Trauma: Physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 253-263

  Muir, William ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Hemorrhage; Microcirculatory blood flow; Pain; Stress; Tissue oxygenation; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33751331678     PISSN: 14793261     EISSN: 14764431     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00185.x     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Foex BA. Systemic responses to trauma. Br Med J 1999; 55(4):726-743.
2. Hassoun HT, Kone BC, Mercer DW, et al. Post-injury multiple organ failure: the role of the gut. Shock 2001; 15:1-10.
3. Gando S. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in trauma patients. Semin Throm Hemost 2001; 27:585-592.
4. Goris RJA. Pathophysiology of shock in trauma. Eur J Surg 2000; 166:100-111.
5. Tsuei BJ, Kearney PA. Hypothermia in the trauma patient. Injury 2004; 35:7-15.
6. Yao Y-M, Redl H, Bahrami S, et al. The inflammatory basis of trauma/shock-associated multiple organ failure. Inflamm Res 1998; 47:201-210.
7. Trunkey DD. Trauma. Sci Am 1983; 249:28-35.
8. Lowe DK, Gately HL, Goss JR, et al. Patterns of death, complication, and error in the management of motor vehicle accident victims: implications for a regional system of trauma care. J Trauma 1983; 23:503-509.
9. Vallet B, Tavernier B, Lund N. Assessment of tissue oxygenation in critically ill. Eur J Anesth 2000; 17:221-229.
10. Pinsky MR. Regional blood flow distribution, In: Pinsky MR, Dhainaur JF, Artigas A. eds. The Splanchnic Circulation: No Longer a Silent Partner. New York: Springer; 1995, pp. 1-13.
11. Replogle RL, Kundler H, Gross RE. Studies on the hemodynamic importance of blood viscosity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1965; 50(5):658-670.
12. Tsai AG, Intaglietta M. Hogh viscosity plasma expanders: volume restitution fluids for lowering the transfusion trigger. Biorheology 2001; 38:229-237.
13. Mesmmer K. Hemodilution. Surg Clins North Am 1975; 55:659-678.
14. Intaglietta M, Johnson PC, Winslow RM. Microvascular and tissue oxygen distribution. Cardiovasc Res 1996; 32:632-643.
15. Vallet B. Vascular reactivity and tissue oxygenation. Int Care Med 1998; 24:3-11.
16. Hutter J, Habler O, Kleen M, et al. Effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution of distribution of blood flow and tissue oxygenation in dog skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86:860-866.
17. 2 delivery, and tissue wellness, In: Pinsky MR, Dhainut JF. eds. Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care. Baltimore, MD: Wilkins; 1993, pp. 119-139.
18. 2 and pH in anesthetized dogs during progressive hemorrhage. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:269-275.
19. 2. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68:833-842.
20. Abramson D, Scalea TM, Hitchcock R, et al. Lactate clearance and survival following injury. J Trauma 1993; 35:584-588.
21. Bowies SA, Schlichtig R, Kramer DJ, et al. Arteriovenous pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide detect critical oxygen delivery during progressive hemorrhage in dogs. J Crit Care 1992; 7:95-105.
22. Dunham CM, Siegel JH, Weireter L, et al. Oxygen debt and metabolic academia as quantitative predictors of mortality and severity of the ischemic insult in hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:231-243.
23. Vincent JL. End-points of resuscitation: arterial blood pressure, oxygen delivery, blood lactate or . . .? Intensive Care Med 1996; 22:3-5.
24. Menger MD. Microcirculatory disturbances secondary to ischemia-reperfusion. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:2863-2865.
25. Nolte D, Zeintl H, Steinbauer M, et al. Functional capillary density: an indicator of tissue perfusion? Int J Microcirc 1995; 15:244-249.
26. Tsai AG, Johnson PC, Intaglietta M. Oxygen gradients in the microcirculation. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:933-963.
27. Granger HJ, Goodman AH, Cook BH. Metabolic models of microcirculatory regulation. Fed Proc 1975; 34:2025-2030.
28. Pohl U. Endothelial cells as art of a vascular oxygen-sensing system: hypoxia-induced release of autacoids. Experientia 1990; 46:1175-1179.
29. Ince C, Sinaasappel M. Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting is sepsis and shock. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1369-1377.
30. De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Intestinal permeability and systemic infections in critically ill patients: effect of glutamine. Crit Care Med 2005; 33(5):1125-1135.
31. 2 in endotoxemic dogs during shock and resuscitation. J Appl Physiol 1994; 76:793-800.
32. Vallet B. Endothelial cell dysfunction and abnormal tissue perfusion. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:S229-S234.
33. Foëx BA, Kirkman E, Little RA. Injury (nociceptive afferent nerve stimulation) modifies the hemodynamic and metabolic response to hemorrhage in immature swine. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:740-746.
34. Moore FA, McKinley BA, Moore EE. The next generation in shock resuscitation. Lancet 2004; 363:1988-1996.
35. Capone AC, Safar P, Stezoski W, et al. Improved outcome with fluid restriction in treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 180:49-56.
36. Kowalenko T, Stern S, Dronen S, et al. Improved outcome with hypotensive resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in a swine model. J Truama 1992; 33:349-353.
37. Rady MY, Kirkman E, Cranley J, et al. A comparison of the effects of skeletal muscle afferent nerve stimulation on the response to hemorrhage in anesthetized pigs. J Trauma 1993; 35:756-761.
38. Rady MY. Possible mechanisms for the interaction of peripheral somatic nerve stimulation, tissue injury, and hemorrhage in the pathophysiology of traumatic shock. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:761-765.
39. Rady MY, Kirkman E, Cranley J, et al. Nociceptive somatic nerve stimulation and skeletal muscle injury modify systemic hemodynamics and oxygen transport and utilization after resuscitation from hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:623-630.
40. Akça O, Melischek M, Scheck T, et al. Postoperative pain and subcutaneous oxygen tension. Lancet 1999; 354:41-42.
41. Peng RY, Bongard FS. Hypothermia in trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 188:685-696.
42. Knappe T., Mittimeier T, Eipel C, et al. Effect of systemic hypothermia on local soft tissue trauma-induced microcirculatory and cellular dsyfunstion in mice. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1805-1813.
43. Veldman A, Fischere D. The search for a unified theory of coagulation and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61:2744-2749.
44. Bateman SW, Mathews KA, Abrams-Ogg ACG. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs: review of the literature. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 1998; 8:29-45.
45. Cairns CB. Rude unhinging of the machinery of life: metabolic approaches to hemorrhagic shock. Curr Opin Crit Care 2001; 7:437-443.
46. Miniello S, Testini M, Balzanelli MG, et al. [Coagulation disorders following severe trauma: surgeon's role in prevention]. Ann Ital Chir 2004; 75:293-297.
47. Cairns CB, Moore FA, Haenel JB, et al. Evidence for early supply independent mitochondrial dysfunction in patients developing multiple organ failure after trauma. J Trauma 1997; 42:532-536.