Measured concentrations of VOCs in several non-residential microenvironments in the United States

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 40, Issue 22, 2006, Pages 6903-6911

  Loh, Miranda M ^a   Houseman, E Andres ^a   Gray, George M ^a   Levy, Jonathan I ^a   Spengler, John D ^a   Bennett, Deborah H ^a,b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; CLIMATOLOGY; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); FORMALDEHYDE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

BOSTON EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IN MICROENVIRONMENTS (BEAM); INDOOR MICROENVIRONMENTS; TRANSPORTATION MICROENVIRONMENTS;

AIR POLLUTION;

ALDEHYDE DERIVATIVE; CHLORINE DERIVATIVE; ETHYLBENZENE; FORMALDEHYDE; STYRENE; TOLUENE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; XYLENE;

AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; CLIMATOLOGY; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); FORMALDEHYDE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

AIR QUALITY; ALDEHYDE; FORMALDEHYDE; HYDROCARBON; INDOOR AIR; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); EXHAUST GAS; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; MICROENVIRONMENT; SEASONAL VARIATION; SMOKING; SUMMER; UNITED STATES; WINTER;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; RESTAURANTS; TRANSPORTATION; UNITED STATES; VOLATILIZATION;

BOSTON; MASSACHUSETTS; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33751106427     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es060197g     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Williams, P. L.; James, R. C.; Roberts, S. M. Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications, 2nd ed.; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York, 2000.
2. Woodruff, T. J.; Caldwell, J.; Cogliano, V. J.; Axelrad, D. A. Estimating cancer risk from outdoor concentrations of hazardous air pollutants in 1990. Environ. Res. 2000, 82 (3), 194-206.
3. Payne-Sturges, D. C.; Burke, T. A.; Breysse, P.; Diener-West, M.; Buckley, T. J. Personal exposure meets risk assessment: A comparison of measured and modeled exposures and risks in an urban community. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112 (5), 589-598.
4. Wallace, L. A.; Pellizzari, E. D.; Hartwell, T. D.; Sparacino, C. M.; Whitmore, R. W.; Sheldon, L.; Zelon, H.; Perritt, R. L. The TEAM study: Personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota. Environ. Res. 1987, 43, 290-307.
5. Clayton, C. A.; Pellizzari, E. D.; Whitmore, R. W.; Perritt, R. L.; Quackenboss, J. J. National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS): Distributions and associations of lead, arsenic and volatile organic compounds in EPA Region 5. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1999, 9, 381-392.
6. Gordon, S.; Callahan, P.; Nishioka, M.; Brinkman, M.; O'Rourke, M.; Lebowitz, M.; Moschandreas, D. Residential environmental measures in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: Preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1999, 9, 456-470.
7. Sax, S. N.; Bennett, D. H.; Chillrud, S. N.; Kinney, P. L.; Spengler, J. D. Differences in source emission rates of volatile organic compounds in inner-city residences of New York city and Los Angeles. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2004, 14 Suppl 1, S95-109.
8. Edwards, R. D.; Jurvelin, J.; Saarela, K.; Jantunen, M. VOC concentrations measured in personal samples and residential indoor, outdoor and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 4531-4543.
9. Edwards, R. D.; Jurvelin, J.; Koistinen, K.; Saarela, K.; Jantunen, M. VOC source identification from personal and residential indoor, outdoor, and workplace microenvironment samples in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 4829-4841.
10. Jurvelin, J.; Edwards, R. D.; Vartiainen, M.; Pasanen, P.; Jantunen, M. Residential indoor, outdoor, and workplace concentrations of carbonyl compounds: Relationships with personal exposure concentrations and correlation with sources. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 560-573.
11. Wallace, L. A.; Pellizzari, E. D.; Hartwell, T. D.; Davis, V.; Michael, L. C.; Whitmore, R. W. The influence of personal activities on exposure to volatile organic compounds. Environ. Res. 1989, 50 (1), 37-55.
12. Ozkaynak, H.; Ryan, P. B.; Wallace, L. A.; Nelson, W. C.; Beher, J. V. Sources and emission rates of organic chemical vapors in homes and buildings. Indoor Air '87: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Institute for Water, Soil, and Air Hygiene, Berlin (West), Germany, 1987. Air Quality and Climate, West Berlin, Germany, 1987.
13. Anderson, M. J.; Miller, S. L.; Milford, J. B. Source apportionment of exposure to toxic volatile organic compounds using positive matrix factorization. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2001, 11 (4), 295-307.
14. Etkin, D. S. Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Environments, Cutter Information Corp: Arlington, MA, 1996.
15. Nazaroff, W. W.; Weschler, C. J. Cleaning products and air fresheners: Exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 30, 2841-2865.
16. Sack, T. M.; Steele, D. H.; Hammerstrom, K. A.; Remmers, J. A survey of household products for volatile organic compounds. Atmos. Environ. 1992, 26A (6), 1063-1070.
17. Tichenor, B. A.; Mason, M. A. Organic emissions from consumer products and building materials to the indoor environment. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1988, 30, 264-268.
18. Wallace, L. A.; Pellizzari, E. D.; Leaderer, B. P.; Zelon, H.; Sheldon, L. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from building materials and consumer products. Atmos. Environ. 1987, 21 (2), 385-393.
19. Kleipeis, N. E.; Nelson, W. C.; Ott, W. R.; Robinson, J. P.; Tsang, A. M.; Switzer, P.; Behar, J. V.; Hern, S. C.; Engelmann, W. H. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2001, 11 (3), 231-252.
20. 2 under different driving conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 964-972.
21. Chan, C. C.; Spengler, J. D.; Ozkaynak, H.; Lefkopoulou, M. Commuter exposures to VOCs in Boston, Massachusetts. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 1991, 41 (12), 1594-1600.
22. Batterman, S. A.; Peng, C.-Y.; Braun, J. Levels and composition of volatile organic compounds on commuting routes in Detroit, Michigan. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 6015-6030.
23. Lawryk, N. J.; Lioy, P. J.; Weisel, C. P. Exposure to volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartment of automobiles during periods of normal and malfunctioning operation. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1995, 5 (4), 511-531.
24. Lawryk, N. J.; Weisel, C. P. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartments of automobiles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30 (3), 810-816.
25. Rodes, C.; Sheldon, L.; Whitaker, D.; Clayton, A.; Fitzgerald, K.; Flanagan, J.; DiGenova, F.; Hering, S.; Frazier, C. Measuring concentrations of selected air pollutants inside California vehicles; Report 95-339; California Air Resources Board, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Sacramento, CA, 1998.
26. Weisel, C. P.; Lawryk, N. J.; Lioy, P. J. Exposure to emissions from gasoline within automobile cabins. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1992, 2, 79-96.
27. Jo, W.; Choi, S. Vehicle occupants' exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds while commuting on an urban-suburban route in Korea. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 749-754.
28. Lau, W.; Chan, L. Commuter exposure to aromatic VOCs in public transportation modes in Hong Kong. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 300, 143-155.
29. Lioy, P. J.; Weisel, C. P.; Jo, W. K.; Pellizzari, E.; Raymer, J. H. Microenvironmental and personal measurements of methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) associated with automobile use activities. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1994, 4 (4), 427-441.
30. Daisey, J. M.; Hodgson, A. T.; Fisk, W. J.; Mendell, M. J.; Ten Brinke, J. Volatile organic compounds in twelve California office buildings: Classes, concentrations, and sources. Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28 (22), 3557-3562.
31. Environmental Health and Engineering. A screening-level ranking of organic chemicals and metals found in indoor air, Report 12278; Environmental Health and Engineering, Inc., Newton, MA, 2002.
32. Sheldon, L. S.; Handy, R.; Hartwell, T.; Whitmore, R. W.; Zelon, H.; Pellizzari, E. D. Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings, Vol I; Report EPA 600/6-88/009a; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 1988.
33. Sheldon, L. S.; Eaton, C.; Hartwell, T. D.; Zelon, H.; Pellizzari, E. D. Indoor Air Quality in Public Buildings, Vol II; Report EPA 600/6-88/009b; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 1988.
34. Lee, S.-C.; Guo, H.; Li, W.-M.; Chan, L.-Y. Inter-comparison of air pollutant concentrations in different indoor environments in Hong Kong. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 1929-1940.
35. Guo, H.; Lee, S. C.; Chan, L. Y.; Li, W. M. Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments. Environ. Res. 2004, 94 (1), 57-66.
36. Kim, Y. M.; Harrad, S.; Harrison, R. M. Concentrations and sources of VOCs in domestic and public microenvironments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 997-1004.
37. Rohlf, F.; Akcakaya, H.; Ferraro, S. Optimizing composite sampling protocols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30 (10), 2899-2905.
38. Lancaster, V.; Keller-McNulty, S. A review of composite sampling methods. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1998, 93 (443), 1216-1230.
39. El-Baz, A.; Nayak, T. K. Efficiency of composite sampling for estimating a lognormal distribution. Environ. Ecol. Stat. 2004, 11 (3), 283-294.
40. Gilks, W. R.; Richardson, S.; Spiegelhalter, D. J. Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice; Chapman and Hall: London, 1996.
41. Gilks, W. R.; Thomas, A.; Spiegelhalter, D. J. A language and program for complex Bayesian modeling. Statistician 1994, 43 (1), 169-177.
42. Spiegelhalter, D. J.; Thomas, A.; Best, N. G.; Lonn, D. Winbugs version 1.4 User Manual. MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK and Imperial College, London, UK.
43. Fitzmaurice, G. M.; Laird, N. M.; Ware, J. H. In Applied Longitudinal Analysis; Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics: Hoboken, NJ, 2004; pp 76-78.
44. Kelly, T. J.; Smith, D. L.; Satola, J. Emission rates of formaldehyde from materials and consumer products found in California homes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33 (1), 81-88.
45. Brown, S. K. Chamber assessment of formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based panels. Indoor Air 1999, 9, 209-215.
46. Morrison, G. C.; Nazaroff, W. W. Ozone interactions with carpet: Secondary emissions of aldehydes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 34 (23), 4963-4968.
47. Reiss, R.; Ryan, P. B.; Koutrakis, P.; Tibbetts, S. J. Ozone reactive chemistry on interior latex paint. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29 (8), 1906-1912.
48. Weschler, C. J.; Hodgson, A. T.; Wolley, J. D. Indoor chemistry: Ozone, volatile organic compounds, and carpets. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26 (12), 2371-2377.
49. Weschler, C. J.; Shields, H. C. Potential reactions among indoor pollutants. Atmos. Environ. 1997, 31 (21), 3487-3495.
50. Tichenor, B. A.; Sparks, L. A.; White, J. B.; Jackson, M. D. Evaluating sources of indoor air pollution. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 1990, 40 (4), 487-492.
51. Knoppel, H.; Schauenburg, H. Screening of household products for the emission of volatile organic-compounds. Environ. Int. 1989, 15 (1-6), 413-418.
52. Destaillats, H.; Lunden, M. M.; Singer, B. C.; Coleman, B. K.; Hodgson, A. T.; Weschler, C. J.; Nazaroff, W. W. Indoor secondary pollutants from household product emissions in the presence of ozone: A bench-scale chamber study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 4421-4428.
53. National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens, 11th ed.; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Washington, DC, 2005.
54. Weisel, C. P.; Chen, W. J. Exposure to chlorination by-products from hot water uses. Risk Anal. 1994, 14 (1), 101-106.
55. Reiss, R.; Ryan, P. B.; Tibbetts, S. J.; Koutrakis, P. Measurement of organic acids, aldehydes, and ketones in residential environments and their relation to ozone. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 1995, 45, 811-822.
56. Salthammer, T.; Fuhrmann, F.; Kaufhold, S.; Meyer, B.; Schwarz, A. Effects of climatic parameters on formaldehyde concentrations in indoor air. Indoor Air 1995, 5 (2), 120-128.
57. Hodgson, A. T.; Daisey, J. M.; Mahanama, K. R. R.; TenBrink, J.; Alevantis, L. E. Use of volatile tracers to determine the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke to concentrations of volatile organic compounds in smoking environments. Environ. Int. 1996, 22 (3), 295-307.
58. Gordon, S. M.; Wallace, L. A.; Brinkman, M. C.; Callahan, P. J.; Kenny, D. V. Volatile organic compounds as breath biomarkers for active and passive smoking. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110 (7), 689-698.
59. Wallace, L.; Pellizzari, E. D.; Hartwell, T. D.; Perritt, R. L.; Ziegenfus, R. Exposures to benzene and other volatile organic compounds from active and passive smoking. Arch. Environ. Health. 1987, 42 (5), 272-279.