 , pp. 273-280
    • Muto, C.1    Pokrywka, M.2    Shutt, K.3
  • 5
    • 0032939481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and e test
    • Wong SS, Woo PC, Luk WK, Yuen KY. Susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and E test. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;34:1-6.
    • (1999) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 1-6
    • Wong, S.S.1    Woo, P.C.2    Luk, W.K.3    Yuen, K.Y.4
  • 6
    • 0032708647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of Clostridium difficile isolated in France in 1991 and 1997
    • Barbut F, Decre D, Burghoffer B, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of Clostridium difficile isolated in France in 1991 and 1997. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:2607-11.
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 2607-2611
    • Barbut, F.1    Decre, D.2    Burghoffer, B.3
  • 7
    • 19344364596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole
    • Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N, et al. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1586-90.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1586-1590
    • Musher, D.M.1    Aslam, S.2    Logan, N.3
  • 8
    • 23944507069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile associated disease: Old therapies and new strategies
    • Aslam S, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Treatment of Clostridium difficile associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:549-57.
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 549-557
    • Aslam, S.1    Hamill, R.J.2    Musher, D.M.3
  • 9
    • 19344363058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Is it okay for Mom?
    • Gerding DN. Metronidazole for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: is it okay for Mom? Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1598-600.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1598-1600
    • Gerding, D.N.1
  • 10
    • 14744270608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity of ramoplanin against Clostridium difficile, including strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or with resistance to metronidazole
    • Pelaez T, Alonso AR, Martin-Lopez A, Garcia-Arias V, Marin M, Bouza E. In vitro activity of ramoplanin against Clostridium difficile, including strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or with resistance to metronidazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1157-9.
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 1157-1159
    • Pelaez, T.1    Alonso, A.R.2    Martin-Lopez, A.3    Garcia-Arias, V.4    Marin, M.5    Bouza, E.6
  • 11
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile
    • McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2433-41.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2433-2441
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Killgore, G.E.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 12
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005;366:1079-84.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3
  • 13
    • 33644696907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated disease: An emerging threat to patient safety
    • Owens R. Clostridium difficile associated disease: an emerging threat to patient safety. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:299-311.
    • (2006) Pharmacotherapy , vol.26 , pp. 299-311
    • Owens, R.1
  • 14
    • 21744432188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical manifestations, treatment, and control of infections caused by Clostridium difficile
    • Bouza E, Munoz P, Alonso R. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and control of infections caused by Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11(suppl 4):57-64.
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.11 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 57-64
    • Bouza, E.1    Munoz, P.2    Alonso, R.3
  • 15
    • 28844460476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new Clostridium difficile - What does it mean?
    • Bartlett JG, Perl TM. The new Clostridium difficile - what does it mean? N Engl J Med 2005;353:2503-5.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2503-2505
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Perl, T.M.2
  • 16
    • 0036129083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden of nosocomial Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in Canadian hospitals
    • Miller MA, Hyland M, Ofner-Agostini M, Gourdeau M, Ishak M. Morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden of nosocomial Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in Canadian hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:137-40.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , pp. 137-140
    • Miller, M.A.1    Hyland, M.2    Ofner-Agostini, M.3    Gourdeau, M.4    Ishak, M.5
  • 17
    • 0033604532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals
    • Johnson S, Samore MH, Farrow KA, et al. Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1645-51.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 1645-1651
    • Johnson, S.1    Samore, M.H.2    Farrow, K.A.3
  • 19
    • 0025440048 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin associated diarrhea
    • Brown E, Talbot GH, Axelrod P. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin associated diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:283-90.
    • (1990) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.11 , pp. 283-290
    • Brown, E.1    Talbot, G.H.2    Axelrod, P.3
  • 20
    • 29144473282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile associated disease
    • Dial S, Delaney JAC, Barkun AN, Suissa S. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile associated disease. JAMA 2005;294:2989-95.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 2989-2995
    • Dial, S.1    Delaney, J.A.C.2    Barkun, A.N.3    Suissa, S.4
  • 21
    • 3142705643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors; cohort and case-control studies
    • Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors; cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ 2004;171:33-8.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 33-38
    • Dial, S.1    Alrasadi, K.2    Manoukian, C.3    Huang, A.4    Menzies, D.5
  • 22
    • 0141992657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • DOI 10.1016/S0195-670(03)00088-4
    • Cunningham R, Dale B, Undy B, Gaunt N. Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhea. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:243-5. DOI 10.1016/S0195-670(03)00088-4
    • (2003) J Hosp Infect , vol.54 , pp. 243-245
    • Cunningham, R.1    Dale, B.2    Undy, B.3    Gaunt, N.4
  • 24
    • 33749338125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of community acquired Clostridium difficile associated disease defined by prescription for oral vancomycin therapy
    • Dial JA, Delaney C, Schneider V, Suissa S. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of community acquired Clostridium difficile associated disease defined by prescription for oral vancomycin therapy. CMAJ 2006;175:745-8.
    • (2006) CMAJ , vol.175 , pp. 745-748
    • Dial, J.A.1    Delaney, C.2    Schneider, V.3    Suissa, S.4
  • 25
    • 0242266614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis
    • Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Marino BJ, Musher DM. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis. Am J Med 2003;115:543-6.
    • (2003) Am J Med , vol.115 , pp. 543-546
    • Wanahita, A.1    Goldsmith, E.A.2    Marino, B.J.3    Musher, D.M.4
  • 26
    • 0018695989 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity assay in antibiotic-associated colitis
    • Chang TW, Lauermann M, Bartlett JG. Cytotoxicity assay in antibiotic-associated colitis. J Infect Dis 1979;140:765-70.
    • (1979) J Infect Dis , vol.140 , pp. 765-770
    • Chang, T.W.1    Lauermann, M.2    Bartlett, J.G.3
  • 27
    • 0035015081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis: Usefulness of Premier Cytoclone A + B enzyme immunoassay for combined detection of stool toxins and toxigenic C. difficile strains
    • Lozniewski A, Rabaud C, Dotto E, Weber M, Mory F. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis: usefulness of Premier Cytoclone A + B enzyme immunoassay for combined detection of stool toxins and toxigenic C. difficile strains. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1996-8.
    • (2001) J Clin Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 1996-1998
    • Lozniewski, A.1    Rabaud, C.2    Dotto, E.3    Weber, M.4    Mory, F.5
  • 28
    • 0033042880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from stool samples by a nested PCR of toxin B gene
    • Alonso R, Munoz C, Gros S, Garcia de Viedma D, Pelaez T, Bouza E. Rapid detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from stool samples by a nested PCR of toxin B gene. J Hosp Meet 1999;41:145-9.
    • (1999) J Hosp Meet , vol.41 , pp. 145-149
    • Alonso, R.1    Munoz, C.2    Gros, S.3    Garcia De Viedma, D.4    Pelaez, T.5    Bouza, E.6
  • 29
    • 0035436299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to detect Clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory
    • Rupnik M. How to detect Clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7:417-20.
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.7 , pp. 417-420
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 30
    • 33644974808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated disease: New challenges from an established pathogen
    • Sunenshine RH, McDonald LC. Clostridium difficile-associated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. Cleve Clin J Med 2006;73:187-97.
    • (2006) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.73 , pp. 187-197
    • Sunenshine, R.H.1    McDonald, L.C.2
  • 31
    • 0037190698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Hurley BW, Nguyen CC. The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Arch Intern Med 2002;62:2177-84.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.62 , pp. 2177-2184
    • Hurley, B.W.1    Nguyen, C.C.2
  • 32
    • 0036192008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile: An underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications
    • Dallal RM, Harbrecht BG, Boujoukas AJ, et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 2002;235:363-72.
    • (2002) Ann Surg , vol.235 , pp. 363-372
    • Dallal, R.M.1    Harbrecht, B.G.2    Boujoukas, A.J.3
  • 33
    • 0026663447 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole
    • Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:297-302.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 297-302
    • Johnson, S.1    Homann, S.R.2    Bettin, K.M.3
  • 34
    • 0017298860 scopus 로고
    • Unfavorable effect of atropine-diphenoxylate therapy in lincomycin-caused diarrhea
    • Novak EM, Lee JG, Seckman CE, Phillips JP, DiSanto AR. Unfavorable effect of atropine-diphenoxylate therapy in lincomycin-caused diarrhea. JAMA 1976;235:1451-4.
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 1451-1454
    • Novak, E.M.1    Lee, J.G.2    Seckman, C.E.3    Phillips, J.P.4    DiSanto, A.R.5
  • 35
    • 0032126842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ASHP therapeutic position statement on the preferential use of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • ASHP therapeutic position statement on the preferential use of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:1407-11.
    • (1998) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.55 , pp. 1407-1411
  • 36
    • 0029650566 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44(RR-12):1-13.
    • (1995) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.44 , Issue.RR-12 , pp. 1-13
  • 37
    • 0027396469 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Fekety R, Shah AB. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. JAMA 1993;269:71-5.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 71-75
    • Fekety, R.1    Shah, A.B.2
  • 38
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
    • Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, Hirschl AM, Graninger W. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:813-8.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 813-818
    • Wenisch, C.1    Parschalk, B.2    Hasenhundl, M.3    Hirschl, A.M.4    Graninger, W.5
  • 39
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomized trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis
    • Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective randomized trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis. Lancet 1983;2:1043-6.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Teasley, D.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 40
    • 19344363493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing risk of recurrence after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada
    • Pepin J, Alary ME, Valiquette L, et al. Increasing risk of recurrence after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1591-7.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1591-1597
    • Pepin, J.1    Alary, M.E.2    Valiquette, L.3
  • 41
    • 4344559215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with failure of metronidazole in Clostridium difficile associated disease
    • Fernandez A, Anand G, Friedenberg F. Factors associated with failure of metronidazole in Clostridium difficile associated disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38:414-8.
    • (2004) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.38 , pp. 414-418
    • Fernandez, A.1    Anand, G.2    Friedenberg, F.3
  • 42
    • 33644978353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuation of antibiotics is associated with failure of metronidazole for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
    • Modena S, Gollamudi S, Friedenberg F. Continuation of antibiotics is associated with failure of metronidazole for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40:49-54.
    • (2006) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.40 , pp. 49-54
    • Modena, S.1    Gollamudi, S.2    Friedenberg, F.3
  • 43
    • 0022382249 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile: Double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin
    • Young GP, Ward PB, Bayley N, et al. Antimicrobial-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile: double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin. Gastroenterology 1985;89:1038-45.
    • (1985) Gastroenterology , vol.89 , pp. 1038-1045
    • Young, G.P.1    Ward, P.B.2    Bayley, N.3
  • 44
    • 0037105769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: Case series and review of the literature
    • Apisarnthanarak A, Razavi B, Mundy LM. Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:690-6.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 690-696
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Razavi, B.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 45
    • 0035664178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon
    • Nathanson DR, Sheahan M, Chao L, Wallack MK. Intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:1871-2.
    • (2001) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.44 , pp. 1871-1872
    • Nathanson, D.R.1    Sheahan, M.2    Chao, L.3    Wallack, M.K.4
  • 46
  • 47
    • 0033926955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis
    • Gerding DN. Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 2000;250:127-39.
    • (2000) Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol , vol.250 , pp. 127-139
    • Gerding, D.N.1
  • 48
    • 0031015845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical aspects of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Bradbury AW, Barret S. Surgical aspects of Clostridium difficile colitis. Br J Surg 1997;84:150-9.
    • (1997) Br J Surg , vol.84 , pp. 150-159
    • Bradbury, A.W.1    Barret, S.2
  • 49
    • 0018844685 scopus 로고
    • Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins
    • Taylor NS, Bartlett JG. Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins. J Infect Dis 1980;141:92-7.
    • (1980) J Infect Dis , vol.141 , pp. 92-97
    • Taylor, N.S.1    Bartlett, J.G.2
  • 50
    • 0022411881 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the in vitro activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin against Clostridium difficile and their interactions with cholestyramine
    • Pantosti A, Luzzi I, Cardines R, Gianfrilli P. Comparison of the in vitro activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin against Clostridium difficile and their interactions with cholestyramine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;28:847-8.
    • (1985) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.28 , pp. 847-848
    • Pantosti, A.1    Luzzi, I.2    Cardines, R.3    Gianfrilli, P.4
  • 51
    • 0026722862 scopus 로고
    • Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in a cancer patient: Successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy
    • Moncino MD, Falletta JM. Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in a cancer patient: successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992;14:361-4.
    • (1992) Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol , vol.14 , pp. 361-364
    • Moncino, M.D.1    Falletta, J.M.2
  • 52
    • 0024602516 scopus 로고
    • Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine
    • Pruksananonda P, Powell KR. Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:175-8.
    • (1989) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.8 , pp. 175-178
    • Pruksananonda, P.1    Powell, K.R.2
  • 53
    • 0022641416 scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile associated colitis responding to cholestyramine
    • Kunimoto D, Thomson ABR. Recurrent Clostridium difficile associated colitis responding to cholestyramine. Digestion 1986;33:225-8.
    • (1986) Digestion , vol.33 , pp. 225-228
    • Kunimoto, D.1    Thomson, A.B.R.2
  • 54
    • 0020040748 scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of colestipol in antibiotic associated colitis
    • Mogg GAG, George RH, Youngs D, et al. Randomized controlled trial of colestipol in antibiotic associated colitis. Br J Surg 1982;69:137-9.
    • (1982) Br J Surg , vol.69 , pp. 137-139
    • Mogg, G.A.G.1    George, R.H.2    Youngs, D.3
  • 55
    • 0037373020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: Case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube
    • Aas J, Gessert CE, Bakken JS. Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:580-5.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 580-585
    • Aas, J.1    Gessert, C.E.2    Bakken, J.S.3
  • 56
    • 0024312284 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhea in six patients
    • Tvede M, Rask-Madsen J. Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhea in six patients. Lancet 1989;27:1156-60.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.27 , pp. 1156-1160
    • Tvede, M.1    Rask-Madsen, J.2
  • 57
    • 0021238491 scopus 로고
    • Relapsing Clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal feces
    • Schwan A, Sjolin S, Trottestam U, Aronsson B. Relapsing Clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal feces. Scand J Infect Dis 1984;16:211-5.
    • (1984) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 211-215
    • Schwan, A.1    Sjolin, S.2    Trottestam, U.3    Aronsson, B.4
  • 58
    • 0019454759 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous enterocolitis: Mechanism of restoring floral homeostasis
    • Bowden TA, Mansberger AR, Lykins LE. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis: mechanism of restoring floral homeostasis. Am Surgeon 1981;47:178-83.
    • (1981) Am Surgeon , vol.47 , pp. 178-183
    • Bowden, T.A.1    Mansberger, A.R.2    Lykins, L.E.3
  • 59
    • 0029969322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole-bowel irrigation as an adjunct to the treatment of chronic, relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Liacouras CA, Piccoli DA. Whole-bowel irrigation as an adjunct to the treatment of chronic, relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;22:186-9.
    • (1996) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.22 , pp. 186-189
    • Liacouras, C.A.1    Piccoli, D.A.2
  • 60
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 2000;342:390-7.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 61
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Lancet 2001;357:189-93.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 62
    • 0025727765 scopus 로고
    • Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Leung DM, Kelly CP, Boguniewicz M, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT, Flores A. Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. J Pediatr 1991;118:633-7.
    • (1991) J Pediatr , vol.118 , pp. 633-637
    • Leung, D.M.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Boguniewicz, M.3    Pothoulakis, C.4    LaMont, J.T.5    Flores, A.6
  • 63
    • 0028911365 scopus 로고
    • Gamma globulin administration in relapsing Clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis with a defective antibody response to toxin A
    • Warny M, Denie C, Delmee M, Lefebvre C. Gamma globulin administration in relapsing Clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis with a defective antibody response to toxin A. Acta Clin Belg 1995;50:36-9.
    • (1995) Acta Clin Belg , vol.50 , pp. 36-39
    • Warny, M.1    Denie, C.2    Delmee, M.3    Lefebvre, C.4
  • 64
    • 0030763467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Salcedo J, Keates S, Pothoulakis C, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Gut 1997;41:366-70.
    • (1997) Gut , vol.41 , pp. 366-370
    • Salcedo, J.1    Keates, S.2    Pothoulakis, C.3
  • 65
    • 0036719950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • letter
    • Beales IL. Intravenous immunoglobulin for recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea (letter). Gut 2002;51:456.
    • (2002) Gut , vol.51 , pp. 456
    • Beales, I.L.1
  • 66
    • 2442705389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Wilcox MH. Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:882-4.
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.53 , pp. 882-884
    • Wilcox, M.H.1
  • 67
    • 31144469850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for resistant Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1093/ageing/afi212
    • Murphy C, Vernon M, Cullen M. Intravenous immunoglobulin for resistant Clostridium difficile infection. Age Ageing 2006;35:85-6. DOI 10.1093/ageing/afi212
    • (2006) Age Ageing , vol.35 , pp. 85-86
    • Murphy, C.1    Vernon, M.2    Cullen, M.3
  • 68
    • 33646582618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • McPherson S, Rees CJ, Ellis R, Soo S, Panter SJ. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1-6.
    • (2006) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.49 , pp. 1-6
    • McPherson, S.1    Rees, C.J.2    Ellis, R.3    Soo, S.4    Panter, S.J.5
  • 69
    • 0033836004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo activities of nitazoxanide against Clostridium difficile
    • McVay CS, Rolfe RD. In vitro and in vivo activities of nitazoxanide against Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2254-8.
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 2254-2258
    • McVay, C.S.1    Rolfe, R.D.2
  • 70
    • 33746626011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:421-7.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 421-427
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Hamill, R.J.3
  • 73
    • 12144286349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment with rifampin for fulminant antibiotics associated colitis in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
    • Nomura K, Matsumoto Y, Toshida N, et al. Successful treatment with rifampin for fulminant antibiotics associated colitis in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:765-6.
    • (2004) World J Gastroenterol , vol.10 , pp. 765-766
    • Nomura, K.1    Matsumoto, Y.2    Toshida, N.3
  • 74
    • 0023145133 scopus 로고
    • Therapy of relapsing Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis with the combination of vancomycin and rifampin
    • Buggy BP, Fekety R, Silva J. Therapy of relapsing Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis with the combination of vancomycin and rifampin. J Clin Gastroenterol 1987;9:155-9.
    • (1987) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.9 , pp. 155-159
    • Buggy, B.P.1    Fekety, R.2    Silva, J.3
  • 75
    • 4644220669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifazil treats and prevents recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hamsters
    • Anton PM, O'Brian M, Kokkotou E, et al. Rifazil treats and prevents recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hamsters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3975-9.
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3975-3979
    • Anton, P.M.1    O'Brian, M.2    Kokkotou, E.3
  • 76
    • 18644381269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antimicrobial: Pharmacology and clinical potential
    • Scarpignato C, Pelosini I. Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antimicrobial: pharmacology and clinical potential. Chemotherapy 2005;51(suppl 1):36-66.
    • (2005) Chemotherapy , vol.51 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 36-66
    • Scarpignato, C.1    Pelosini, I.2
  • 78
    • 0034917210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GT160-246, a toxin binding polymer for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Kurtz CB, Cannon P, Brezzani A, et al. GT160-246, a toxin binding polymer for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2340-7.
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 2340-2347
    • Kurtz, C.B.1    Cannon, P.2    Brezzani, A.3
  • 79
    • 33845668048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase 2 study of the toxin binding polymer tolevamer in patients with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
    • Presented at, Slovenia, May 5-8
    • Davidson D, Peppe J, Louie T. A phase 2 study of the toxin binding polymer tolevamer in patients with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. Presented at: First International Clostridium difficile Symposium, Slovenia, May 5-8, 2004.
    • (2004) First International Clostridium Difficile Symposium
    • Davidson, D.1    Peppe, J.2    Louie, T.3
  • 80
    • 33746656237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Louie TJ, Peppe J, Watt CK, et al. Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:411-20.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 411-420
    • Louie, T.J.1    Peppe, J.2    Watt, C.K.3
  • 82
    • 0031891748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapse or reinfection?
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, Settle CD, Davidson A. Recurrence of symptoms in Clostridium difficile infection-relapse or reinfection? J Hosp Infect 1998;38:93-100.
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.38 , pp. 93-100
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Settle, C.D.3    Davidson, A.4
  • 84
    • 33644837200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile associated disease in Quebec, Canada
    • Pepin J, Routhier S, Gagnon S, Brazeau I. Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile associated disease in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:758-64.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.42 , pp. 758-764
    • Pepin, J.1    Routhier, S.2    Gagnon, S.3    Brazeau, I.4
  • 85
    • 0032614375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Rubin M, et al. Recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:43-50.
    • (1999) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.20 , pp. 43-50
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Rubin, M.3
  • 86
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1769-75.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 87
    • 0022348861 scopus 로고
    • Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antimicrobial-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ, Gordon D, Fortson WC. Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antimicrobial-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:867-8.
    • (1985) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.80 , pp. 867-868
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Gordon, D.2    Fortson, W.C.3
  • 88
    • 0037042674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics in the prevention of antimicrobial associated diarrhea: Meta-analysis
    • D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Probiotics in the prevention of antimicrobial associated diarrhea: meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;324:1361-7.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 1361-1367
    • D'Souza, A.L.1    Rajkumar, C.2    Cooke, J.3    Bulpitt, C.J.4
  • 89
    • 33645455337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:812-22.
    • (2006) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.101 , pp. 812-822
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 90
    • 0032930367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fungemia due to Saccharomyces species in a patient treated with enteral S. boulardii
    • Niault M, Thomas F, Prost J, Ansari FH, Kalfon P. Fungemia due to Saccharomyces species in a patient treated with enteral S. boulardii. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:930.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 930
    • Niault, M.1    Thomas, F.2    Prost, J.3    Ansari, F.H.4    Kalfon, P.5
  • 92
    • 0032421155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacillus species as opportunistic pathogens in immune-compromised patients
    • Schlegel L, Lemerle S, Greslin P. Lactobacillus species as opportunistic pathogens in immune-compromised patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;17:887-8.
    • (1998) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.17 , pp. 887-888
    • Schlegel, L.1    Lemerle, S.2    Greslin, P.3
  • 93
    • 0031057477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of anti-Clostridium difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in the human gastrointestinal tract
    • Kelly CP, Chetham S, Keates S, et al. Survival of anti-Clostridium difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in the human gastrointestinal tract. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:236-41.
    • (1997) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 236-241
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Chetham, S.2    Keates, S.3
  • 94
    • 0033027528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-Clostridium difficile retains C. difficile toxin neutralizing activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine
    • Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, et al. Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-Clostridium difficile retains C. difficile toxin neutralizing activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gut 1999;44:212-7.
    • (1999) Gut , vol.44 , pp. 212-217
    • Warny, M.1    Fatimi, A.2    Bostwick, E.F.3
  • 95
    • 15544372508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bovine antibody-enriched whey to aid in the prevention of relapse of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: Preclinical and preliminary clinical data
    • Van Dissel JT, de Groot N, Hensgens CM, et al. Bovine antibody-enriched whey to aid in the prevention of relapse of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: preclinical and preliminary clinical data. J Med Microbiol 2005;54:197-205.
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 197-205
    • Van Dissel, J.T.1    De Groot, N.2    Hensgens, C.M.3
  • 96
    • 0035145510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults
    • DOI 10.1128/IAI.69.2.988-995.2001
    • Kotloff KL, Wasserman SS, Losonsky GA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults. Infect Immun 2001;69:988-95. DOI 10.1128/IAI.69.2.988-995.2001
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 988-995
    • Kotloff, K.L.1    Wasserman, S.S.2    Losonsky, G.A.3
  • 97
    • 0032526223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: Effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and cost
    • Climo MW, Israel DS, Wong ES, Williams D, Coudron P, Markowitz SM. Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and cost. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:989-95.
    • (1998) Ann Intern Med , vol.128 , pp. 989-995
    • Climo, M.W.1    Israel, D.S.2    Wong, E.S.3    Williams, D.4    Coudron, P.5    Markowitz, S.M.6
  • 98
    • 0042520977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of changes in antibiotic policy on Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) over a five-year period in a district general hospital
    • Khan R, Cheesbrough J. Impact of changes in antibiotic policy on Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) over a five-year period in a district general hospital. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:104-8.
    • (2003) J Hosp Infect , vol.54 , pp. 104-108
    • Khan, R.1    Cheesbrough, J.2
  • 100
    • 0025190736 scopus 로고
    • Prospective, controlled study of vinyl glove use to interrupt Clostridium difficile nosocomial trans-mission
    • Johnson S, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective, controlled study of vinyl glove use to interrupt Clostridium difficile nosocomial trans-mission. Am J Med 1990;88:137-40.
    • (1990) Am J Med , vol.88 , pp. 137-140
    • Johnson, S.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 101
    • 33845675886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (updated 2005 July 7). (accessed 2006 Mar 7)
    • Clostridium difficile information for healthcare providers; 2004 (updated 2005 July 7). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ dhqp/id_CdiffFAQ_HCP.html (accessed 2006 Mar 7).
    • (2004) Clostridium Difficile Information for Healthcare Providers
  • 102
    • 17144447540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPA/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force
    • Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPA/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23(12 suppl):S3-40.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , Issue.12 SUPPL.
    • Boyce, J.M.1    Pittet, D.2
  • 103
    • 0041519141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, Wigglesworth N, Parnell P, Verity P, Freeman J. Comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:109-14.
    • (2003) J Hosp Infect , vol.54 , pp. 109-114
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Wigglesworth, N.3    Parnell, P.4    Verity, P.5    Freeman, J.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.