Paroxysmal Nonepileptic Events of Childhood

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 208-221

  DiMario Jr , Francis J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

attacks; breath holding; movement disorders; seizure; spells; syncope

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ATROPINE; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CLONAZEPAM; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; FLUDROCORTISONE; GABAPENTIN; IRON; MEXILETINE; MINERALOCORTICOID; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ALTERNATING HEMIPLEGIA OF CHILDHOOD; ANEMIA; ANGER; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BINKIE FLUTTER; BREATH HOLDING SEIZURE; BRUXISM; CATALEPSY; CENTRAL SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONVULSION; CYANOSIS; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIAPHRAGMATIC FLUTTER; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROME; FAMILIAL RECTAL PAIN SYNDROME; FAMILY HISTORY; FAMILY THERAPY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GENE MUTATION; GRATIFICATION DISORDER; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; HYPEREKPLEXIA; HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME; HYPNOGOGIC HALLUCINATION; IRON THERAPY; JACTACIO NOCTURNUS; LARYNGEAL DYSKINESIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; MENTAL INSTABILITY; MIGRAINE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME; MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY; NARCOLEPSY; NEONATAL SLEEP MYOCLONUS; NIGHT TREMOR; NIGHTMARE; NOCTURNAL ENURESIS; NONREM SLEEP; PANIC; PARASOMNIA; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; PAROXYSMAL EXTRAOCULAR GAZE DEVIATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RAGE; REM SLEEP; SANDIFER SYNDROME; SELF STIMULATION; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP AROUSAL DISORDER; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP STAGE; SLEEP START; SLEEP WALKING; SOMATOFORM DISORDER; SOMNILOQUY; SOMNOLENCE; STEREOTYPY; SYNCOPE; TIC; WAKEFULNESS;

CONSCIOUSNESS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PEDIATRICS; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS; SLEEP;

EID: 33845383365     PISSN: 10719091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2006.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Fenichel G.M. Paroxysmal disorders, in Clinical Pediatric Neurology, A Signs and Symptoms Approach. (ed 5). (2005), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 1-45
2. DiMario F.J. The nervous system. In: Rudolph A.M., Kamei R.K., and Overby K.J. (Eds). Rudolph's Fundamentals of Pediatrics. (ed 3). (2002), Mcgraw Hill, New York, NY 796-846
3. Kotagal P., Costa M., Wyllie E., et al. Paroxysmal nonepileptic events in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 110 4 (2002) e46
4. DiMario F.J. Breath-holding spells in childhood. Am J Dis Child 146 (1992) 125-131
5. DiMario F.J. Prospective study of children with cyanotic and pallid breath-holding spells. Pediatrics 107 (2001) 2165-2269
6. DiMario F.J. Breath-holding spells in childhood. Curr Probl Pediatr 29 (1999) 277-308
7. Daoud A., Batieha A., Al-Sheyyab M., et al. Effectiveness of iron therapy on breath-holding spells. J Pediatr 130 (1997) 547-550
8. Orii K.E., Kato Z., Osamu F., et al. Changes in autonomic nervous system function in patients with breath-holding spells treated with iron. J Child Neurol 17 (2002) 337-340
9. Mattie-Luksic M., Javornisky G., and DiMario F.J. Assessment of stress in mothers of children with severe breath-holding spells. Pediatrics 106 (2000) 1-5
10. Kelly A.M., Porter C.J., McGoon M.D., et al. Breath-holding spells associated with significant bradycardia: Successful treatment with permanent pacemaker implantation. Pediatrics 108 (2001) 698-702
11. DiMario F.J. Breath-holding spells and pacemaker implantation. Pediatrics 108 (2001) 765-766
12. Stephenson J.B.P. Fainting and syncope. In: Bernard M. (Ed). Current Management in Child Neurology. (ed 3). (2005), BC Decker Inc, Hamilton, Ontario 377-384
13. Grubb B.P., Kanjwal Y., and Kosinski D.J. The postural tachycardia syndrome: A concise guide to diagnosis and management. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 (2006) 108-112
14. Horrocks I.A., Nechay A., Stephenson J.B.P., et al. Anoxic-epileptic seizures: Observational study of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes. Arch Dis Child 90 (2005) 1283-1287
15. Sra J.S., Jazayeri M.R., Avitall B., Dhala A., Deshpande S., Blanck Z., and Akhtar M. Comparison of cardiac pacing with drug therapy in the treatment of neurocardiogenic syncope with bradycardia or asystole. NEJM 328 (1993) 1085-1090
16. Evans R.W. Neurologic aspects of hyperventilation syndrome. Semin Neurol 15 (1995) 115-125
17. James A., Soler A., and Weatherall R. Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2005) CD004690
18. Clark D.B., Birmaher B., Axelson D., et al. Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: Open-label, long-term extension to a controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44 (2005) 1263-1270
19. Ramelli G.P., Sozzo A.B., Vella S., et al. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus: An under-recognized, non-epileptic condition. Acta Paediatr 94 (2005) 962-963
20. Shuper A., and Mimouni M. Problems of differentiation between epilepsy and non-epileptic paroxysmal events in the first year of life. Arch Dis Child 73 (1995) 342-344
21. Alfonso I., Papazian O., Aicardi J., et al. A simple maneuver to provoke benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. Pediatrics 96 (1995) 1161-1163
22. Oswald I. Sudden bodily jerks on falling asleep. Brain 82 (1959) 92-103
23. Gall J. Binkie-Flutter. Pediatrics 115 (2005) e367-e9
24. DiMario F.J., and Emery E.S. The natural history of night terrors. Clin Pediatr 26 (1987) 505-511
25. Lask B. Novel and non-toxic treatment for night terrors. BMJ 297 (1988) 592
26. Black J.E., Brooks S.N., and Nishino S. Narcolepsy and syndromes of primary excessive daytime somnolence. Semin Neurol 24 (2004) 271-282
27. Thannickal T.C., Moore R.Y., Nienhuis R., et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 27 (2000) 469-474
28. Overeem S., Scammell T.E., and Jan Lammers G. Hypocretin/Orexin and sleep: implications for the pathophysiology and diagnosis of narcolepsy. Curr Opin Neurol 15 (2002) 739-745
29. Gozal D. New concepts in abnormalities of respiratory control in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 16 (2004) 305-308
30. Gaultier C., Amiel J., Dauger S., et al. Genetics and early disturbances of breathing control. Pediatr Res 55 (2004) 729-733
31. Matera I., Bachetti T., Puppo F., et al. PHOX2B mutations and polyalanine expansions correlate with the severity of the respiratory phenotype and associated symptoms in both congenital and late onset central hypoventilation syndrome. J Med Genet 41 (2004) 373-380
32. Brazy E.B., Kinney H.C., and Oakes W.J. Central nervous system structural lesions causing apnea at birth. J Pediatr 111 (1987) 163-167
33. Holmes G.L., Sackellares J.C., McKiernan J., et al. Evaluation of childhood pseudoseizures using EEG telemetry and videotape monitoring. J Pediatr 97 (1980) 554-558
34. Metrick M.E., Ritter F.J., Gates J.R., et al. Nonepileptic events in childhood. Epilepsia 32 (1991) 322-328
35. Inagaki T., Mizuno S., Miyaoki T., et al. Breath-holding spells in somatoform disorder. Int J Psychiatry 34 (2004) 201-205
36. Wood B.L., Haque S., Weinstock A., et al. Pediatric stress-related seizures: Conceptualization, evaluation, and treatment of nonepileptic seizures in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr 16 (2004) 523-531
37. Bhatia M.S., and Sapra S.M.A. Pseudoseizures in children: A profile of 50 cases. Clin Pediatr 44 (2005) 617-621
38. Galvin H.K., Newton A.W., and Vandeven A.M. Update on Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Curr Opin Pediatr 17 (2005) 252-257
39. Sharif I. Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatr Rev 25 (2004) 215-216
40. Schreier H. Munchausen by proxy. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 34 (2004) 126-143
41. Yang M.L., Fullwood E., Goldstein J., et al. Masturbation in infancy and early childhood presenting as a movement disorder: 12 cases and a review of the literature. Pediatrics 116 (2005) 1427-1432
42. Nechay A., Ross L.M., Stephenson J.B.P., et al. Gratification disorder ("infantile masturbation"): A review. Arch Dis Child 89 (2004) 225-226
43. Bednarek N., Arbues A.S., Motte J., et al. Familial rectal pain: a familial autonomic disorder as a cause of paroxysmal attacks in the newborn baby. Epileptic Disord 7 (2005) 360-362
44. Dugan R.E. Familial rectal pain. Lancet 1 (1972) 854
45. Schubert R., and Cracco J. Familial rectal pain: A type of reflex epilepsy?. Ann Neurol 32 (1992) 824-826
46. Lancman M.E., Asconape J.J., Penry K.T., et al. Paroxysmal pain as sole manifestation of seizures. Pediatr Neurol 9 (1993) 404-406
47. Zhou L., Chillag K.L., and Nigro M.A. Hyperekplexia: a treatable neurogenetic disease. Brain Dev 24 (2002) 669-674
48. Tijssen M.A.J., Vergouwe M.N., Gert van Dijk J., et al. Major and minor form of hereditary hyperekplexia. Mov Dis 17 (2002) 826-830
49. Rees M.I., Lewis T.M., Kwok J.B.J., et al. Hyperekplexia associated with compound heterozygote mutations in the beta-subunit of the human inhibitory glycine receptor (GLRB). Hum Mol Genet 11 (2002) 853-860
50. Khasani S., Beker K., and Meinck H.M. Hyperekplexia and stiff-man syndrome: Abnormal brainstem reflexes suggest a physiological relationship. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 (2004) 1265-1269
51. Brown P. Neurophysiology of the startle syndrome and hyperekplexia. In: Fahn S. (Ed). Myoclonus and Paroxysmal Dyskinesias. Advances of Neurology (2002), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 153-159
52. Feng G., Tintrup H., Kirsch J., et al. Dual requirement for gephyrin in glycine receptor clustering and molybdenzyme activity. Science 282 (1998) 1321-1324
53. Macaya A., Brunso L., Fernandez-Castillo N., et al. Molybdenum cofactor deficiency presenting as neonatal hyperekplexia: A clinical, biochemical and genetic study. Neuropediatrics 36 (2005) 389-394
54. Singer H. Movement disorders in children. In: Jankovic J.J., and Tolosa E. (Eds). Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders. (ed 4). (2002), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 451-472
55. Golden G.S. Tourette's syndrome: Recent advances. Pediatr Neurol 2 (1986) 189-192
56. Jancovic J. Tourette's syndrome. NEngl JMed 345 (2001) 1184-1192
57. Lombroso C.T., and Fejerman N. Benign myoclonus of early infancy. Ann Neurol 1 (1977) 138-143
58. Rothwell J.C. Brainstem myoclonus. Clin Neurosci 3 (1995) 214-218
59. Shuper A., Zalberg J., Weitz R., et al. Jitteriness beyond the neonatal period: Abenign pattern of movement in infancy. J Child Neurol 6 (1991) 243-245
60. Vanasse M., Bedard P., and Andermann F. Shuddering attacks in children: An early clinical manifestation of essential tremor. Neurology 26 (1976) 1027-1030
61. Holmes G.L., and Russman B.S. Shuddering attacks. Am J Dis Child 140 (1986) 72-73
62. Kanazawa O. Pediatr Neurology 23 (2000) 421-424
63. DiMario F.J. Childhood head tremor. J Child Neurol 15 (2000) 22-25
64. Wiese J.A., Genfry L.R., and Menezes A.H. Bobble-head doll syndrome: Review of the pathophysiology and CSF dynamics. Pediatr Neurology 1 (1985) 361-366
65. Mussell H.G., Dure L.S., Percy A.K., et al. Bobble-head doll syndrome: Report of a case and review of the literature. Mov Dis 12 (1997) 810-814
66. Gottlob I., Zubcov A., Catalano R.A., et al. Signs distinguishing spasmus nutans (with or without central nervous system lesions) from infantile nystagmus. Opthalmology 97 (1990) 1166-1175
67. Findley L.J., and Koller W.C. Essential tremor: A review. Neurology 37 (1987) 1194-1197
68. Shannon K.M. Chorea. Curr Opin Neurol 9 (1996) 298-302
69. Garvey M.A., and Swedo S.E. Sydenham's chorea. Clinical and therapeutic update. Adv Exp Med Biol 418 (1997) 115-120
70. Church A.J., Cardoso F., Dale R.C., et al. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in acute and persistent Sydenham's chorea. Neurology 59 (2002) 227-231
71. Edwards M.J., Trikouli E., Martino D., et al. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in patients with atypical dystonia and tics. Neurology 63 (2004) 156-158
72. Cervera R., Asherson R.A., Font J., et al. Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine 76 (1997) 203-212
73. Filloux F.M. Neuropatholophysiology of movement disorders in cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol 11 suppl 1 (1996) S5-S12
74. Sugama S., Soeda A., and Eto Y. Magnetic resonance imaging in three children with kernicterus. Pediatr Neurol 25 (2001) 328-331
75. Deonna T., and Martin D. Benign paroxysmal torticollis in infancy. Arch Dis Child 56 (1981) 956-959
76. Koenigsberger M.R., Chutorian A.M., Gold A.P., et al. Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood. Neurology 20 (1970) 1108-1113
77. Segawa M., Hosaka A., Miyagawa F., et al. Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Adv Neurol 14 (1976) 215-233
78. Hyland K., Arnold L.A., and Trugman J.M. Defects of biopterin metabolism and biogenic amine biosynthesis: Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. Adv Neurol 78 (1998) 301-308
79. Nemeth A.H. The genetics of primary dystonias and related disorders. Brain 125 (2002) 695-721
80. Van Hove J.L.K., Steyaert J., Matthijs G., et al. Expanded motor and psychiatric phenotype in autosomal dominant Segawa syndrome due to GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 77 (2006) 18-23
81. Vidailhet M. Paroxysmal dyskinesias as a paradigm of paroxysmal movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 13 (2000) 457-462
82. Bhatia K.P. The paroxysmal dyskinesias. J Neurol 246 (1999) 149-155
83. Kertesz A. Paroxysmal kinesiogenic choreoathetosis. Neurol 17 (1967) 680-690
84. Chattergee A., Louis E.D., and Frucht S. Levetiracetam in the treatment of paroxysmal kinesiogenic choreoathetosis. Mov Dis 17 (2002) 614-615
85. Bressman S.B., Fahn S., and Burke R.E. Paroxysmal non-kinesiogenic choreoathetosis. Adv Neurol 50 (1988) 403-413
86. Godbout R., Montplaisir J., and Rouleau I. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dystonia: Epilepsy or sleep disorder?. Clin Electroencephalogr 16 (1985) 136-142
87. Smith E.A., and Van Houten R. A comparison of the characteristics of self-stimulatory behaviors in "normal" children and children with developmental delays. Res Dev Disabil 17 (1996) 253-268
88. Tan A., Salgado M., and Fahn S. The characterization and outcome of stereotypical movements in nonautistic children. Mov Dis 12 (1997) 47-52
89. Foster L.G. Nervous habits and stereotyped behaviors in preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 37 (1998) 711-717
90. Miller J.M., Singer H.S., Bridges D.D., et al. Behavioral therapy for treatment of stereotypic movements in nonautistic children. J Child Neurol 21 (2006) 119-125
91. Nomura Y., and Segawa M. Characteristics of motor disturbances of the Rett syndrome. Brain Dev 12 (1990) 27-30
92. King N.J., and Sharpley C.F. Headache activity in children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health 26 (1990) 500-554
93. Linet M.S., Stewart W.F., Celentano D.D., et al. An epidemiologic study of headache among adolescents and young adults. JAMA 261 (1989) 2211-2216
94. Sillanpaa M. Prevalence of headache in prepuberty. Headache A23 (1983) 10-14
95. Lewis D.W. Migraine and migraine variants in childhood and adolescence. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2 (1995) 127-143
96. Scheller J.M. The history, epidemiology, and classification of headaches in childhood. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2 (1995) 102-108
97. Andermann F., Aicardi J., and Vigevano F. Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (1995), Raven Press, New York, NY
98. Verret S., and Steele J.C. Alternating hemiplegia in childhood: A report of eight patients with complicated migraine beginning in infancy. Pediatr 47 (1971) 675-680
99. Bourgeois M., Aicardi J., and Goutieres F. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood. J Pediatr 122 (1993) 673-679
100. 123I-iodamphetamine SPECT brain imaging in alternating hemiplegia. Pediatr Neurol 7 (1991) 35-38
101. 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime single-photon emission computed tomography. Ann Neurol 33 (1993) 43-47
102. Siemes H., and Cordes M. Single-photon emission computed tomography investigations of alternating hemiplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 35 (1993) 346-358
103. Rho J.M., and Chugani H.T. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: Insights into its pathophysiology. J Child Neurol 13 (1998) 39-45
104. Arnold D.L., Silver K., and Andermann F. Evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Ann Neurol 33 (1993) 604-607
105. Mikati M., Kramer U., Zupanc M.L., et al. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: Clinical manifestations and long-term outcome. Pediatr Neurol 23 (2000) 134-141
106. Auvin S., Joriot-Chekaf S., Cuvellier J.C., et al. Small vessel abnormalities in alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Neurology 66 (2006) 499-504
107. Mikati M., Maguire H., Barlow C.F., et al. A syndrome of autosomal dominant alternating hemiplegia: Clinical presentation mimicking intractable epilepsy; chromosomal studies; Physiologic investigations. Neurology 42 (1992) 2251-2257
108. Bassi M.T., Bresolin N., Tonelli A., et al. A Novel Mutation in the ATP1A2 gene causes alternating hemiplegia of childhood. J Med Genet 41 (2004) 621-628
109. Swoboda K.J., Kanavakis E., Xaidara A., et al. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood or familial hemiplegic migraine?: A novel ATP1A2 mutation. Ann Neurol 55 (2004) 884-887
110. Vanmolkot K.R.J., Stroink H., Koenderink J.B., et al. Severe episodic neurological deficits and permanent mental retardation in a child with a novel FHM2 ATP1A2 mutation. Ann Neurol 59 (2006) 310-314
111. Chaves-Vischer V., Picard F., Andermann E., et al. Benign nocturnal alternating hemiplegia of childhood: Six patients and long-term follow-up. Neurology 57 (2001) 1491-1493
112. Silver K., and Andermann F. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: A study of 10 patients and results of flunarizine treatment. Neurology 43 (1993) 36-41
113. Sasaki M., Sakuragawa N., and Osawa M. Long-term effect of flunarizine on patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood in Japan. Brain Dev 23 (2001) 303-305
114. Sone K., Oguni H., Katsumori H., et al. Successful trial of amantadine hydrochloride for two patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Neuropediatrics 31 (2000) 307-309
115. Gellis S.S., and Feingold M. Syndrome of hiatus hernia with torsion spasms and abnormal posturing. Am J Dis Child 121 (1971) 43-54
116. Mandel H., Tirosh E., and Berant M. Sandifer syndrome reconsidered. Acta Paediatr Scand 78 (1989) 797-799
117. Denoyelle F., Garabedian E.N., Roger G., and Tashjian G. Laryngeal dyskinesia as a cause of stridor in infants. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122 (1996) 612-616
118. Patterson R., Schatz M., and Horton M. Munchausen's stridor: A nonorganic laryngeal obstruction. Clin Allergy 4 (1974) 307-310
119. Iriarte J., Narbona J., Garcia del Barrio L., et al. Diaphragmatic flutter after spinal cord trauma in a child. Neurol 65 (2005) 1839
120. Larner A.J. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and the description of diaphragmatic flutter (respiratory myoclonus). Mov Disord 20 (2005) 917-918
121. Chen R., Remtulla H., and Bolton C.F. Electrophysiological study of diaphragmatic myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58 (1995) 480-483
122. Riordan L.L., Eavey R.D., and Strieder D.J. Neonatal diaphragmatic flutter. Pediatr Pulmonol 8 (1990) 209-211
123. Adams J.A., Zabaleta I.A., and Sackner M.A. Diaphragmatic flutter in three babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 19 (1995) 312-316
124. Evans O.B. Breath-holding spells. Pediatr Ann 26 (1997) 410-414
125. Elliott F.A. The episodic dyscontrol syndrome and aggression. Neurol Clin 2 (1984) 13-20
126. Herkowitz J. Neurologic presentation of panic disorders in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 28 (1986) 617-623
127. Fernandez-Alvarez E. Transient movement disorders in children. J Neurol 245 (1998) 1-5
128. Ouvrier R.A., and Billson F. Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood. J Child Neurol 3 (1988) 177-180
129. Deonna T.H., Roulet E., and Meyer H.U. Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood. A new syndrome. Neuropediatr 21 (1990) 213-214
130. Ahn J.C., Hoyt W.F., and Hoyt C.S. Tonic upgaze in infancy. Arch Ophthalmol 107 (1989) 57-58
131. Echenne B., and Rivier F. Benign paroxysmal tonic upward gaze. Pediatr Neurol 8 (1992) 154-155
132. Mets M. Tonic upgaze in infancy. Arch Ophthalmol 108 (1990) 482-483
133. Sugie H., Sugie Y., Ito M., et al. A case of paroxysmal tonic upgaze associated with psychomotor retardation. Dev Med Child Neurol 37 (1995) 362-369
134. Campistol J., Prats J.M., and Garaizar C. Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with ataxia. A neuroophthalmological syndrome of familial origin?. Dev Med Child Neurol 35 (1993) 436-439
135. Kleiman M.D., DiMario F.J., Leconche D.A., et al. Benign transient downward gaze in preterm infants. Pediatr Neurol 10 (1994) 313-316
136. Hoyt C.S. Nystagmus and other abnormal ocular movements in children. In: Martyn L.J. (Ed). Pediatric Clinics of North America (1987), Saunders, Philadelphia 1415-1423
137. Hoyt C.S., Mousel D.K., and Weber A.A. Transient supranuclear disturbances of gaze in healthy neonates. Am J Ophthalmol 89 (1980) 708-713
138. Yokochi K. Paroxysmal ocular downward deviation in neurologically impaired infants. Pediatr Neurol 7 (1991) 426-428