The right to fight: A conceptual framework for the analysis of recruitment policy toward gays and lesbians

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 186-202

  Levy, Yagil ^a  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

Gays' and lesbians' service; Military culture; Military's civilian social roles; Political culture; Recruitment policy

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751409907     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X06287616     Document Type: Article

References (61)

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13. Avant, "From Mercenary to Citizen Armies," 41-72 ; Kier, "Culture and Military Doctrine," 72-73; and Ronald R. Krebs, "One Nation under Arms? Military Participation Policy and the Politics of Identity," Security Studies 14, no. 3 (Spring 2005): 529-64.
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16. Cynthia Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies ( Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980 ).
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21. See Avant, "From Mercenary to Citizen Armies," 48-52.
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23. Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez, and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-cultural Sourcebook (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998). variable 307. The ranking of the states are as follow (the lowest percentage represents the highest level of tolerance): West Germany = 38 percent; Britain and France = 42 percent; Sweden = 45 percent; Spain = 46 percent; Italy = 49 percent; United States = 57 percent; Japan = 61 percent; South Africa = 78 percent; Turkey = 85 percent; Russia = 89 percent (see below clarifications regarding ranking modification). Israel was not included in the 1990 to 1993 survey but was ranked 38 percent in the 2000 survey (BI Cohen Institute for Public Opinion Research, Tel Aviv University). Factoring in the effect of the liberalization that Israel experienced during the 1990s brings Israel's rank to about 50 percent in the early 1990s.
24. United States General Accounting Office (GAO), Homosexuals in the Military: Policies and Practices of Foreign Countries (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1993). 44-50.
25. Leander, "Drafting Community," 583-593.
26. Geoffrey W. Bateman, "Military Culture: European," GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture (2004). http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/military_culture_eur.html (accessed April 2005); and GAO, Homosexuals in the Military, 22-22.
27. Mark McLelland, "Male Homosexuality and Popular Culture in Modern Japan," Intersections 3 (2000). http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/ intersections/issue3/mclelland2.html (accessed May 2005).
28. The International Lesbian and Gay Association, http://www.ilga.info/ Information/Legal_survey/Asia_Pacific/japan.htm (accessed May 2005).
29. GAO, Homosexuals in the Military, 20-25.
30. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Basis of Claims and Background Information on Asylum-Seekers and Refugees from the Russian Federation (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, 2004). 34-35.
31. Aaron Belkind, Gays and Lesbians in the U.S. Military: 64 Points and Counterpoints (Santa Barbara: University of California, Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military, 2003). 16-16.
32. Segal et al., "Homosexuals in Western Armed Forces," 37-37.
33. Allan Berube, Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press, 1990). and Randy Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming: Lesbians and Gays in the U.S. Military, Vietnam to the Persian Gulf (New York: St. Martin's, 1993).
34. Connell, "A Very Straight Gay," 736-736.
35. U.S. Department of Defense, "Enlisted Administrative Separations," Directive No. 1332.14 (28.1.1982).
36. Segal et al., "Homosexuals in Western Armed Forces," 37-37.
37. Newsweek Poll, "Gays under Fire: What America Thinks," September 14, 1992.
38. See Dennis Altman, "What Changed in the Seventies?" in Homosexuality, Power & Politics, ed. Gay Left Collective (London: Alison and Busby, 1980). 52-63.
39. Berube, Coming Out under Fire, 228-279.
40. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992 ).
41. Charles Tilly, "Social Movements and (All Sorts of) Other Political Interactions," Theory and Society 27, no. 4 (August 1998). 453-480.
42. Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760-1914, vol. 2 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 408-409.
43. Avant, "From Mercenary to Citizen Armies," 63-66.
44. Belkin, "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," 110-110.
45. Rand, Sexual Orientation, 99-99.
46. Wilfried Von Bredow, "Conscription, Conscientious Objection, and Civic Service: The Military Institution and Political Culture of Germany, 1945 to the Present," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 20, no. 2 (Fall 1992). 289-303. 47. Rand, Sexual Orientation, 83.
47. Rand, Sexual Orientation, 83-83.
48. GAO, Homosexuals in the Military, 7-9, 33-37.
49. Alex Hunnicutt, "Germany," GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture (2004). http://www.glbtq.com/ social-sciences/germany.html (accessed April 2005).
50. Cristian Berco, "Spain," GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture (2004). http://www.glbtq.com/ social-sciences/spain.html (accessed April 2005).
51. Segal et al., "Homosexuals in Western Armed Forces," 40-40.
52. Miguel Yuste, "Sanchez Silva Comes Out of the Closet," El Pais, September 3, 2000.
53. Aaron Belkin and Melissa Levitt, "Homosexuality and the Israeli Defense Forces: Did Lifting the Gay Ban Undermine Military Performance?" Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 3 (Summer 2001). 541-565.
54. See Danny Kaplan, Brothers and Others in Arms: The Making of Love and War in Israeli Combat Units (Binghamton, NY: Haworth, 2002). and Danny Kaplan and EyaI Ben-Ari, "Brothers and Others in Arms: Managing Gay Identity in Combat Units of the Israeli Army," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 29, no. 4 (August 2000): 396-432.
55. Amit Kama, "From Terra Incognita to Terra Firma," Journal of Homosexuality 38, no. 4 (2000). 133-162.
56. Gershon Shafir and Yoav Peled, Being Israeli: The Dynamic of Multiple Citizenship (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002). 37-155.
57. Levy, "Militarizing Inequality," 890-897.
58. Leander, "Drafting Community," 591-591.
59. Frédéric Martel, The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France Since 1968 ( Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999 ).
60. Bateman, "Military Culture: European," 2-2.
61. On the South African case, see Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan, Society at War: The Militarization of South Africa (New York: St. Martin's, 1989). Moses B. Khanyile, "The Ethnic Factor in the SA National Defence Force: Recruitment Strategies Revisited," Politeia 16, no. 1 (1997): 78-96; Lindy Heinecken, "The Silent Right: Homosexuality and the Military," African Security Review 8, no. 5 (1999); and Noel Stott, "From the SADF to the SANDF: Safeguarding South Africa for a Better Life for All?" Violence and Transition 7 (2002), http://www.csvr.org.za/papers/papvtp7.htm (accessed May 2005).