Lithosphere rheology and active tectonics in Mongolia: Relations between earthquake source parameters, gravity and GPS measurements

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 163, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 1151-1179

  Bayasgalan, Amgalan ^a,b   Jackson, James ^b   McKenzie, Dan ^b  

^a MONGOLIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Mongolia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Continental tectonics; Earthquakes; GPS; Gravity; Lithosphere; Mongolia; Rheology

Indexed keywords

FAULTING; GPS; GRAVITY FIELD; LITHOSPHERE; MANTLE STRUCTURE; P-WAVE; S-WAVE; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; SEISMIC ZONE; SEISMOTECTONICS;

ALTAY; ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; JUNGGAR BASIN; KAZAKHSTAN; LAKE BAIKAL; MONGOLIA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; WEST ASIA; XINJIANG UYGUR;

EID: 33745259307     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02764.x     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Allen, M.B. & Vincent, S.J., 1997. Fault reactivation in the Junggar region, northwest China: The role of basement structures during Mesozoic-Cenozoic compression, J. geol. Soc. Lond., 154, 151-155.
2. Avouac, J.P., Tapponnier, P., Bai, M., You, H. & Wang, G., 1993. Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tien Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, J. geophys. Res., 98, 6755-6804.
3. Baljinnyam, I. et al., 1993. Ruptures of major earthquakes and active deformation in Mongolia and its surroundings, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir, 181, p. 62.
4. Bayasgalan, A., 1999. Active Tectonics of Mongolia, PhD thesis, (unpublished), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, p. 179.
5. Bayasgalan, A. & Jackson, J., 1999. A re-assessment of the faulting in the 1967 Mogod earthquakes in Mongolia, Geophys. J. Int., 138, 784-800.
6. Bayasgalan, A., Jackson, J., Ritz, J.F. & Carretier, S., 1999a. Field examples of strike-slip fault terminations in Mongolia, and their tectonic significance, Tectonics, 18, 394-411.
7. Bayasgalan, A., Jackson, J., Ritz, J.F. & Carretier, S., 1999b. 'Forebergs' flower structures, and the development of large intra-continental strike-slip faults: The Gurvan Bogd fault system in Mongolia, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 1285-1302.
8. Brace, W.F. & Kohlstedt, D.L., 1980. Limits on lithostatic stress imposed by laboratory experiments, J. geophys. Res., 85, 6249-6252.
9. Bump, H.A. & Sheehan, A.F., 1998. Crustal thickness variations across the northern Tien Shan from teleseismic receiver functions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1055-1058.
10. Calais, E., Vergnolle, M., San'kov, V., Lukhnev, A., Miroshnitchenko, A., Amarjargal, Sh. & Déverchère, J., 2003. GPS measurements of crustal deformation in the Baikal-Mongolia area (1994-2002): Implications on current kinematics of Asia, J. geophys. Res., 108 (10), 2501, doi:.
11. Carroll, A.R., Yunhai, L., Graham, S.A., Xuchang, X., Hendrix, M.S., Jingi, C. & McKnight, C.L., 1990. Junggar basin, northwest China: trapped late Paleozoic ocean, Tectonophysics, 181, 1-14.
12. Chen, W.-P. & Kao, H., 1996. Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress, in The Tectonic Evolution of Asia, pp. 37-62, eds Yin, A. & Harrison, M., Cambridge Univ. Press, Palo Alto.
13. Chen, W.-P. & Molnar, P., 1983. Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere, J. geophys. Res., 88, 4183-4214.
14. Cunningham, W.D., 1998. Lithospheric controls on late Cenozoic construction of the Mongolian Altay, Tectonics, 17, 891-902.
15. Cunningham, W.D., 2001. Cenozoic normal faulting and regional doming in the southern Hangay region, central Mongolia: Implications for the origin of the Baikal rift province, Tectonophysics, 331, 389-411.
16. Cunningham, W.D., Windley, B.F., Dorjnamjaa, D., Badamgarov, G. & Saandar, M., 1996a. A structural transect across the Mongolian western Altai: Active transpressional mountain building in central Asia, Tectonics, 15, 142-156.
17. Cunningham, W.D., Windley, B.F., Dorjnamjaa, D., Badamgarov, J. & Saandar, M., 1996b. Late Cenozoic transpression in southwestern Mongolia and the Gobi Altai-Tien Shan connection, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 140, 67-81.
18. Cunningham, W.D., Windley, B.F., Owen, L.O., Barry, T., Dorjnamjaa, D. & Badamgarav, J., 1997. Geometry and style of partitioned deformation within a Late Cenozoic transpressional zone in the eastern Gobi-Altai mountains, Mongolia, Tectonophysics, 277, 285-306.
19. Delouis, B., Déverchère, J., Melnikova, V., Radziminovitch, N., Lonke, L., Larroque, C., Ritz, J.F. & San'kov, V., 2002. A reappraisal of the 1950 (Mw 6.9) Mondy earthquake, Siberia, and its relationship to the strain pattern at the south-western end of the Baikal rift zone, Terra Nova, 14, 491-500.
20. Déverchère, J., Houndry, F., Diament, M., Solonenko, N.V. & Solonenko, A.V., 1991. Evidence for a seismogenic upper mantle and lower crust in the Baykal rift, Geophys. Res. Lett., 98, 19 895-19 912.
21. Déverchère, J., Houdry, F., Solonenko, N., Solonenko, A., Sankov, V., 1993. Seismicity, active faults and stress field of the north Muya region, Baikal rift: New insights on the rheology of extended continental lithosphere, J. geophys. Res., 98, 19 895-19 912.
22. Déverchère, J., Petit, C., Gileva, N., Radziminovitch, Melnikova, V. & San'kov, V., 2001. Depth distribution of earthquakes in the Baikal rift system and its implications for rheology of the lithosphere, Geophys. J. Int., 146, 714-730.
23. Diament, M. & Kogan, M.G., 1990. Long wavelength gravity anomalies and the deep thermal structure of the Baikal rift, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1977-1980.
24. Doser, D.I., 1991a. Faulting within the western Baikal rift as characterized by earthquake studies, Tectonophysics, 196, 87-107.
25. Doser, D.I., 1991b. Faulting within the eastern Baikal rift as characterized by earthquake studies, Tectonophysics, 196, 109-139.
26. Ekström, G. & England, P., 1989. Seismic strain rates in regions of distributed continental deformation, J. geophys. Res., 94, 10231-10257.
27. Engdahl, E.R., van der Hilst, R. & Buland, R., 1998. Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 3, 722-743.
28. England, P. & Molnar, P., 1997. The field of crustal velocity in Asia calculated from Quaternary rates of slip on faults, Geophys. J. Int., 130, 551-582.
29. Florensov, N.A. & Solonenko, V.P., eds., 1965. The Gobi-Altay earthquake (in Russian): Moscow, Akademiya Nauk USSR, 391, p. 1963. (English translation by Israel Program for Scientific Translations), Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce.
30. Forsyth, D.W., 1985. Subsurface loading and estimates of the flexural rigidity of the continental lithosphere, J. geophys. Res., 90, 12 623-12 632.
31. Foster, A.N., 1997. The seismicity and tectonics of Africa, PhD thesis, (unpublished), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, p. 240.
32. Foster, A.N. & Jackson, J., 1998. Source parameters of large African earthquakes: Implications of crustal rheology and regional kinematics, Geophys. J. Int., 134, 422-448.
33. Friederich, W., 2003, The S-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle from inversion of shear and surface waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 88-102.
34. Goldsworthy, M., Jackson, J. & Haines, A.J., 2002. The continuity of active fault systems in Greece. Geophys. J. Int., 148, 596-618.
35. Holt, W.E. & Haines, A.J., 1993. Velocity fields in deforming Asia from the inversion of earthquake-released strains, Tectonics, 12, 1-20.
36. Hsü, K.J., 1989. Origin of sedimentary basins of China, in Chinese Sedimentary Basins, Sedimentary Basins of the World, 207 -227, Elsevier, New York.
37. Huang, J. & Chen, W-P., 1986. Source mechanisms of the Mogod earthquake sequence of 1967 and the event of 1974 July 4 in Mongolia, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 84, 361-379.
38. Huang, B.C., Wang, Y.C., Liu, T., Yang, T.S., Li, Y.A., Sun, D.J. & Zhu, R.X., 2004. Paleomagnetism of Miocene sediments from the Turfan basin, northwest China: No significant vertical-axis rotation during Neotectonic compression within the Tian Shan range, central Asia. Tectonophysics. 384, 1-21.
39. Ionov, D.A., O'Reilly, S.Y. & Griffin, W.L., 1998. A geotherm and lithospheric section for central Mongolia (Tariat region), in Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, Vol. 27, pp. 127-153, eds Flower, M.F., Chung, S.L., Lo, C.H. & Lee, T.Y., AGU Geodynamics Series AGU, Washington, DC.
40. Jackson, J., 2002. Strength of the continental lithosphere: Time to abandon the jelly sandwich? GSA Today, 12, 4-10.
41. Jackson, J.A. & Molnar, P., 1990. Active faulting and block rotations in the Western Transverse Ranges, California. J. geophys. Res., 95, 22 073-22 087, and correction: Ibid., 96, 2203 (1991).
42. Jackson, J., Priestley, K., Allen, M.B. & Berberian, M., 2002. Active tectonics of the South Caspian Basin, Geophys. J. Int., 148, 214-245.
43. Jackson, J., Austrheim. H., McKenzie, D. & Priestley, K., 2004. Metastability, mechanical strength, and the support of mountain belts, Geology, 32, 625-628.
44. Khilko, S.D., Kurushin, R.A., Kochetkov, V.M., Baljinnyam, I. & Monkhoo, D., 1985. Strong earthquakes, paleoseismological and macroseismic data, in Earthquakes and the Bases of Seismogenic Zoning of Mongolia, (in Russian), Nauka, Novisibirsk Transactions, 41, 19-83.
45. Kosarev, G.L., Petersen, N.V., Vinnik, L.P. & Roecker, S.W., 1993. Receiver functions for the Tien Shan analog broadband network: Contrasts in the evolution of structures across the Talasso-Fergana Fault, J. geophys. Res., 98, 4437-4448.
46. Kurushin, R.A., Bayasgalan, A., Ölziybat, M., Enhtuvshin, M., Molnar, P., Bayarsayhan, Ch., Hudnut K.W. & Lin, J., 1997. The surface rupture of the 1957 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, earthquake, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, 320, 143pp.
47. Maggi, A., Jackson, J.A., McKenzie, D. & Priestley, K., 2000a. Earthquake focal depths, effective elastic thickness, and the strength of the continental lithosphere, Geology, 28, 495-498.
48. Maggi, A., Jackson, J.A., Priestley, K. & Baker, C., 2000b. A re-assessment of focal depth distributions in southern Iran, the Tien Shan and northern India: Do earthquakes really occur in the continental mantle?Geophys. J. Int., 143, 629-661.
49. Mangino, S., Priestley, K. & Ebel, J., 1999. The Receiver Structure beneath the China Digital Seismograph Network Stations, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 89, 1053-1076.
50. McCaffrey, R. & Abers, J., 1988. SYN3: A program for inversion of teleseismic body wave form on microcomputers, Air Force Geophysical Laboratory Technical Report, AFGL-TR-88-0099, Hanscomb Air Force Base, Massachusetts.
51. McCaffrey, R. & Nábělek, J., 1987. Earthquakes, gravity, and the origin of the Bali Basin: An example of a nascent continental fold-and-thrust belt, J. geophys. Res., 92, 441-460.
52. McCaffrey, R., Zwick, P. & Abers, G., 1991. SYN4 Program, IASPEI Software Library, 3, 81-166.
53. McKenzie, D., 1994. The relationship between topography and gravity on Earth and Venus, Icarus, 112, 55-88.
54. e in the presence of internal loads, J. geophys. Res., 108 (9), 2438, doi:.
55. McKenzie, D. & Fairhead, D., 1997. Estimates of the effective elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere from Bouguer and free air gravity anomalies, J. geophys. Res., 102, 27 523-27 552.
56. McKenzie, D., Jackson, J. & Priestley, K., 2005. Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 233, 337-349.
57. Molnar, P. & Deng, Q., 1984. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in central and eastern Asia, J. geophys. Res., 89, 6203-6227.
58. Molnar, P. & Lyon-Caen, H., 1989. Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan plateau and its margins, Geophys. J. Int., 99, 123-153.
59. Nábělek, J., 1984. Determination of earthquake source parameters from inversion of body waves, PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
60. Nelson, M.R., McCaffrey, R. & Molnar, R., 1987. Source parameters for 11 earthquakes in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, determined by P and SH waveform inversion, J. geophys. Res., 92, 12 629-12 648.
61. Okal, E.A., 1976. A surface-wave investigation of the rupture mechanism of the Gobi Altai (December 4, 1957) earthquake, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 12, 319-328.
62. Okal, E.A., 1977. The July 9 and 23, 1905, Mongolian earthquakes: A surface wave investigation, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 34, 326-331.
63. Patton, H.J., 1998. Bias in the centroid moment tensor for central Asian earthquakes: Evidence from regional surface wave data, J. geophys. Res., 103, 26 963-26 974.
64. Petit, C., Déverchère, J., Houdry, F., Sankov, V.A., Melnikova, V.I. & Delvaux, D., 1996. Present-day stress field changes along the Baikal rift and tectonic implications, Tectonics, 15, 1171-1191.
65. Petit, C., Déverchère, J., Calais, E., San'kov, E. & Fairhead, D., 2002. Deep structure and mechanical behaviour of the lithosphere in the Hangai-Hövsg̈l region, Mongolia: New constraints from gravity modelling, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 197, 133-149.
66. Philip, H. & Meghraoui, M., 1983. Structural analysis and interpretation of the surface deformations of the El Asnam earthquake of October 10, 1980, Tectonics, 2, 17-49.
67. Prentice, C.S., Kendrick, K., Berryman, K., Bayasgalan, A., Ritz, J.F. & Spencer, J.Q., 2002. Prehistoric ruptures of the Gurvan Bulag fault, Gobi Altay, Mongolia, J. geophys. Res., 107 (B12), 2321.
68. Priestley, K. & Debayle, E., 2003. Seismic evidence for a moderately thick lithosphere beneath the Siberian platform, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (3), 1118, doi:.
69. Qiu, X., Priestley, K. & McKenzie, D., 1996. Average lithosphere structure of southern Africa, Geophys. J. Int., 127, 563-587.
70. Ritz, J.F. et al., 2003. Late Pleistocene to Holocene slip rates for the Gurvan Bulag thrust fault (Gobi-Altay, Mongolia) estimated with 10 Be dates, J. geophys. Res., 108 (B3), 2162.
71. Roecker, S., Pavlis, G. & Vernon, F., 2003. Depths of earthquakes in the central Tien Shan, EOS, Trans. Am. geophys. Un., 84 (46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract S22C-03.
72. Schlupp, A., 1996. Néotectonique de la Mongolie occidentale analysée a partir de données de terrain, sismologiques et satellitaires, PhD thesis, UniversitéLouis Pastuer, Strasbourg.
73. Şengör, A.M.C. & Natal'in, B.A., 1996. Paleotectonics of Asia: Fragments of a synthesis, in The Tectonic Evolution of Asia, pp. 486-640, eds Yin, A. & Harrison, M., Cambridge Univ. Press, Palo Alto.
74. Tapponnier, P. & Molnar, P., 1979. Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia and Baykal Regions, J. geophys. Res., 84, 3425-3459.
75. Taymaz, T., Jackson, J. & McKenzie, D., 1991. Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea, Geophys. J. Int., 106, 433-490.
76. Thomas, J.C., Lanza, R., Kazansky, A., Zykin, C.V.S., Semakov, N., Mitrokhin, D. & Delvaux, D., 2002. Paleomagnetic study of Cenozoic sediments from the Zaisan basin (SE Kazakhstan) and Chuya depression (Siberian Altai): Tectonic implications for central Asia. Tectonophysics, 351, 119-137.
77. Villaseñor, A., Ritzwoller, M.H., Levshin, A.L., Barmin, M.P., Engdahl, E.R., Spakman, W. & Trampert, J., 2001. Shear velocity structure of central Eurasia from inversion of surface wave velocities. Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 123, 169-184.
78. Walker, R. & Jackson, J., 2004. Active tectonics and late Tertiary strain distribution in central and eastern Iran. Tectonics, 23, 5010.
79. Wang, C-Y., Yang, Z-E., Luo, H. & Mooney, W.D., 2004. Crustal structure of the northern margin of the eastern Tien Shan, China, and its tectonic implications for the 1906 M ∼ 7.7 Manas earthquake. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 223, 187-202.
80. Windley, B.F. & Allen, M.B., 1993. Mongolian plateau: Evidence for late Cenozoic plume under central Asia, Geology, 21, 295-298.
81. Zorin, Yu. A., Novoselova, M.R. & Rogozhina, V.A., 1982. Deep structure of the territory of MPR (in Russian), Nauka, Novosibirsk, p. 93.
82. Zorin, Yu. A., Mordvinova, V.V., Turutanov, E.Kh., Belichenko, B.G., Artemyev, A.A., Kosarev, G.L. & Gao, S.S., 2002. Low seismic velocity layers in the Earth's crust beneath eastern Siberia (Russia) and central Mongolia: Receiver function data and their possible geological implication, Tectonophysics, 359, 307-327.
83. Zwick, P., McCaffrey, R. & Abers, G., 1994. MT5 Program, IASPEI Software Library, 4.