Understanding and assessing school police officers: A conceptual and methodological comment

Journal of Criminal Justice

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 591-604

  Brown, Ben ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT BROWNSVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751119260     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.09.013     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Adcox S. McCrackin steps down as Stratford principal: Pressure over drug raid sparked move. The Post and Courier (2004, January 6) 1A
2. Ahern J.F. Police in trouble: Our frightening crisis in law enforcement (1972), Hawthorn Books, New York
3. Alpert G.P., and Moore M.H. Measuring police performance in the new paradigm of policing. In: Dunham R.G., and Alpert G.P. (Eds). Critical issues in policing: Contemporary readings (1997), Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL 265-281
4. Avon and Somerset Constabulary. What is schools liaison? (2002, May). http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk Retrieved October 15, 2004, from http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk
5. Baer J., and Chambliss W.J. Generating fear: The politics of crime reporting. Crime, Law and Social Change 27 (1997) 87-107
6. Barrios L.C., Baer K., Bennett G., Bergan A., Bryn S., Callaway S., et al. Federal activities addressing violence in schools. Journal of School Health 70 (2000) 119-140
7. Bastian L.D., and Taylor B.M. School crime: A National Crime Victimization Survey report (NCJ 131645) (1991, September), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
8. Becker H. Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance (1973), The Free Press, New York
9. Bedfordshire Police. Operation scorpion (2004, November). http://www.operationscorpion.org.uk Retrieved November 2, 2004, from http://www.operationscorpion.org.uk
10. Beger R.R. Expansion of police power in public schools and the vanishing rights of students. Social Justice 29 (2002) 119-130
11. Benedict W.R., Brown B., and Bower D.J. Perceptions of the police and fear of crime in a rural setting: Utility of a geographically focused survey for police services, planning, and assessment. Criminal Justice Policy Review 11 (2000) 275-298
12. Bittner E. The police on skid row: A study of peace keeping. American Sociological Review 32 (1967) 699-715
13. Bittner E. The functions of the police in modern society (1970), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
14. Black D.J. Production of crime rates. American Sociological Review 35 (1970) 733-748
15. Bowen N.K., and Bowen G.L. Effects of crime and violence in neighborhood and schools on the school behavior and performance of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research 14 (1999) 319-342
16. Bowen G.L., Richman J.M., Brewster A., and Bowen N.K. Sense of school coherence, perceptions of danger at school, and teacher support among youth at risk of school failure. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 15 (1998) 273-286
17. Bowen G.L., and Van Dorn R.A. Community violent crime rates and school danger. Children and Schools 24 (2002) 90-104
18. Braithwaite J. Crime, shame, and reintegration (1989), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
19. Britt D.W., and Tittle C.R. Crime rates and police behavior: A test of two hypotheses. Social Forces 54 (1975) 441-451
20. Brown B. Controlling crime and delinquency in the schools: An exploratory study of student perceptions of school security measures. Journal of School Violence 4 (2005) 105-125
21. Brown B., and Benedict W.R. Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 25 (2002) 543-580
22. Burke S. The advantages of a school resource officer. Law and Order 49 9 (2001, September) 73-75
23. Bursik R.J. Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology 26 (1988) 519-552
24. Chandler K.A., Chapman C.D., Rand M.R., and Taylor B.M. Student's reports of school crime: 1989 and 1995 (NCJ 169607) (1998, March), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
25. Choi T.H. School police. Korea Times (2006, March 20) 8
26. Cox T.C., and Falkenberg S.D. Adolescents' attitudes toward police: An emphasis on interactions between the delinquency measure of alcohol and marijuana, police contacts and attitudes. American Journal of Police 6 (1987) 45-62
27. Coy J.R. Indianapolis Public School Police history (2004). http://www.police.ips.k12.in.US/IPSP+HISTORY/default.aspx Retrieved November 21, 2004, from http://www.police.ips.k12.in.US/IPSP+HISTORY/default.aspx
28. Decker S.H. Increasing school safety through juvenile accountability programs (NCJ 179283) (2000, December), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC
29. DeVoe J.F., Peter K., Kaufman P., Ruddy S.A., Miller A.K., Planty M., et al. Indicators of school crime and safety, 2002 (NCJ 196753) (2002, November), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
30. Duncan O.D. An analysis of the population of the Texas penitentiary from 1906 to 1924. American Journal of Sociology 36 (1931) 770-781
31. DuRant R.H., Kahn J., Beckford P.H., and Woods E.R. The association of weapon carrying and fighting on school property and other health risk and problem behaviors among high school students. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997) 360-366
32. Everett S.A., and Price J.H. Students' perceptions of violence in the public schools: The Metlife Survey. Journal of Adolescent Health 17 (1995) 345-352
33. Felson M.E. Crime and everyday life. 2nd ed. (1998), Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA
34. Fisher B.S., Sloan J.J., Cullen F.T., and Lu C. Crime in the ivory tower: The level and sources of student victimization. Criminology 36 (1998) 671-710
35. Fowler F.J. Survey research methods. 3rd ed. (2002), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
36. Fowler W.J., and Walberg H.J. School size, characteristics, and outcomes. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 13 (1991) 189-202
37. Garcia C.A. School safety technology in America: Current use and perceived effectiveness. Criminal Justice Policy Review 14 (2003) 30-54
38. Girouard C. School resource officer training program (FS 200105) (2001, March), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC
39. Glueck S., and Glueck E. Unraveling juvenile delinquency (1950), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
40. Goggins E.O., Newman I., Waechter D., and Williams B.G. Effectiveness of police in schools: Perceptions of students, teachers, administrators, and police officers. Spectrum: Journal of School Research and Information 12 (1994) 16-22
41. Goldberg D. Crime on campus: How safe are students?. The Washington Post (1997, April 6) R1
42. Gottfredson G.D., and Gottfredson D.C. What schools do to prevent problem behavior and to promote safe environments. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation 12 (2001) 313-344
43. Green D. Training the school resource officer. Law and Order 50 9 (2002, September) 92-96
44. Greene J.R., and Klockars C.B. What police do. In: Klockars C.B., and Mastrofski S.D. (Eds). Thinking about police: Contemporary readings (1991), McGraw Hill, Boston 273-284
45. Griffiths C.T., and Winfree L.T. Attitudes toward the police: A comparison of Canadian and American adolescents. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 6 (1982) 127-141
46. Hanke P.J. Putting school crime into perspective: Self-reported school victimizations of high school seniors. Journal of Criminal Justice 24 (1996) 207-226
47. Hesketh B. The police use of surveys: "Valuable tools or misused distractions?". Police Studies 15 (1992) 55-61
48. Hickman M.J., and Reaves B.A. Local police departments, 1999 (NCJ 186478) (2001, May), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
49. Hickman M.J., and Reaves B.A. Local police departments, 2000 (NCJ 196002) (2003, January), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
50. Hill S.C., and Drolet J.C. School-related violence among high school students in the United States, 1993-1995. Journal of School Health 69 (1999) 264-272
51. Hindelang M.J., Hirschi T., and Weis J.G. Correlates of delinquency: The illusion of discrepancy between self-report and official measures. American Sociological Review 44 (1979) 995-1014
52. Hirschi T. Causes of delinquency (1969), University of California Press, Berkeley
53. Hirschi T., and Gottfredson M. Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology 89 (1983) 552-584
54. Hopkins N. School pupils' perceptions of the police that visit schools: Not all police are "pigs.". Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 4 (1994) 189-207
55. Hopkins N., Hewstone M., and Hantzi A. Police-schools liaison and young people's image of the police: An intervention evaluation. British Journal of Psychology 83 (1992) 203-220
56. Hurst Y.G., and Frank J. How kids view cops: The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice 28 (2000) 189-202
57. Hyman I.A., and Perone D.C. The other side of school violence: Educator policies and practices that may contribute to student misbehavior. Journal of School Psychology 36 (1998) 7-27
58. Jackson A. Police-school resource officers' and students' perception of the police and offending. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 25 (2002) 631-650
59. Johnson I.M. School violence: The effectiveness of a school resource officer program in a southern city. Journal of Criminal Justice 27 (1999) 173-192
60. Kanazawa S., and Still M.C. Why men commit crimes (and why they desist). Sociological Theory 18 (2000) 434-477
61. Kann L., Kinchen S.A., Williams B.I., Ross J.G., Lowry R., Grunbaum J.A., et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States 1999. Journal of School Health 70 (2000) 271-285
62. Kann L., Kinchen S.A., Williams B.I., Ross J.G., Lowry R., Hill C.V., et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States 1997. Journal of School Health 68 (1998) 355-370
63. Kann L., Warren C.W., Harris W.A., Collins J.L., Williams B.I., Ross J.G., et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States 1995. Journal of School Health 66 (1996) 365-377
64. Kelling G.L. Conclusions. The Newark foot patrol experiment (1981), Police Foundation, Washington, DC 111-129
65. Kelling G.L., and Moore M.H. The evolving strategy of policing. In: Kappeler V.E. (Ed). The police and society: Touchstone readings (1999), Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL 2-26
66. Kenney D.J., and Watson S. Crime in the schools: Reducing conflict with student problem solving (NCJ 177618) (1999, July), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC
67. Kitsuse J.I., and Cicourel A.V. A note on the uses of official statistics. Social Problems 11 (1963) 131-139
68. Korean National Police Agency. School police wins top honors in government innovation model reports (2005, October 30). http://www.police.go.kr/eng/index.jsp Retrieved March 1, 2006, from http://www.police.go.kr/eng/index.jsp
69. Korean National Police Agency. Creating a safer school environment (2005, December 31). http://www.police.go.kr/eng/index.jsp Retrieved March 1, 2006, from http://www.police.go.kr/eng/index.jsp
70. Lawrence R. School crime and juvenile justice (1998), Oxford University Press, New York
71. Li S.D. Legal sanctions and youths' status achievement: A longitudinal study. Justice Quarterly 16 (1999) 377-401
72. Loveday B. Managing crime: Police use of crime data as an indicator of effectiveness. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 28 (2000) 215-237
73. Maguire B., Weatherby G.A., and Mathers R.A. Network news coverage of school shootings. Social Science Journal 39 (2002) 465-470
74. Malek M.K., Chang B.H., and Davis T.C. Fighting and weapon carrying among seventh-grade students in Massachusetts and Louisiana. Journal of Adolescent Health 22 (1998) 94-102
75. Manning P.K. The police: Mandate, strategies, and appearances. In: Manning P.K., and Van Maanen J. (Eds). Policing: A view from the street (1978), Goodyear Publishing, Santa Monica, CA 7-31
76. Marenin O. The utility of community needs surveys in community policing. Police Studies 12 (1989) 73-81
77. Martin S.L., Sadowski L.S., Cotten N.U., and McCarraher D.R. Response of African-American adolescents in North Carolina to gun carrying by school mates. Journal of School Health 66 (1996) 23-27
78. Merton R.K. Social theory and social structure (1964), The Free Press of Glencoe, London, England Rev. ed
79. Messerschmidt J.W. Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualization of theory (1993), Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD
80. O'Brien R.M. Police productivity and crime rates: 1973-1992. Criminology 34 (1996) 183-207
81. Pate A.M., Wycoff M.A., Skogan W.G., and Sherman L.W. Reducing fear of crime in Houston and Newark: A summary report (1986), Police Foundation, Washington, DC
82. Peak K., Bradshaw R.V., and Glensor R.W. Improving citizen perceptions of the police: 'Back to the basics' with a community policing strategy. Journal of Criminal Justice 20 (1992) 25-40
83. Pittman R.B., and Haughwout P. Influence of high school size on dropout rate. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 9 (1987) 337-343
84. Reeves S., and Bruce A. Storm swirls around drug sweep: ACLU considers lawsuit after police action at school. The Post and Courier (2003, November 11) 1A
85. Reaves B.A., and Hickman M.J. Sheriffs' offices 1999 (NCJ 186479) (2001, May), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
86. Reaves B.A., and Hickman M.J. Census of state and local law enforcement agencies, 2000 (NCJ 194066) (2002, October), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
87. Robinson D.N. An intellectual history of psychology (1976), Macmillan, New York
88. Roncek D.W., and Lobosco A. The effect of high schools on crime in their neighborhoods. Social Science Quarterly 64 (1983) 598-613
89. Sampson R.J. The community. In: Wilson J.Q., and Petersilia J. (Eds). Crime (1995), Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, San Francisco 193-216
90. Sampson R.J., and Laub J.H. Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life (1993), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
91. Seidman D., and Couzens M. Getting the crime rate down: Political pressure and crime reporting. Law and Society Review 8 (1974) 457-493
92. Selke W.L., and Pepinsky H.E. The politics of police reporting in Indianapolis, 1948-1978. Law and Human Behavior 6 (1982) 327-342
93. Shaw C.R., and McKay H.D. Juvenile delinquency and urban areas (1942), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
94. Sherman L.W. Defiance, deterrence, and irrelevance: A theory of the criminal sanction. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (1993) 445-468
95. Sherman L.W. The police. In: Wilson J.Q., and Petersilia J. (Eds). Crime (1995), Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, San Francisco 327-348
96. Silverman E.B., and Della-Giustina J.A. Urban policing and the fear of crime. Urban Studies 38 (2001) 941-957
97. Skinner B.F. Beyond freedom and dignity (1972), Alfred A. Knopf, New York
98. Sloan J.J., Fisher B.S., and Cullen F.T. Assessing the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990: An analysis of the victim reporting practices of college and university students. Crime and Delinquency 43 (1997) 148-168
99. Small M.L., Jones S.E., Barrios L.C., Crosett L.S., Dahlberg L.L., Albuquerque M.S., et al. School policy and environment: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000. Journal of School Health 71 (2001) 324-334
100. Small M., and Tetrick K.D. School violence: An overview. Juvenile Justice 8 1 (2001, June) 3-12
101. Snyder H.N., and Sickmund M. Children as victims (NCJ 180753) (2000, May), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC
102. Steffensmeir D.J., Allan E.A., Harer M.D., and Streifel C. Age and the distribution of crime. American Journal of Sociology 94 (1989) 803-831
103. Thurman Q.C., and Reisig M.D. Community-oriented research in an era of community policing. American Behavioral Scientist 39 (1996) 570-586
104. Toby J. Crime in American public schools. The Public Interest 58 (1980, Winter) 29-32
105. Toby J. The schools. In: Wilson J.Q., and Petersilia J. (Eds). Crime (1995), Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, San Francisco 141-170
106. Uchida C.D. The development of the American police. In: Dunham R.G., and Alpert G.P. (Eds). Critical issues in policing: Contemporary readings (1997), Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL 18-35
107. U.S. General Accounting Office. Campus crime: Difficulties meeting federal reporting requirements (1997), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
108. Utne M., Pate A., Ferrara A., and Kelling G.L. Effects of experiment on attitudes and victimization. The Newark foot patrol experiment (1981), Police Foundation, Washington, DC 51-89
109. Walker S. Sense and nonsense about crime and drugs. 5th ed. (2001), Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
110. Weisel D. Conducting community surveys: A practical guide for law enforcement (NCJ 178246) (1999, October), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC
111. Welsh W.N., Stokes R., and Greene J.R. A macro-level model of school disorder. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 37 (2000) 243-283
112. Wilcox P., and Clayton R.R. A multilevel analysis of school-based weapon possession. Justice Quarterly 18 (2001) 509-539
113. Wilson J.Q., and Kelling G.L. Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly 249 3 (1982, March) 29-38
114. Yell M.L., and Rozalski M.E. Searching for safe schools: Legal issues in the prevention of school violence. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 8 (2000) 187-197
115. New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985).
116. Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1092 (1990).