Long-term semantic priming: A computational account and empirical evidence

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 1059-1082

  Becker, Suzanna ^a,d   Behrmann, Marlene ^b   Moscovitch, Morris ^c,d   Joordens, Steve ^c  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d ROTMAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONG TERM MEMORY; MALE; PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS;

ADULT; ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEURAL NETWORKS (COMPUTER); PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING; REACTION TIME; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SEMANTICS;

EID: 0031230791     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1059     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2. Balota, D. A. (1990). The role of meaning in word recognition. In D. A. Balota, G. B. F. d'Arcais, & K. Rayner (Eds.), Comprehension processes in reading (pp. 9-32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Balota, D. A., & Paul, S. (1996). Summation of activation: Evidence from multiple primes that converge and diverge within semantic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 827-845.
4. Battig, W., & Montague, W. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph, 80 (3, Pt. 2).
5. Bavelier, D., & Jordan, M. I. (1993). A dynamic model of priming and repetition blindness. In S. J. Hanson, J. D. Cowan, & C. L. Giles (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems 5 (pp. 879-886). San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
6. Becker, C. (1980). Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies. Memory & Cognition, 8, 493-512.
7. Becker, S., Behrmann, M., & Moscovitch, M. (1993). Word priming in attractor networks. In Proceedings of the Fifteeth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 231-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Bentin, S., & Feldman, L. (1990). The contribution of morphologic and semantic relatedness to repetition priming at short and long lags: Evidence from Hebrew. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 42(A), 693-711.
9. Bentin, S., & Moscovitch, M. (1988). The time course of repetition effects for words and unfamiliar faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 148-160.
10. Besner, D., Twilley, L., McCann, R. S., & Seergobin, K. (1990). On the association between connectionism and data: Are a few words necessary? Psychological Review, 97, 432-446.
11. Bower, G. (1996). Reactivating a reactivation theory of implicit memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 27-72.
12. Carr, T., Dagenbach, D., VanWieren, D., Radvansky, L., Alejano, A., & Brown, J. (1994). Acquiring general knowledge from specific episodes of experience. In C. Umiltá & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing (pp. 697-724). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13. Chialant, D., & Caramazza, A. (1995). Where is morphology and how is it processed? The case of written word recognition. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 55-76). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
15. Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-247.
16. Dannenbring, G., & Briand, K. (1982). Semantic priming, and the word repetition effect in lexical decision. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36(3), 435-555.
17. de Groot, A. M. B. (1990). The locus of the associative-priming effect in the mental lexicon. In D. A. Balota, G. B. F. d'Arcais, & K. Rayner (Eds.), Comprehension processes in reading (pp. 101-123). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Dosher, B. A., & Rosedale, G. (1989). Integrated retrieval cues as a mechanism for priming in retrieval from memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 191-211.
19. Emmorey, K. (1991). Repetition priming with aspect agreement morphology in American sign language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 20, 365-388.
20. Feldman, L. B., & Moskovljević, J. (1987). Repetition priming is not purely episodic in origin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 573-581.
21. Feustel, T. C., Shiffrin, R. M., & Salasoo, A. (1983). Episodic and lexical contributions to the repetition effect in word identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 309-346.
22. Fischler, I. (1977). Semantic facilitation without association in a lexical decision task. Memory & Cognition, 5, 335-339.
23. Forster, K. I. (1987). Form-priming with masked primes: The best-match hypothesis. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading (pp. 127-146). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Forster, K. I., Booker, J., Schacter, D. L., & Davis, C. (1990). Masked repetition priming: Lexical activation or novel memory trace? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 341-345.
25. Forster, K. I., & Davis, C. (1984). Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 680-698.
26. Friedrich, F. J., Henik, A., & Tzelgov, J. (1991). Automatic processes in lexical access and spreading activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 792-806.
27. Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 501-518.
28. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.
29. Henderson, L., Wallis, J., & Knight, D. (1984). Morphemic structure and lexical access. In H. Bouma & D. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X: Control of language processes (pp. 211-224). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Henik, A., Friedrich, F. J., & Kellog, W. A. (1983). The dependence of semantic relatedness effects upon prime processing. Memory & Cognition, 11, 366-373.
31. Hess, D. J., Foss, D. J., & Carroll, P. (1995). Effects of global and local context on lexical processing during language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 62-82.
32. Hinton, G. E. (1989). Deterministic Boltzmann learning performs steepest descent in weight-space. Neural Computation, 1, 143-150.
33. Hinton, G. E., & Shallice, T. (1991). Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia. Psychological Review, 98, 74-95.
34. Hopfield, J. J. (1982). Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 79, 2554-2558.
35. Hopfield, J. J. (1984). Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 81, 3088-3092.
36. Jacoby, L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
37. Joordens, S., & Becker, S. (1997). The long and short of semantic priming effects in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1083-1105.
38. Joordens, S., & Besner, D. (1992). Priming effects that span an intervening unrelated word: Implications for models of memory representation and retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 483-491.
39. Kaye, D. B., & Brown, S. W. (1985). Levels and speed of processing effects on word analysis. Memory & Cognition, 13, 425-134.
40. Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D., & Vecchi, M. P. (1983, May 13). Optimization by simulated annealing. Science, 220, 671-680.
41. Lupker, S. (1984). Semantic priming without association: A second look. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 709-733.
42. Masson, M. E. J. (1989). Lexical ambiguity resolution in a constraint satisfaction network. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 757-764). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Masson, M. E. J. (1991). A distributed memory model of context effects in word identification. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 233-263). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Masson, M. E. J. (1995). A distributed memory model of semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 3-23.
45. McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102, 419-457.
46. McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986). A distributed model of human learning and memory. In J. L. McClelland, D. E. Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 170-215). Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books.
47. McNamara, T. P. (1992a). Priming and constraints it places on theories of memory and retrieval. Psychological Review, 99, 650-662.
48. McNamara, T. P. (1992b). Theories of priming: I. Associative distance and lag. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1173-1190.
49. McRae, K., & Boisvert, S. R. (1997). Automatic semantic similarity priming. Manuscript submitted for publication.
50. McRae, K., de Sa, V., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1997). On the nature and scope of featural representations in word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 99-130.
51. Meyer, D. M., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227-234.
52. Meyer, D. M., Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Ruddy, M. G. (1974). Functions of graphemic and phonemic codes in visual word-recognition. Memory & Cognition, 2, 309-321.
53. Monsell, S. (1985). Repetition and the lexicon. In A. W. Ellis (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language (pp. 147-195). London: Erlbaum.
54. Morton, J. (1969). Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review, 76, 165-178.
55. Moss, H. E., Ostrin, R. K., Tyler, L. K., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1995). Accessing different types of lexical semantic information: Evidence from priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 863-883.
56. Neely, J. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254.
57. Neely, J. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. O'Reilly, R., & McClelland, J. (1994). Hippocampal conjunctive encoding, storage, and recall: Avoiding a tradeoff. Hippocampus, 4, 661-682.
59. Peterson, C., & Anderson, J. R. (1987). A mean field theory learning algorithm for neural networks. Complex Systems, 1, 995-1019.
60. Plaut, D. C. (1995). Semantic and associative priming in a distributed attractor network. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 37-42). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
61. Plaut, D. C., & McClelland, J. L. (1993). Generalization with componential attractors: Word and nonword reading in an attractor network. In Proceedings of the Fifteeth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 824-829). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
62. Plaut, D. C., & Shallice, T. (1993a). Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 10, 377-500.
63. Plaut, D. C., & Shallice, T. (1993b). Perseverative and semantic influences on visual object naming errors in optic aphasia: A connectionist account. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 89-117.
64. Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In P. M. Rabbit (Ed.), Attention and performance V (pp. 669-681). New York: Academic Press.
65. Ratcliff, R., Hockley, W., & McKoon, G. (1985). Components of activation: Repetition and priming effects in lexical decision and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 435-450.
66. Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1988). A retrieval theory of priming in memory. Psychological Review, 95, 385-408.
67. Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1994). Retrieving information from memory: Spreading-activation theories versus compound-cue theories. Psychological Review, 101, 177-184.
68. Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543.
69. Roediger, H. L., III, (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
70. Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In H. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8, pp. 63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
71. Rueckl, J. G. (1990). Similarity effects in word and pseudoword repetition priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 374-391.
72. Rueckl, J. G. (1995). Ambiguity and connectionist networks: Still settling into a solution - Comment on Joordens and Besner (1994). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 501-508.
73. Rueckl, J. G., Mikolinski, M., Raveh, M., Miner, C. S., & Mars, F. (1997). Morphological priming, fragment completion and connectionist networks. Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 382-405.
74. Rueckl, J. G., & Olds, E. M. (1993). When pseudowords acquire meaning: The effect of semantic associations on pseudoword repetition priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3, 515-527.
75. Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1986, October 9). Learning internal representations by back-propagating errors. Nature, 323, 533-536.
76. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
77. Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 523-568.
78. Sharkey, A., & Sharkey, N. (1992). Weak contextual constraints in text and word priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 543-572.
79. Sharkey, N. (1989). The lexical distance model and word priming. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 860-867). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
80. Shelton, J., & Martin, R. (1992). How semantic is automatic semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1191-1210.
81. Sloman, S., Hayman, C., Ohta, N., Law, J., & Tulving, E. (1988). Forgetting in primed target completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 223-239.
82. Smith, M. C., Theodor, L., & Franklin, P. E. (1983). The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 697-712.
83. Smith, P. T. (1995). Are morphemes really necessary? In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 365-382). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
84. Stolz, J. A., & Feldman, L. B. (1995). The role of orthographic and semantic transparency of the base morpheme in morphological processing. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 109-129). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
85. Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990, January 19). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
86. Vriezen, E., Moscovitch, M., & Bellos, S. (1995). Priming effects in semantic classification tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 933-946.
87. Whittlesea, B. W. A., & Jacoby, L. L. (1990). Interaction of prime repetition with visual degradation: Is priming a retrieval phenomenon? Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 546-565.
88. Woltz, D. J. (1990). Repetition of semantic comparisons: Temporary and persistent priming effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 392-403.
89. Woltz, D. J. (1996). Perceptual and conceptual priming in a semantic reprocessing task. Memory & Cognition, 24, 429-440.