Reexamining the relationship between working memory and comprehension: The role of available long-term memory

Journal of Memory and Language

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 86-102

  Was, Christopher A ^a   Woltz, Dan J ^b  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

Background knowledge; Priming; Working memory

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845580994     PISSN: 0749596X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2006.07.008     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Ackerman P.L., Beier M.E., and Boyle M.O. Individual differences in working memory within a nomological network of cognitive and perceptual speed abilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 131 4 (2002) 567-589
2. Anderson J.R. Language, memory, and thought (1976), Lawrence Erlbaum, Oxford, UK
3. Anderson J.R. The architecture of cognition (1983), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
4. Anderson J.R. Rules of the mind (1993), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
5. Anderson J.R., Reder L.M., and Lebiere C. Working memory: Activation limitations on retrieval. Cognitive Psychology 30 (1996) 221-256
6. Arbuckle J.L. Amos 5.0 update to the Amos user's guide (2003), Smallwaters Corp., Chicago
7. Baddeley A.D. Working memory (1986), Oxford University Press, New York
8. Baddeley A.D. Working memory. Science 255 5044 (1992) 556-559
9. Baddeley A. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?. Trends in Cognitive Science 4 (2000) 417-423
10. Baddeley A. Is working memory still working?. American Psychologist 56 (2001) 849-864
11. Baddeley A.D., and Hitch G.J. Working memory. In: Bower G. (Ed). The psychology of learning and motivation Vol. 8 (1974), Academic Press, San Diego 47-90
12. Baddeley A.D., and Logie R.H. The multiple component model. In: Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 28-61
13. Baddeley A.D., Logie R.H., Nimmo-Smith I., and Brereton N. Components of fluent reading. Journal of Memory and Language 24 (1985) 119-131
14. Becker S., Moscovitch M., Behrmann M., and Joordens S. Long-term semantic priming: A computational account and empirical evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23 5 (1997) 1059-1082
15. Broadbent D.E. Comparison with human experiments. In: Broadbent D.E. (Ed). The simulation of human intelligence (1993), Blackwell, Oxford, UK 198-217
16. Bunting M.F., Conway A.R., and Heitz R.P. Individual differences in the fan effect and working memory capacity. Journal of Memory and Language 51 4 (2004) 604-622
17. Cantor J., and Engle R.W. Working memory capacity as long-term memory activation: An individual-differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 19 (1993) 1101-1114
18. Cattell R.B. Personality and motivation: Structure and measurement (1957), World Book, New York
19. Cattell R.B. Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology 54 (1963) 1-22
20. Cattell R.B. Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action (1971), Houghton Mifflin, Boston
21. Chi M.T.H. Short-term memory limitations in children: Capacity or processing deficits?. Memory and Cognition 4 (1976) 559-572
22. Conway A.R., and Engle R.W. Working memory and retrieval: A resource-dependent inhibition model. Journal of Experimental Psychology 123 4 (1994) 354-373
23. Cowan N. Attention and memory: An integrated framework (1995), Oxford University Press, New York
24. Cowan N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In: Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 62-101
25. Daneman M., and Carpenter P.A. Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 (1980) 450-466
26. Daneman M., and Carpenter P.A. Individual differences in integrating information between and within sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9 4 (1983) 561-584
27. Daneman M., and Merikle P.M. Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 3 4 (1996) 422-433
28. Donaldson G. Confirmatory factor analysis models of information processing stages: An alternative to difference scores. Psychological Bulletin 94 (1983) 143-151
29. Engle R.W., Tuholski S.W., Laughlin J.E., and Conway A.R.A. Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128 3 (1999) 309-331
30. Ericsson K.A., and Kintsch W. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102 2 (1995) 211-245
31. Gernsbacher M.A. Less skilled readers have less efficient suppression mechanisms. Psychological Science 4 5 (1993) 294-298
32. Gernsbacher M.A., and Robertson R.R.W. Reading skill and suppression revisited. Psychological Science 6 3 (1995) 165-169
33. Haarmann H.J., Davelaar E.J., and Usher M. Individual differences in semantic short-term memory capacity and reading comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 48 (2003) 320-345
34. Hambrick D.Z., and Engle R.W. Effects of domain knowledge, working memory capacity, and age on cognitive performance: An investigation of the knowledge-is-power hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology 44 4 (2002) 339-387
35. Hannon B., and Daneman M. A new tool for measuring and understanding individual differences in the component processes of reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology 93 1 (2001) 103-128
36. Hughes A.D., and Whittlesea B.W.A. Long-term semantic transfer: An overlapping-operations account. Memory and Cognition 31 (2003) 401-411
37. Jackson M.D., and McClelland J.L. Processing determinants of reading speed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108 2 (1979) 151-181
38. Joordens S., and Becker S. The long and short of semantic priming effects in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23 (1997) 1083-1105
39. Just M.A., and Carpenter P.A. A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 122-149
40. Kintsch W. The use of knowledge in discourse processing: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review 95 (1988) 163-182
41. Kintsch W. Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition (1998), Cambridge University Press, New York
42. Kintsch, W. (2000). The control of knowledge activation in discourse comprehension. In W. J., Perry & A. Grob (Eds.), Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness (pp. 137-170).
43. Kintsch W., Patel P.L., and Ericsson A.K. The role of long-term working memory in text comprehension. Psychologia 42 (1999) 186-198
44. Kyllonen P.C., and Christal R.E. Reasoning ability is (little more than) working memory capacity?. Intelligence 14 4 (1990) 389-433
45. Kyllonen P.C., Tirre W.C., and Cristal R.E. Knowledge and processing speed as determinants of associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120 (1991) 57-79
46. Linn R.L., and Slinde J.A. The determination of the significance of change between pre- and posttesting periods. Review of Educational Research 47 1 (1977) 121-150
47. Lundeberg M. Metacogntive aspects of reading comprehension: Studying understanding in legal case analysis. Reading Research Quarterly 22 4 (1987) 407-432
48. Martin R.C., Lesch M., and Bartha M. Independence of input and output phonology in word processing and short-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language 41 (1999) 3-29
49. McCutchen D. Knowledge, processing, and working memory: Implications for a writing theory. Educational Psychologist 35 1 (2000) 13-23
50. McNamara T.P. Priming and constraints it places on theories of memory and retrieval. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 650-662
51. McNamara, D. S. (1997). Comprehension skill: A knowledge based account. In Proceedings of the nineteenth annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 508-513). Hilsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. McNamara D.S., and Kintsch W. Learning from texts: Effects of prior knowledge and text coherence. Discourse Processes 22 3 (1996) 247-288
53. Means M.L., and Voss J.F. Star Wars: A developmental study of expert and novice knowledge structures. Journal of Memory and Language 24 (1985) 746-757
54. Oberauer K. Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28 (2002) 411-421
55. O'Reilly, T., & McNamara, D. S. (2002). What's a science student to do? In Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the cognitive science society (pp. 726-731). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
56. Potter M.C. Very short-term conceptual memory. Memory and Cognition 21 2 (1993) 151-161
57. Samuelstuen M.S., and Bråten I. Decoding, knowledge, and strategies in comprehension of expository text. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 46 (2005) 107-117
58. Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime user's guide (Version 1.1). Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
59. Singer M. Discourse inference processes. In: Gernsbacher M.A. (Ed). Handbook of psycholinguistics (1994), Academic Press, San Diego 479-515
60. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In: Leinhart S. (Ed). Sociological methodology (1982), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 290-312
61. Sternberg S. High speed scanning in human memory. Science 153 (1966) 652-654
62. Tirre W.C., and Peña C.M. Investigation of functional working memory in the reading span test. Journal of Educational Psychology 84 4 (1992) 462-472
63. Turner M.L., and Engle R.W. Is working memory capacity task dependent?. Journal of Memory and Language 28 2 (1989) 127-154
64. Woltz D.J. An investigation of the role of working memory in procedural skill acquisition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117 (1988) 319-331
65. Woltz D.J. Repetition of semantic comparisons: Temporary and persistent priming effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16 3 (1990) 392-403
66. Woltz, D. J. (1996). Perceptual and conceptual priming in a semantic reprocessing task. Memory and Cognition, 24, 429-440; American Journal of Psychology, 108(4), 499-526.
67. Woltz D.J., and Schute V.J. Time course of forgetting exhibited in repetition of priming of semantic comparisons. Amercian Journal of Psychology 108 (1995) 499-525
68. Woltz D.J., and Was C.A. Availability of related long-term memory during and after attention focus in working memory. Memory and Cognition 33 3 (2006) 668-684
69. Woltz, D. J, & Was, C. A. (in press). Available but unattended conceptual information in working memory: Temporarily active semantic knowledge or persistent memory for prior operations? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.