Kidney Vacuolar H+-ATPase: Physiology and Regulation

Seminars in Nephrology

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 361-374

  Valles, Patricia ^a   Lapointe, Michael S ^a   Wysocki, Jan ^a   Batlle, Daniel ^a  

^a FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS   (Argentina)

Author keywords

ATP6V0A4 subunit; ATP6V1B1 subunit; distal tubular renal acidosis (dRTA); renal vacuolar H+ ATPase

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; PDZ PROTEIN; PROTON TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; SNARE PROTEIN;

ACID BASE BALANCE; ARTICLE; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL PH; CELL VACUOLE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; ENDOCYTOSIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME REGULATION; HENLE LOOP; HUMAN; KIDNEY ACIDIFYING CAPACITY; KIDNEY COLLECTING TUBULE; KIDNEY CORTEX; KIDNEY DISTAL TUBULE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY MEDULLA; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; KIDNEY TUBULE ACIDOSIS; METABOLIC ALKALOSIS; METABOLIC REGULATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTON TRANSPORT; REGULATORY MECHANISM; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ACIDOSIS, RENAL TUBULAR; ACTINS; ALKALOSIS; ANIMALS; CARRIER PROTEINS; CHLORIDES; ENDOCYTOSIS; HUMANS; KIDNEY TUBULES; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SNARE PROTEINS; TRANSPORT VESICLES; VACUOLAR PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES;

EID: 33751007867     PISSN: 02709295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2006.07.004     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. +)-ATPases-nature's most versatile proton pumps. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3 (2002) 94-103
2. +)-ATPases. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 12951-12954
3. Brown D., and Breton S. Structure, function, and cellular distribution of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (HV ATPase/proton pump). In: Seldin D.W., and Giebisch G. (Eds). The Kidney; Physiology and Pathophysiology (2000), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 171-191
4. Anraku Y., Umemoto N., Hirata R., et al. Genetic and cell biological aspects of the yeast vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 24 (1992) 395-406
5. +-ATPases. J Exp Biol 203 (2000) 71-80
6. + ATPases in regulating cytoplasmic pH and function in murine peritoneal macrophages. J Cell Physiol 157 (1993) 453-460
7. +-ATPase in proximal and distal urinary acidification. J Bioenerg Biomembr 24 (1992) 351-360
8. Trombetta E.S., Ebersold M., Garrett W., et al. Activation of lysosomal function during dendritic cell maturation. Science 299 (2003) 1400-1403
9. Couloigner V., Teixeira M., Hulin P., et al. Effect of locally applied drugs on the pH of luminal fluid in the endolymphatic sac of guinea pig. Am J Physiol 279 (2000) R1695-R1700
10. Ferrary E., and Sterkers O. Mechanisms of endolymph secretion. Kidney Int 53 suppl (1998) S98-S103
11. +-ATPase and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger in guinea pig inner ear. Hear Res 114 (1997) 21-34
12. - transport. Am J Physiol 275 (1998) C1134-C1142
13. Muller V., and Gruber G. ATP synthases. Structure, function and evolution of unique energy converters. Cell Mol Life Sci 60 (2003) 474-494
14. Gruber G., Wieczorek H., Harvey W.R., et al. Structure-function relationships of A-, F- and V-ATPases. J Exp Biol 204 (2001) 2597-2605
15. +-ATPase. Physiol Rev 84 (2004) 1263-1314
16. Nelson N., and Harvey W.R. Vacuolar and plasma membrane proton adenosine-triphosphatases. Physiol Rev 79 (1999) 361-385
17. +-ATPase subunit genes. Mol Cell 12 (2003) 801-803
18. Bowman B.J., and Bowman E.J. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. In: Brambl R., and Marzluf J. (Eds). The Mycota III (1996), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 57-83
19. Liu Q., Leng X.H., Newman P., et al. Site-directed mutagenesis of the yeast V-ATPase A subunit. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 11750-11756
20. MacLeod K.J., Vasilyeva E., Baleja J.D., et al. Mutational analysis of the nucleotide binding sites of the yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase. J Biol Chem 273 (1998) 150-156
21. +)-ATPase from bovine brain clathrin-coated vesicles by modification of a rapidly exchangeable, noncatalytic nucleotide binding site on the B subunit. J Biol Chem 271 (1996) 12775-12782
22. +ATPase from bovine kidney. J Biol Chem 262 (1987) 15780-15789
23. +-ATPase differential expression of two human subunit B isoforms. Biochem J 303 (1994) 191-198
24. +-ATPase 56-kilodalton subunit in renal intercalated cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 (1992) 3541-3545
25. +ATPase is a PDZ domain-binding protein. Colocalization with NHE-RF in renal B-intercalated cells. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 18219-18224
26. Stover E.H., Borthwick K.J., and Bavalia C. Novel ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4 mutations in autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis with new evidence for hearing loss. J Med Genet 39 (2002) 796-803
27. Oka T., Yamamoto R., and Futai M. Multiple genes for vacuolar-type ATPase proteolipids in Caenorhabditis elegans. A new gene, vha-3, has a distinct cell-specific distribution. J Biol Chem 273 (1998) 22570-22576
28. Bowman E.J., Siebers A., and Altendorf K. Bafilomycins a class of inhibitors of membrane ATPases from microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85 (1988) 7972-7976
29. Bowman B.J., and Bowman E.J. Mutations in subunit c of the vacuolar ATPase confer resistance to bafilomycin and identify a conserved antibiotic binding site. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 3965-3972
30. + channel of vacuolar proton pumps. J Biol Chem 269 (1994) 17379-17381
31. Wang Y., Inoue T., and Forgac M. Subunit a of the yeast V-ATPase participates in binding of bafilomycin. J Biol Chem 280 (2005) 40481-40488
32. +-ATPase. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 4795-4803
33. Kawasaki-Nishi S., Nishi T., and Forgac M. Yeast V-ATPase complexes containing different isoforms of the 100-kDa a-subunit differ in coupling efficiency and in vivo dissociation. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 17941-17948
34. Smith A.N., Skaug J., Choate K.A., et al. Mutations in ATP6N1B, encoding a new kidney vacuolar proton pump 116-kD subunit, cause recessive distal renal tubular acidosis with preserved hearing. Nat Genet 26 (2000) 71-75
35. Frattini A., Orchard P.J., Sobacchi C., et al. Defects in TCIRG1 subunit of the vacuolar proton pump are responsible for a subset of human autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Nat Genet 25 (2000) 343-346
36. +-ATPase a-subunit gene. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 42382-42388
37. Leng X.H., Nishi T., and Forgac M. Transmembrane topography of the 100-kDa a subunit (Vph1p) of the yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 14655-14661
38. Nishi T., and Forgac M. Molecular cloning and expression of three isoforms of the 100-kDa a subunit of the mouse vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 6824-6830
39. Smith A.N., Borthwick K.J., and Karet F.E. Molecular cloning and characterization of novel tissue-specific isoforms of the human vacuolar H(+)-ATPase C. G and d subunits, and their evaluation in autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis. Gene 297 (2002) 169-177
40. +-ATPase d2 subunit: molecular characterization, developmental regulation, and localization to specialized proton pumps in kidney and bone. J Am Soc Nephrol 5 (2005) 1245-1256
41. Nishi T., Kawasaki-Nishi S., and Forgac M. Expression and function of the mouse V-ATPase d subunit isoforms. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 46396-46402
42. Wilkens S., and Capaldi R.A. ATP synthase's second stalk comes into focus. Nature 393 (1998) 29
43. Wilkens S., Vasilyeva E., and Forgac M. Structure of the vacuolar ATPase by electron microscopy. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 31804-31810
44. Imamura H., Nakano M., Noji H., et al. Evidence for rotation of V1-ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (2003) 2312-2315
45. Hirata T., Iwamoto-Kihara A., Sun-Wada G.-H., et al. Subunit rotation of vacuolar-type proton pumping ATPase relative rotation of the G and C subunits. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 23714-23719
46. Iwata M., Imamura H., Stambouli E., et al. Crystal structure of a central stalk subunit C and reversible association/dissociation of vacuole-type ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 59-64
47. Curtis K.K., Francis S.A., Oluwatosin Y., et al. Mutational analysis of the subunit C (Vma5p) of the yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 8979-8988
48. Kane P.M. Disassembly and reassembly of the yeast vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in vivo. J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 17025-17032
49. Sumner J.P., Dow J.A., Early F.G., et al. Regulation of plasma membrane V-ATPase activity by dissociation of peripheral subunits. J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 5649-5653
50. Inoue T., and Forgac M. Cysteine-mediated cross-linking indicates that subunit C of the V-ATPase is in close proximity to subunits E and G of the V1 domain and subunit a of the Vo domain. J Biol Chem 280 (1995) 27896-27903
51. 1 sector. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 15449-15457
52. +-ATPase accessory subunit Ac45 in Xenopus pituitary. Eur J Biochem 262 (1999) 484-491
53. +-ATPase are differentially expressed during nephrogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) 3235-3256
54. Hamm L.L., and Alpern R.J. Cellular mechanisms of renal tubular acidification. In: Seldin D.W., and Giebisch G. (Eds). The Kidney Physiology and Pathophysiology. (ed 3). (2000), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1935-1979
55. +-ATPase in renal proximal tubules: Inhibition by N, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, N-ethylmaleimide, and bafilomycin. Kidney Int Suppl 33 (1991) S64-S70
56. Sabolic I., and Burckhardt G. Characteristics of the proton pump in rat renal cortical endocytotic vesicles. Am J Physiol 250 (1986) F817-F826
57. Brown D., Hirsch S., and Gluck S. Localization of a proton-pumping ATPase in rat kidney. J Clin Invest 82 (1988) 2114-2126
58. Paunescu T.G., Da Silva N., Marshansky V., et al. Expression of the 56-kDa B2 subunit isoform of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in proton-secreting cells of the kidney and epididymis. Am J Physiol 287 (2004) C149-C162
59. + ATPases with heterogeneous forms of Mr = 31,000 subunit have different membrane distributions in mammalian kidney. J Biol Chem 267 (1992) 9948-9957
60. Choi J.Y., Shah M., Lee M.G., et al. Novel amiloride-sensitive sodium-dependent proton secretion in the mouse proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 105 (2000) 1141-1146
61. Capasso G., Rizzo M., Pica A., et al. Bicarbonate reabsorption and NHE-3 expression abundance and activity are increased in Henle's loop of remnant rats. Kidney Int 62 (2002) 2126-2135
62. Alper S.L., Stuart-Tilley A.K., Biemesderfer D., et al. Immunolocalization of AE2 anion exchanger in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 273 (1997) F601-F614
63. Bastani B., Purcell H., Hemken P., et al. Expression and distribution of renal vacuolar proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase in response to chronic acid and alkali loads in the rat. J Clin Invest 88 (1991) 126-136
64. +-ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86 (1989) 5429-5433
65. Wall S.M., Hassell K.A., Royaux I.E., et al. Localization of pendrin in mouse kidney. Am J Physiol 284 (2002) F229-F241
66. - transporter superfamily is an apical anion exchanger of beta-intercalated cells in the kidney. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 8180-8189
67. Alper S.L. Genetic diseases of acid-base transporters. Annu Rev Physiol 64 (2002) 899-923
68. 3 loading. Am J Physiol 284 (2003) F584-F593
69. Emmons C. Transport characteristics of the apical anion exchanger of rabbit cortical collecting duct beta-cells. Am J Physiol 276 (1999) F635-F643
70. -/anion exchanger pendrin in mouse kidney by acid-base status. Kidney Int 62 (2002) 2109-2117
71. Royaux I.E., Wall S.M., Karniski L.P., et al. Pendrin, encoded by the Pendred syndrome gene, resides in the apical region of renal intercalated cells and mediates bicarbonate secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (2001) 4221-4226
72. Rillema J.A., and Hill M.A. Prolactin regulation of the pendrin-iodide transporter in the mammary gland. Am J Physiol 284 (2003) E25-E28
73. Wall S.M. Recent advances in our understanding of intercalated cells. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 14 (2005) 480-488
74. + in rat outer medullary collecting duct. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 (2002) 827-835
75. - exchangers Slc26a7 and AE1 in kidney outer medullary collecting duct. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 2002-2011
76. Hamm L.L., and Simon E.E. Roles and mechanisms of urinary buffer excretion. Am J Physiol 253 (1987) F595-F605
77. +-ATPase and bafilomycin-A1-sensitive H-ATPase. Am J Physiol 267 (1994) F450-F458
78. Clapp W.L., Madsen K.M., Verlander J.W., et al. Morphologic heterogeneity along the rat inner medullary collecting duct. Lab Invest 60 (1989) 219-230
79. Marshansky V., and Vinay P. Proton gradient formation in early endosomes from proximal tubules. Biochim Biophys Acta 1284 (1996) 171-180
80. +-ATPase in rat renal proximal tubules. J Membr Biol 126 (1992) 19-26
81. +-ATPase in rat proximal tubular cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 9665-9668
82. -. J Membr Biol 178 (2000) 115-125
83. + secretion by cortical distal tubule. J Membr Biol 157 (1997) 193-201
84. - conductance of mouse kidney cortex brush-border membrane vesicles is not related to CFTR. Pflugers Arch 434 (1997) 575-580
85. Benharouga M., Fritsch J., Banting G., et al. Properties of chloride-conductive pathways in rat kidney cortical and outer-medulla brush-border membranes-inhibition by anti-(cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) mAbs. Eur J Biochem 246 (1997) 367-372
86. Bae H.R., and Verkman A.S. Protein kinase A regulates chloride conductance in endocytic vesicles from proximal tubule. Nature 348 (1990) 637-639
87. Bremser M., Nickel W., Schweikert M., et al. Coupling of coat assembly and vesicle budding to packaging of putative cargo receptors. Cell 96 (1999) 495-506
88. Aniento F., Gu F., Parton R.G., et al. An endosomal beta COP is involved in the pH-dependent formation of transport vesicles destined for late endosomes. J Cell Biol 133 (1996) 29-41
89. Biemesderfer D., Dekan G., Aronson P.S., et al. Assembly of distinctive coated pit and microvillar microdomains in the renal brush border. Am J Physiol 262 (1992) F55-F67
90. Chen Y.A., and Scheller R.H. SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2 (2001) 98-106
91. Fasshauer D., Sutton R.B., Brunger A.T., et al. Conserved structural features of the synaptic fusion complex: SNARE proteins reclassified as q- and r-SNAREs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 15781-15786
92. +-ATPase redistribution to the apical membrane in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct cells. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 26518-26522
93. +-ATPase exocytosis. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 19791-19797
94. 2+-releasing channel. J Cell Biol 162 (2003) 211-222
95. +-ATPase 56-kilodalton subunit in renal intercalated cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 (1992) 3541-3545
96. +-ATPase in bovine tissues. J Biol Chem 267 (1992) 3696-3706
97. +-ATPase subunit are PDZ motifs involved in their interaction. Am J Physiol 284 (2003) C667-C673
98. +-V-ATPase to the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 18499-18505
99. Schwartz G.J., Barasch J., and Al-Awqati Q. Plasticity of functional epithelial polarity. Nature 318 (1985) 368-371
100. Schwartz G.J., Tsuruoka S., Soundarapandian Vijayakumar S., et al. Acid incubation reverses the polarity of intercalated cell transporters, an effect mediated by hensin. Clin Invest 109 (2002) 89-99
101. Takito J., Hikita C., and Al-Awqati Q. Hensin, a new collecting duct protein involved in the in vitro plasticity of intercalated cell polarity. J Clin Invest 98 (1996) 2324-2331
102. Schwartz G.J., and Al-Awqati Q. Role of hensin in mediating the adaptation of the cortical collecting duct to metabolic acidosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 14 (2005) 383-388
103. Schwartz G.J., Tsuruoka S., Vijayakumar S., et al. Acid incubation reverses the polarity of intercalated cell transporters, an effect mediated by hensin. J Clin Invest 109 (2002) 89-99
104. Schwaderer A.L., Vijayakumar S., Al-Awqati Q., et al. Galectin-3 expression is induced in renal beta-intercalated cells during metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 290 (2006) F148-F158
105. --secreting cells in rabbit renal collecting duct in response to an acidic environment. J Cell Biol 109 (1989) 1279-1288
106. Eiam-ong S., Laski M.E., Kurtzman N.A., et al. Effect of respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis on renal transport enzymes. Am J Physiol 267 (1994) F390-F399
107. Tsuruoka S., Kittelberger A.M., and Schwartz G.J. Carbonic anhydrase II and IV mRNA in rabbit nephron segments: Stimulation during metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 274 (1998) F259-F267
108. Brown D., Saolic I., and Gluck S. Colchicine-induced redistribution of proton pumps in kidney epithelial cells. Kidney Int Suppl 33 (1991) S79-S83
109. Khadouri C., Marsy S., Barlet-Bas C., et al. Effect of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on NEM-sensitive ATPase in rat nephron segments. Am J Physiol 262 (1992) F583-F590
110. - cotransporter (NBC-1). Am J Physiol 279 (2000) F532-F543
111. Elger M., Bankir L., and Kriz W. Morphometric analysis of kidney hypertrophy in rats after chronic potassium depletion. Am J Physiol 262 (1992) F656-F667
112. +-ATPase. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 (1999) 1435-1440
113. Allen A.M., Zhuo J., and Mendelsohn F.A. Localization and function of angiotensin AT1 receptors. Am J Hypertens 13 (2000) 31S-38S
114. 1 angiotensin II receptors. Am J Physiol 271 (1996) F1147-F1157
115. Navar L.G., Harrison-Bernard L.M., Wang C.T., et al. Concentrations and actions of intraluminal angiotensin II. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (1999) S189-S195
116. Wang T., and Giebisch G. Effects of angiotensin II on electrolyte transport in the early and late distal tubule in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 271 (1996) F143-F149
117. +-ATPase in intercalated cells from isolated mouse cortical collecting ducts by angiotensin II. J Am Soc Nephrol 11 (2000) A0054 (abstr)
118. 1 blockade. Am J Physiol 278 (2000) F476-F483
119. Bouby N., Hus-Citharel A., Marchetti J., et al. Expression of type 1 angiotensin II receptor subtypes and angiotensin II-induced calcium mobilization along the rat nephron. J Am Soc Nephrol 8 (1997) 1658-1666
120. Weiner I.D., New A.R., Milton A.E., et al. Regulation of luminal alkalinization and acidification in the cortical collecting duct by angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 269 (1995) F730-F738
121. Wagner C.A., and Geibel J.P. Acid-base transport in the collecting duct. J Nephrol 15 (2002) S112-S127
122. +-ATPase B1 subunit expression in medullary collecting ducts. Hypertension 45 (2005) 818-823
123. Schwartz G.J., and Burg M.B. Mineralocorticoid effects on cation transport by cortical collecting tubules in vitro. Am J Physiol 235 (1978) F576-F585
124. Stone D.K., Seldin D.W., Kokko J.P., et al. Mineralocorticoid modulation of rabbit medullary collecting duct acidification. A sodium-independent effect. J Clin Invest 72 (1983) 77-83
125. Garg L.C., and Narang N. Effects of aldosterone on NEM-sensitive ATPase in rabbit nephron segments. Kidney Int 34 (1988) 13-17
126. Verrey F. Early aldosterone action: Toward filling the gap between transcription and transport. Am J Physiol 277 (1999) F319-F327
127. +-ATPase in a mouse renal collecting tubule cell line. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (2003) 68
128. +-ATPase. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005) F-PO002
129. Eiam-Ong S., Kurtzman N.A., and Sabatini S. Regulation of collecting tubule adenosine triphosphates by aldosterone and potassium. J Clin Invest 91 (1993) 2385-2392
130. +-ATPases in intercalated renal tubule cells by aldosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 2636-2641
131. DuBose Jr. T.D., and Alpern R.J. Renal tubular acidosis. In: Scriver C.R., Beaudet A.L., and Sly W.S. (Eds). The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. (ed 8). (2001), McGraw-Hill, New York 4983-5021
132. Rodriguez-Soriano J. Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 (2002) 2160-2170
133. +-ATPase cause renal tubular acidosis with sensorineural deafness. Nat Genet 21 (1999) 84-90
134. Karet F.E., Finberg K.E., Nayir A., et al. Localization of a gene for autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis with normal hearing (rdRTA2) to 7q33-34. Am J Hum Genet 65 (1999) 1656-1665
135. Chaabani H., Hadj-Khlil A., Ben-Dhia N., et al. The primary hereditary form of distal renal tubular acidosis: Clinical and genetic studies in a 60-member kindred. Clin Genet 45 (1994) 194-199
136. Karet F.E., Gainza F.J., Gyory A.Z., et al. Mutations in the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger gene AE1 cause autosomal dominant but not autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 6337-6342
137. +-ATPase B1 subunit deficient mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001) 0015 (abstr)
138. +-ATPase activity from cortical collecting duct intercalated cells of H+-ATPase B1-subunit deficient mice: A mouse model of distal renal tubular acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 (2002) 0004 (abstr)
139. Kawasaki-Nishi S., Nishi T., and Forgac M. Proton translocation driven by ATP hydrolysis in V-ATPases. FEBS Lett 545 (2003) 76-85
140. Wagner C.A., Lükewille U., Valles P., et al. A rapid enzymatic method for the isolation of defined kidney tubule fragments from mouse. Pflugers Arch 446 (2003) 623-632