EMDR and low frequency stimulation of the brain

Traumatology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 9-24

  Rasolkhani Kalhorn, Tasha ^a   Harper, Melvin L ^b  

^a Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Amygdala; Anterior cingulate cortex; Depotentiation; EMDR; Explicit memory; Hippocampus; Long term potentiation; Low frequency stimulation; PTSD

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751349695     PISSN: 15347656     EISSN: 10859373     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/153476560601200102     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Barrowcliff, A.L., Gray, N.S., Freeman, T.C.A., & MacCulloch, M.J. (2004). Eye-movements reduce the vividness, emotional valence and electrodermal arousal associated with negative autobiographical memories. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 15, 325-345.
2. Bergmann, U.(1998). Speculations on the neurobiology of EMDR. Traumatology, 4 (1), retrieved June 22, 2005, from http://www.fsu.edu/~trauma/art1v4i1.html.
3. Bergmann, U. (2000). Further thoughts on the neurobiology of EMDR: The role of the cerebellum in accelerated information processing. Traumatology, 6, 175-200.
4. Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Grodd, W., & Flor, H. (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archive General Psychiatry, 62, 799-805.
5. Bliss T.V.P. &Collingridge G.L. (1993). A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361 31-39.
6. Bliss T.V.P., & Lomo, T.J. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal Physiology London, 232, 331-356.
7. Bristow, D., Haynes J.D., Sylvester R., Frith C.G., & Rees, G. (2005). Vision: in the blink of an eye. Current Biology, 15, 1296-1300.
8. Cardin, J.A.,& Abel, T. (1999). Memory suppressor genes: Enhancing the relationship between synaptic plasticity and memory storage. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 59, 10-23.
9. Christie, B.R., Franks, K.M., Seamans, J.K., Saga, K., & Sejnowski, T.J. (2000). Synaptic plasticity in morphologically identified CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons and giant projection cells. Hippocampus, 10, 673-683.
10. Christman, S.D., Gravery, K.J., Propper, R.E., & Phaneuf, K.A. (2003). Bilateral eye movements enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Neuropsychology, 17, 221-229.
11. Christman, S.D., & Propper, R.E. (2001). Superior episodic memory is associated with interhemispheric processing. Neuropsychology, 15, 607-616.
12. Corrigan, F.M. (2002). Mindfulness, dissociation, EMDR and the anterior cingulate cortex: A hypothesis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 19, 8-17.
13. Devinsky, O., Morrell, M.J., & Vogt, B.A. (1995). Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain, 118, 279-306.
14. Diamond, D.M., Park, C.R., & Woodson, J.C. (2004). Stress generates emotional memories and retrograde amnesia by inducing an endogenous form of hippocampal LTP. Hippocampus, 14, 281-291.
15. Exner, C., Koschack, J., & Irle, E. (2002). The differential role of premotor frontal cortex and basal ganglia in motor sequence learning: Evidence from focal basal ganglia lesions. Learning and Memory, 9, 376-386.
16. Gallagher, M., & Chiba, A.A. (1996). The amygdala and emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6, 221-227.
17. Geinisman, Y. (2000). Structural synaptic modifications associated with hippocampal LTP and behavioral learning. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 952-962.
18. Guimaraes, F.S., Del Bel, E.A., Padovan, C.M., Mendonça Netto, S., & Titze de Almeida, R. (1993). Hippocampal 5-HT receptors and consolidation of stressful memories. Behavioral Brain Research, 58, 133-139.
19. Hamner, M.B., Lorberbaum, J.P., & George, M.S. (1999). Potential role of the anterior cingulate cortex in PTSD: Review and hypothesis. Depression and Anxiety, 9, 1-14.
20. Hartung, J.G., & Galvin, M.D. (2003). Energy psychology and EMDR: Combining forces to optimize treatment. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
21. Hölscher, C., Anwyl, R., & Rowan, M.J. (1997). Stimulation on the positive phase of hippocampal theta rhythm induces long-term potentiation that can be depotentiated by stimulation on the negative phase in area CA1 in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 6470-6477.
22. Huang, C.C., Liang, Y.C., & Hsu, K.S. (2001). Characterization of the mechanism underlying the reversal of long-term potentiation by low frequency stimulation at hippocampal CA1 synapses. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 48108-48117.
23. Huang, C.C., & Hsu, K.S. (2004). Local protein synthesis and GABAB receptors regulate the reversibility of long-term potentiation at murine hippocampal mossy fibre-CA3 synapses. Journal of Physiology, 561, 91-108
24. Huerta, P, & Lisman, J. (1996). Low-frequency stimulation at the troughs of theta oscillation induces long-term depression of previously potentiated CA1 synapses. Journal of Neurophysiology, 75, 877-884.
25. Iidaka, T., Terashima, S., Yamashita, K., Okada, T., Sadato, N., & Yonekura, Y. (2003). Dissociable neural responses in the hippocampus to the retrieval of facial identity and emotion: An event-related fMRI study. Hippocampus, 13, 429-436.
26. Kimura, A., & Pavlides, C. (2000). Long-term potentiation/depotentiation are accompanied by complex changes in spontaneous unit activity in the hippocampus. Journal of Neurophysiology, 84, 1894-1906.
27. Kulla, A., & Manahan-Vaughan, D. (2000). Depotentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats is modulated by D1/D5 dopamine receptors. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 614-620.
28. Kolb, B.V., & Whishaw, I.Q. (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
29. LeDoux, J.E. (1993). Emotional memory systems in the brain. Behavioral Brain Research, 58, 69-79.
30. LeDoux, J.E. (2002). Synaptic self: How our brains become who we are. New York: Viking Press, Penguin Books.
31. Lin, C.H., Lee, C.C., & Gean, P.W. (2003). Involvement of a calcineurin cascade in amygdala depotentiation and quenching of fear memory. Molecular Pharmacology, 63, 44-52.
32. Linden, D.J. (1994). Long-term synaptic depression in the mammalian brain. Neuron, 12, 457-472.
33. MacCulloch, M.J., & Feldman, P. (1996). Eye movement desensitisation treatment utilizes the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex to inhibit the memories of posttraumatic stress disorder: a theoretical analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 571-579.
34. McKernan, M.G., & Shinnick-Gallagher, P. (1997). Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vitro. Nature, 390, 607-611.
35. Maguire, E.A., Mummery C.J., & Büchel, C. (2000). Patterns of hippocampal-cortical interaction dissociate temporal lobe memory subsystems. Hippocampus, 10, 475-482.
36. Marburg, M. (1997). The psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder: An overview. Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences, 821, 352-358.
37. Marcus, S., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy, 34, 307-315.
38. Meeter, M., Murre, J.M.J., & Talamini, L.M. (2004). Mode shifting between storage and recall based on novelty detection in oscillating hippocampal circuits. Hippocampus, 14, 722-741.
39. Nader, K., Schafe, G.E., & LeDoux, J.E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406, 722-726.
40. Perkins, B.R., & Rouanzoin, C.C. (2002). A critical evaluation of current views regarding eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Clarifying points of confusion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 77-97.
41. Runyan, J.D., & Dash, P.K. (2004). Inhibition of hippocampal protein synthesis following recall disrupts expression of episodic-like memory in trace conditioning. Hippocampus, Early View published online November 2004. Abstract retrieved February 28, 2005, from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109746725/ABSTRACT
42. Sara, S.J. (2000). Retrieval and reconsolidation: Toward a neurobiology of remembering. Learning and Memory, 7, 73-84.
43. Schore, A.N. (2002). Dysregulation of the right brain: A fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psychopathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 9-30. Retrieved February 28, 2005, from http://www.agsp.de/UB_Veroffentlichungen/Aufsatze/Aufsatz_33/aufsatz_33.html
44. Shapiro, F. (1989). Eye movements desensitization: A new treatment for post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychology, 20, 211-217.
45. Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
46. Silver, S.M., & Rogers, S. (2002). Light in the heart of darkness: EMDR & the treatment of war and terrorism survivors. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
47. Spector, J., & Read, J. (1999). The current status of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6, 165-174.
48. Spielberg, S. (Producer), Sonnenfeld, B. (Director), & Solomon, E. (Writer). (1997). Men in black [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures Corp.
49. Stickgold, R. (2002). EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 61-75
50. Szapiro, G, Vianna, M.R.M., McGaugh, J.L., Medina, J.H., & Izquierdo, I. (2003). The role of NMDA glutamate receptors, PKA, MAPK, and CAMKII in the hippocampus in modification of conditioned fear. Hippocampus, 13, 53-58.
51. van der Kolk, B.A. (1996). Trauma and memory. In B. A. van der Kolk, A.C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic Stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (pp. 279-302). New York: The Guilford Press.
52. van der Kolk, B.A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma. In Solomon, M.F., & Siegle, D.J. (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 168-195). New York: W. W. Norton.
53. van der Kolk, B.A., & Fisler, R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Retrieved February 28, 2005, from http://www.trauma-pages.com/vanderk2.htm.
54. Wagner, J.J., & Alger, B.E. (1996). Homosynaptic LTD and depotentiation: Do they differ in name only? Hippocampus, 6, 24-29.
55. Wilson, S.A., Becker, L.A., & Tinker, R.H. (1997). Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for PTSD and psychological trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 1047-1056.
56. Xu, L, Holscher, C., Anwyl, R., & Rowan, M.J. (1998). Glucocorticoid receptor and protein/RNA synthesis-dependent mechanisms underlie the control of synaptic plasticity by stress. Neurobiology, 95, 3204-3208.