Are neurodegenerative disorder and psychotic manifestations avoidable brain dysfunctions with adequate dietary omega-3?

Nutrition and Health

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 203-215

  Saugstad, Letten F ^a  

^a Geilo   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751558427     PISSN: 02601060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026010600601800302     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (73)

1. Arendt, T., Schindler, C., Bruckner, M.K. et al. (1997). Plastic neuronal remodeling is impaired in patients with Alzheimer's disease carrying apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele. J. Neurosci., 17, 516-529.
2. Arendt, T. (2004). Neurodegeneration and plasticity. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 22, 507-514.
3. Benes, F. (1989). Neural Myelination of cortical-hippocampal relays during late adolescence. Schizophr. Bull., 15, 585-93.
4. Bjerve, K.S., Thoresen, L., Løvold, Mostad, I. and Aime, K. (1987). Alpha. Linolenic acid Deficiency in Man: Effect of Essential Fatty Acids on Fatty Acid Composition. Advances in Prostaglandin, Trombantine and Leukotirene Research, 17, 862-965.
5. Bjerve K.S. et al. (1989). N-3 Fatty acid deficiency in man. J. Internal. Med., 225, Suppl. I, 171-175.
6. Brain, Lord (1962). Diseases of the Nervous System. Oxford University Press.
7. Broadhurst, C., Cunnane, Sc. and Crawford, M.A. (1998). Rift Valley Lake Fish and Shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early human. Br. J. Nutr., 79, 3-21.
8. Budowski, P., Hawkey, C.M. and Crawford M.A. (1980). L'effet protecteur de l'acide alpha-linolenique sur l'encephalomalacie chez le poulet. Ann. Nutr. Alim., 34, 389-400.
9. Budowski, P., Leighfield, M.J. and Crawford, M.A. (1987) Nutritional encephalomalacia in the chick: an exposure of the vulnerable period for cerebellar development and the possible need for both w6 and w3 fatty acids. Br. J. Nutr., 58, 511-520.
10. Burchard E.G. (2003) The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice. N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1170-75.
11. Burr, G.O. and Burr, M.M. (1929). A new disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. Biol. Chem., 82, 345-67.
12. Calon, F.. Lim, G.P., Van, F. et al. (2004). Docohexaenoic Acid Protects from Dendritic Pathology in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Neuron., 43, 633-45.
13. Corder, E.H. et al. (1993) Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science, 261, 921-23.
14. Crawford, M.A., Budowski, P., Drury, P., Ghebremeskel, K., Harbige, L., Leighfield, M., Phylactos, A. and Williams, G. (1991) The nutritional contribution to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Nutr. and Health, 7, 61 - 68.
15. Crawford, M.A., Hassam, A.G. and Williams, G. (1976). Essential fatty acids end fetal brain growth. Lancet, I, 452-53.
16. Crawford, M.A., Bloom, M., Broadhurst, Cl. et al. (1999) Evidence for the unique function of DHA during evolution of the modern hominid brain. Lipids, 34, 539-47.
17. Crawford, M.A. and Sinclair, A.J. (1972) Nutritional influences in the evolution of the mammalian brain. In Lipids, malnutrition and the developing brain, 267-292. Elliot, K. and Knight, J. (Eds.). A Ciba Foundation Symposium (19-21 October, 1971). Amsterdam, Elsevier.
18. Davis, K.L., Stewart, D.G., Friedman, J.F. et al. (2003). White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia. Evidence for Myelin-Related Dysfunction, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 60, 443-456.
19. Dory, R.L. (1989). Influence of age and age-related diseases on olfactory function. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 561, 76-86.
20. Esiri, M.M. and Wilcock, G.K. (1984). Olfactory bulb pathology in Parkinson disease. J. Neural. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 47, 556-560.
21. Esiri, M.M., Nagy, S., Smith, M. et al. (1999). Cerebrovascular disease and threshold for dementia in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, The Lancet, 354, 919-920.
22. Esiri, M.M. and Chance, S.A. (2005). Vulnerability to Alzheimer's pathology in neocortex: the roles of plasticity and columnar organization. In print.
23. Evans, D.A.. et al. (2003). Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a biracial urban community relation to apolipoprotein E allele status. Arch. Neural., 60, 186-89.
24. Farrer, L.A. et al. (1997). Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between ethnic variation in E genotype and Alzheimer's Disease. Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA, 278, 1359-56.
25. Fiennes, R.N.T.W., Sinclair, A.J. and Crawford, M.A. (1973). Essential fatty acid studies in primates: linolenic acid requirements of Capuchins. J. Med. Prim. 2, 155-169.
26. Gilad, Y., Man, O., Paabo, S. and Lancet, D. (2003). Human specific loss of olfactory receptor genes. PNAS, 100, 3324-3327.
27. Goldstein, H. (1971). Factors influencing height at 7 year old children. Results of the national child development study, 43, 92-111.
28. Hakak, V., Walker, J.R, Li, C. et al. (2001). Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulations of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. PNAS, 98, 4646-4651.
29. Hardy, A. (1960). Was man more aquatic in the past? New Scientist, 642-45.
30. Hof, P. R., Haroutunian, V., Friedrich, V.L., Jr. et al. (2003). Loss and altered spatial distribution of oligodendrocytes in the superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 553, 1075-85.
31. Holford, P. (2005). Daily Mail 10 May, 37.
32. Horrobin, D.F. and C.N. Bennet (1999). Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids, 60, 217-234.
33. Ikemoto, A., Atsumi, N., Fufukawa, S. et al. (2000). Dietary N-3 fatty acid deficiency decreases nerve growth factor content in rt hippocampus. Neuroscience letters, 285, 998-102.
34. Kessing, L.V. (1998). Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder. Psychol. Med., 28, 1027-1038.
35. Kopala, L., Clark, C. and Hurwitz, T. (1992). Olfactory deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with schizophrenia. Schiz. Res., 8, 245-250.
36. Larkfors, L., Ebendal, T., Whittermore, S.R., Persson, H., Hoffer, B. and Olson, L. (1987). Decreased level of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its messenger RNA in the aged rat brain. Brain Res., 427, 55-60.
37. Leaf, A., Kang, J.X., Xiao, Y-F. et al. (1999). Functional and electrophysiological effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on excitable tissues: heart and brain.
38. Lee, H.G., Casadesus, G., Zhu, X., Takeda, A., Perry, G. and Smith, M.A. (2004) Challenging the amyloid cascade hypothesis: senile plaques and amyloid-beta as protective adaptations to Alzheimer disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 1019, 1-4.
39. Liberini, A., Parola, S., Spano, P.F. and Antowini, L. (2000). Olfaction in Parkinson's disease: methods of assessment and clinical relevance. J. Neurol., 247, 88-96.
40. Mahadik, S.P., Mukherjee, S., Horrobin, D.J. et al. (1996) Plasma membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition from schizophrenic patient's comparison with bipolar patients and normal subjects. Psychiatry Res., 63, 133-42.
41. Martinez, M. and Vazquez, E. (1998) MAI evidence that docohexaenoic acids ethyl esteer improves myelination in generalized paroxysmal disorder. Neurology, 51, 26-32.
42. Marcus, H. (1936). Études sur l'histopathologie de la démence précoce. Dégnérescence myélinique cérébrale multiple. Acta mediacae scandinavica, 87, 117-199,
43. Acta psychiatrica et neurologica, 11, 709-723.
44. Mellor, J.E., Lalughame, J.D.E. and Peet, M. (1995) Schizophrenic symptoms and dietary intake of N-3 fatty acids. Schiz. Res., 18, 855-86.
45. Meltzer, H.Y. (2001) Putting metabolic side effects into perspective. Risk versus benefits in atypical antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 62, suppl. 27, 35-39.
46. Molteni, R., Barnard, J., Yino, Z. et al. (2002). A high fat refined sugar diet reduces hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal plasticity and learning. Neuroscience, 112, 803-814.
47. Morgan, E. (1990) The Scars of Evolution. Souvenir Press, London.
48. Noaghiul, S. and Hibbeln, J.R. (2003) Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry., 160(12), 2222-7.
49. Nores, J.W., Biacabe, B. and Bonfils, P. (2000). Troubles olfactifs dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et dans la maladie de Parkinson. Revue de la littérature. Ann. Med. Interne (Paris), 151, 97-106.
50. Pearson, R.C.A., Esiri, M.M., Hiorns, R.V. et al. (1985). Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer's disease. PNAS. 82, 4531-4534.
51. Portwood, M. (2005) Daily Mail, 10 May, p. 34-37.
52. Salem, N. Jr., Litman, B., Kim, H.Y. and Gewrisch, K. (2001). Mechanisms of Action of Docohexaenoic Acid in the Nervous System. Lipids., 36, 945-959.
53. Saugstad, L.F. and Ødegård Ø. (1979) Mortality in psychiatric hospitals in Norway 1950-74. Acta Psychiat. Scand., 59, 431-47.
54. Saugstad, L.F. and Ødegård, Ø. (1985) Recent rise in supposedly stress dependant causes of death in psychiatric hospitals in Norway indicating "stress" in hospital? Acta Psychiat. Scand., 59, 402-9.
55. Saugstad, L.F. (1989a). Age at puberty and mental illness. Towards a neurodevelopmental aetiology of Kraepelin's endogenous psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 536-544.
56. Saugstad, L.F. (1989b). Social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15(1), 9-43.
57. Saugstad, L.F. (1989c). Mental illness and cognition in relation to age at puberty: a hypothesis. Clin. Genet., 36(3), 156-67. Review.
58. Saugstad, L.F. (1994a). The maturational theory of brain development and cerebral excitability in the multifactorially inherited manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 18(3), December, special issue: Developmental psychophysiology, 189-203.
59. Saugstad, L.F. (1994b). Deviation in cerebral excitability. Possible clinical implications. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 18(3), December, Special issue: Developmental psychophysiology, 205-212.
60. Saugstad, L.F. (1997). Optimal foetal growth in the reduction of learning and behaviour disorder and prevention of sudden infant death (SIDS) after the first month. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 27(2), 107-121.
61. Saugstad, L.F. (2000). Suicide and resilience. The role of mental illness, psychotropic medication and abuse. Editorial in Int. Med. Journal, 7(3), 69-79.
62. Saugstad, L.F. (2001). Manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia are neurological disorders at the extremes of CNS maturation and nutritional disorders associated with a deficit in marine fat. Medical Hypotheses, 57, 679-692.
63. Saugstad, L.F. (2002). Third World Adversity and African Infant Precocity - the Role of Environment. Nutrition and Health, 17, 6-17.
64. Saugstad, L.F. (2004). From superior adaptation and function to brain dysfunction - the neglect of epigenetic factors. Nutrition and Health, 18, 3-27.
65. Saugstad, L.F. (2005). A "new-old" way of thinking about brain disorder, cerebral excitability - the fundamental property of nervous tissue. Medical Hypothesis, 64, 142-150.
66. Stordy, B.J. (1995) Benefit of docohexaenoic acids supplements to dark adaptation in dyslexies. Lancet, 346, 385-6.
67. Tkachev, D., Nimmack, M.K., Ryan, M.M. et al. (2003). Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The Lancet, 362, 798-805.
68. Wazolek, Z.K. and Markopoulou K. (1998). Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neurosci., 5, 94-101.
69. Wu, A., Molteni, R., Ying, Z. et al. (2003) A saturated-fat diet aggravates the outcome of traumatic brain injury on hippocampal plasticity and cognitive function by reducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroscience, 119, 365-375.
70. Ximenes-da-Silva, Lavialle, F., Gendrot, G. et al. (2002) Glucose transport and utilization are altered in the brain of rats deficient in N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Neurochemistry, 81, 1328-1337.
71. Zhang, Zhi-Jun, Zhi-Jian, Yao, Wen, Liu et al. (2004) Effects of antipsychotics on fat deposition and changes in leptin and insulin levels. Brit. J. Psychiatry, 184, 58-62.
72. Zimmer, L., Vancassel, S., Cantagrel, S. et al. (2002) The dopamine mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected by deficiency in N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 662-667.
73. Ødegård, O.E. (1954b). The incidence of mental disease in Norway during World War II. Acta Psychiatr. Neural. Scand., 29, 333-353.