Gallstone disease: primary and secondary prevention

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1063-1073

  Venneman, Niels G ^a   van Erpecum, Karel J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

acute cholecystitis; acute pancreatitis; choledocholithiasis; gallbladder; gallstone; prevention; UDCA

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CHOLESTEROL; NIFEDIPINE; NITRATE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; VERAPAMIL;

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ARTICLE; BILIARY COLIC; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CHOLELITHIASIS; CHOLESTEROL STONE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMON BILE DUCT STONE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DIET RESTRICTION; GALLSTONE FORMATION; HEALTH CARE COST; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

CHOLAGOGUES AND CHOLERETICS; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CHOLECYSTITIS, ACUTE; CHOLESTEROL; DIET; FEMALE; GALLSTONES; HUMANS; MALE; PANCREATITIS; RISK FACTORS; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 33751273968     PISSN: 15216918     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2006.03.008     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Prevalence of gallstone disease in an Italian adult female population. Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO). Am J Epidemiol 119 (1984) 796-805
2. The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy. Part I. Prevalence data in men. The Rome Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO). Hepatology 8 (1988) 904-906
3. Barbara L., Sama C., Morselli Labate A.M., et al. A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study. Hepatology 7 (1987) 913-917
4. Jorgensen T., Kay L., and Schultz-Larsen K. The epidemiology of gallstones in a 70-year-old Danish population. Scand J Gastroenterol 25 (1990) 335-340
5. Nakeeb A., Comuzzie A.G., Martin L., et al. Gallstones: genetics versus environment. Ann Surg 235 (2002) 842-849
6. Martinez de P.C., Carballo F., Horcajo P., et al. Prevalence and associated factors for gallstone disease: results of a population survey in Spain. J Clin Epidemiol 50 (1997) 1347-1355
7. Jorgensen T. Prevalence of gallstones in a Danish population. Am J Epidemiol 126 (1987) 912-921
8. Hopper K.D., Landis J.R., Meilstrup J.W., et al. The prevalence of asymptomatic gallstones in the general population. Invest Radiol 26 (1991) 939-945
9. Caroli-Bosc F.X., Deveau C., Harris A., et al. Prevalence of cholelithiasis: results of an epidemiologic investigation in Vidauban, southeast France. General practitioner's group of Vidauban. Dig Dis Sci 44 (1999) 1322-1329
10. Chapman B.A., Wilson I.R., Frampton C.M., et al. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in diabetes mellitus. Dig Dis Sci 41 (1996) 2222-2228
11. Lapidus A., Bangstad M., Astrom M., et al. The prevalence of gallstone disease in a defined cohort of patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 94 (1999) 1261-1266
12. Apstein M.D., and Dalecki-Chipperfield K. Spinal cord injury is a risk factor for gallstone disease. Gastroenterology 92 (1987) 966-968
13. Bolondi L., Gaiani S., Testa S., et al. Gall bladder sludge formation during prolonged fasting after gastrointestinal tract surgery. Gut 26 (1985) 734-738
14. Roslyn J.J., Pitt H.A., Mann L.L., et al. Gallbladder disease in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 84 (1983) 148-154
15. Plockinger U., Dienemann D., and Quabbe H.J. Gastrointestinal side-effects of octreotide during long-term treatment of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71 (1990) 1658-1662
16. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/levels_of_evidence.asp
17. Hofmann A.F. Primary and secondary prevention of gallstone disease: implications for patient management and research priorities. Am J Surg 165 (1993) 541-548
18. Ortega R.M., Fernandez-Azuela M., Encinas-Sotillos A., et al. Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls. J Am Coll Nutr 16 (1997) 88-95
19. Tsai C.J., Leitzmann M.F., Willett W.C., et al. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004) 1364-1370
20. Caroli-Bosc F.X., Deveau C., Peten E.P., et al. Cholelithiasis and dietary risk factors: an epidemiologic investigation in Vidauban, Southeast France. General Practitioner's Group of Vidauban. Dig Dis Sci 43 (1998) 2131-2137
21. Tsai C.J., Leitzmann M.F., Willett W.C., et al. The effect of long-term intake of cis unsaturated fats on the risk for gallstone disease in men: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 141 (2004) 514-522
22. Tsai C.J., Leitzmann M.F., Willett W.C., et al. Long-term intake of trans-fatty acids and risk of gallstone disease in men. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005) 1011-1015
23. Tsai C.J., Leitzmann M.F., Hu F.B., et al. A prospective cohort study of nut consumption and the risk of gallstone disease in men. Am J Epidemiol 160 (2004) 961-968
24. Tsai C.J., Leitzmann M.F., Hu F.B., et al. Frequent nut consumption and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Clin Nutr 80 (2004) 76-81
25. Leitzmann M.F., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C., et al. Coffee intake is associated with lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in women. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 1823-1830
26. Leitzmann M.F., Willett W.C., Rimm E.B., et al. A prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. JAMA 281 (1999) 2106-2112
27. Schwesinger W.H., Kurtin W.E., and Johnson R. Alcohol protects against cholesterol gallstone formation. Ann Surg 207 (1988) 641-647
28. Kratzer W., Kachele V., Mason R.A., et al. Gallstone prevalence in relation to smoking, alcohol, coffee consumption, and nutrition. The Ulm Gallstone study. Scand J Gastroenterol 32 (1997) 953-958
29. Leitzmann M.F., Giovannucci E.L., Stampfer M.J., et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23 (1999) 835-841
30. Leitzmann M.F., Giovannucci E.L., Rimm E.B., et al. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Ann Intern Med 128 (1998) 417-425
31. Leitzmann M.F., Rimm E.B., Willett W.C., et al. Recreational physical activity and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 777-784
32. Chuang C.Z., Martin L.F., LeGardeur B.Y., et al. Physical activity, biliary lipids, and gallstones in obese subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 1860-1865
33. Storti K.L., Brach J.S., FitzGerald S.J., et al. Physical activity and decreased risk of clinical gallstone disease among post-menopausal women. Prev Med 41 (2005) 772-777
34. Apstein M.D., and Carey M.C. Pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones: a parsimonious hypothesis. Eur J Clin Invest 26 (1996) 343-352
35. Luiking Y., Weusten B., Portincasa P., et al. Effects of long-term oral l-arginine on esophageal motility and gallbladder dynamics in healthy humans. Am J Physiol 274 (1998) G984-G991
36. Luman W., Ardill J., Armstrong E., et al. Nitric oxide and gallbladder motor function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 12 (1998) 425-432
37. Jonderko K., Nowak A., Kasicka-Jonderko A., et al. Effect of nifedipine on interdigestive gallbladder volume and postprandial gallbladder emptying in man. Dig Dis Sci 36 (1991) 1434-1440
38. Thimister P., Hopman W., van Roermund R., et al. Inhibition of pancreaticobiliary secretion by loperamide in humans. Hepatology 26 (1997) 256-261
39. Weinsier R.L., Wilson L.J., and Lee J. Medically safe rate of weight loss for the treatment of obesity: a guideline based on risk of gallstone formation. Am J Med 98 (1995) 115-117
40. Heshka S., Spitz A., Nunez C., et al. Obesity and risk of gallstone development on a 1200 kcal/d (5025 Kj/d) regular food diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20 (1996) 450-454
41. Al-Jiffry B.O., Shaffer E.A., Saccone G.T., et al. Changes in gallbladder motility and gallstone formation following laparoscopic gastric banding for morbid obestity. Can J Gastroenterol 17 (2003) 169-174
42. Festi D., Colecchia A., Orsini M., et al. Gallbladder motility and gallstone formation in obese patients following very low calorie diets. Use it (fat) to lose it (well). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22 (1998) 592-600
43. Mendez-Sanchez N., Gonzalez V., Aguayo P., et al. Fish oil (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids beneficially affect biliary cholesterol nucleation time in obese women losing weight. J Nutr 131 (2001) 2300-2303
44. Broomfield P.H., Chopra R., Sheinbaum R.C., et al. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and aspirin on the formation of lithogenic bile and gallstones during loss of weight. N Engl J Med 319 (1988) 1567-1572
45. Wudel Jr. L.J., Wright J.K., Debelak J.P., et al. Prevention of gallstone formation in morbidly obese patients undergoing rapid weight loss: results of a randomized controlled pilot study. J Surg Res 102 (2002) 50-56
46. Williams C., Gowan R., and Perey B.J. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention of gallstones during weight loss after vertical banded gastroplasty. Obes Surg 3 (1993) 257-259
47. Worobetz L.J., Inglis F.G., and Shaffer E.A. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on gallstone formation in the morbidly obese during rapid weight loss. Am J Gastroenterol 88 (1993) 1705-1710
48. Sugerman H.J., Brewer W.H., Shiffman M.L., et al. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, prospective trial of prophylactic ursodiol for the prevention of gallstone formation following gastric-bypass-induced rapid weight loss. Am J Surg 169 (1995) 91-96
49. Shiffman M.L., Kaplan G.D., Brinkman-Kaplan V., et al. Prophylaxis against gallstone formation with ursodeoxycholic acid in patients participating in a very-low-calorie diet program. Ann Intern Med 122 (1995) 899-905
50. Miller K., Hell E., Lang B., et al. Gallstone formation prophylaxis after gastric restrictive procedures for weight loss: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann Surg 238 (2003) 697-702
51. Sitzmann J.V., Pitt H.A., Steinborn P.A., et al. Cholecystokinin prevents parenteral nutrition induced biliary sludge in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170 (1990) 25-31
52. Wu Z.S., Yu L., Lin Y.J., et al. Rapid intravenous administration of amino acids prevents biliary sludge induced by total parenteral nutrition in humans. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 7 (2000) 504-509
53. Roti E., Minelli R., Gardini E., et al. Chronic treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue in a patient with intestinal carcinoid tumor: occurrence of cholelithiasis. J Endocrinol Invest 13 (1990) 69-72
54. Page M.D., Millward M.E., Taylor A., et al. Long-term treatment of acromegaly with a long-acting analogue of somatostatin, octreotide. Q J Med 74 (1990) 189-201
55. Moschetta A., Stolk M.F., Rehfeld J.F., et al. Severe impairment of postprandial cholecystokinin release and gall-bladder emptying and high risk of gallstone formation in acromegalic patients during Sandostatin LAR. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15 (2001) 181-185
56. Caron P., Morange-Ramos I., Cogne M., et al. Three year follow-up of acromegalic patients treated with intramuscular slow-release lanreotide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997) 18-22
57. Avila N.A., Shawker T.H., Roach P., et al. Sonography of gallbladder abnormalities in acromegaly patients following octreotide and ursodiol therapy: incidence and time course. J Clin Ultrasound 26 (1998) 289-294
58. Montini M., Gianola D., Pagani M.D., et al. Cholelithiasis and acromegaly: therapeutic strategies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40 (1994) 401-406
59. Gracie W.A., and Ransohoff D.F. The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med 307 (1982) 798-800
60. Friedman G.D. Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg 165 (1993) 399-404
61. Tomida S., Abei M., Yamaguchi T., et al. Long-term ursodeoxycholic acid therapy is associated with reduced risk of biliary pain and acute cholecystitis in patients with gallbladder stones: a cohort analysis. Hepatology 30 (1999) 6-13
62. Lawrentschuk N., Hewitt P.M., and Pritchard M.G. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: implications of prolonged waiting times for surgery. ANZ J Surg 73 (2003) 890-893
63. Olson D.W., and de G. How long do patients wait for elective general surgery?. Can J Surg 45 (2002) 31-33
64. Rutledge D., Jones D., and Rege R. Consequences of delay in surgical treatment of biliary disease. Am J Surg 180 (2000) 466-469
65. Salman B., Yuksel O., Irkorucu O., et al. Urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best management for biliary colic. A prospective randomized study of 75 cases. Dig Surg 22 (2005) 95-99
66. Tint G.S., Salen G., Colalillo A., et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid: a safe and effective agent for dissolving cholesterol gallstones. Ann Intern Med 97 (1982) 351-356
67. Bachrach W.H., and Hofmann A.F. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholesterol cholelithiasis. Part I. Dig Dis Sci 27 (1982) 737-761
68. Meredith T.J., Williams G.V., Maton P.N., et al. Retrospective comparison of 'Cheno' and 'Urso' in the medical treatment of gallstones. Gut 23 (1982) 382-389
69. Venneman N.G., Besselink M.G.H., Keulemans Y.C.A., et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts no beneficial effects in symptomatic gallstone patients awaiting cholecystectomy. Hepatology 43 (2006) 1276-1283
70. Uhl W., Isenmann R., Curti G., et al. Influence of etiology on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 13 (1996) 335-343
71. Lowenfels A.B., Lankisch P.G., and Maisonneuve P. What is the risk of biliary pancreatitis in patients with gallstones?. Gastroenterology 119 (2000) 879-880
72. Moreau J.A., Zinsmeister A.R., Melton III L.J., et al. Gallstone pancreatitis and the effect of cholecystectomy: a population-based cohort study. Mayo Clin Proc 63 (1988) 466-473
73. Eland I.A., Sturkenboom M.J., Wilson J.H., et al. Incidence and mortality of acute pancreatitis between 1985 and 1995. Scand J Gastroenterol 35 (2000) 1110-1116
74. McSherry C.K., Ferstenberg H., Calhoun W.F., et al. The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg 202 (1985) 59-63
75. Venneman N.G., Renooij W., Rehfeld J.F., et al. Small gallstones, preserved gallbladder motility, and fast crystallization are associated with pancreatitis. Hepatology 41 (2005) 738-746
76. Venneman N.G., Buskens E., Besselink M.G., et al. Small gallstones are associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: potential benefits of prophylactic cholecystectomy?. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 2540-2550
77. van den Berg A.A., van Buul J.D., Ostrow J.D., et al. Measurement of cholesterol gallstone growth in vitro. J Lipid Res 41 (2000) 189-194
78. Venneman N.G., van Kammen M., Renooij W., et al. Effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bile salts on gallstone growth and dissolution in model biles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1686 (2005) 209-219
79. Uomo G., Talamini G., Rabitti P.G., et al. Influence of advanced age and related comorbidity on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 30 (1998) 616-621
80. Halonen K.I., Leppaniemi A.K., Puolakkainen P.A., et al. Severe acute pancreatitis: prognostic factors in 270 consecutive patients. Pancreas 21 (2000) 266-271
81. Fan S.T., Choi T.K., Lai C.S., et al. Influence of age on the mortality from acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 75 (1988) 463-466
82. Kaw M., Al Antably Y., and Kaw P. Management of gallstone pancreatitis: cholecystectomy or ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 56 (2002) 61-65
83. Ros E., Navarro S., Bru C., et al. Occult microlithiasis in 'idiopathic' acute pancreatitis: prevention of relapses by cholecystectomy or ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Gastroenterology 101 (1991) 1701-1709
84. Heaton K.W., Braddon F.E., Mountford R.A., et al. Symptomatic and silent gall stones in the community. Gut 32 (1991) 316-320
85. Goldman G., Kahn P.J., Alon R., et al. Biliary colic treatment and acute cholecystitis prevention by prostaglandin inhibitor. Dig Dis Sci 34 (1989) 809-811
86. Akriviadis E.A., Hatzigavriel M., Kapnias D., et al. Treatment of biliary colic with diclofenac: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 113 (1997) 225-231
87. Al-Waili N., and Saloom K.Y. The analgesic effect of intravenous tenoxicam in symptomatic treatment of biliary colic: a comparison with hyoscine N-butylbromide. Eur J Med Res 3 (1998) 475-479
88. Kumar A., Deed J.S., Bhasin B., et al. Comparison of the effect of diclofenac with hyoscine-n-butylbromide in the symptomatic treatment of acute biliary colic. ANZ J Surg 74 (2004) 573-576
89. Testoni P.A., Caporuscio S., Bagnolo F., et al. Idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis: long-term results after ERCP, endoscopic sphincterotomy, or ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 1702-1707
90. Corfield A.P., Cooper M.J., and Williamson R.C. Acute pancreatitis: a lethal disease of increasing incidence. Gut 26 (1985) 724-729
91. Persson G.E. Expectant management of patients with gallbladder stones diagnosed at planned investigation. A prospective 5- to 7-year follow-up study of 153 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 31 (1996) 191-199
92. Trapnell J.E., and Duncan E.H. Patterns of incidence in acute pancreatitis. Br Med J 2 (1975) 179-183
93. Thomson S.R., Hendry W.S., McFarlane G.A., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 74 (1987) 398-401
94. Chwistek M., Roberts I., and Amoateng-Adjepong Y. Gallstone pancreatitis: a community teaching hospital experience. J Clin Gastroenterol 33 (2001) 41-44
95. Halvorsen F.A., and Ritland S. Acute pancreatitis in Buskerud County, Norway. Incidence and etiology. Scand J Gastroenterol 31 (1996) 411-414