Zoonotic implications of the swine-transmitted protozoal infections

Veterinary Parasitology

Volumn 140, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 189-203

  Solaymani Mohammadi, S ^a,b   Petri Jr , W A ^b  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Parasite; Pig; Protozoa; Wild boar; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; ATOVAQUONE; BENZNIDAZOLE; CHLOROQUINE; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPSONE; DIIODOHYDROXYQUIN; DILOXANIDE FUROATE; FURAZOLIDONE; METRONIDAZOLE; NIFURTIMOX; NIRIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; NITROIMIDAZOLE; ORNIDAZOLE; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PROTEINASE; PYRIMETHAMINE; SPIRAMYCIN; SULFADIAZINE; TETRACYCLINE;

AMEBIASIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; AUTOPSY; BALANTIDIUM; BALANTIDIUM COLI; BLASTOCYSTIS; COCCIDIOSIS; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ENTAMOEBA; ENTAMOEBA POLECKI; ENTERITIS; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; FECES ANALYSIS; HEMAGGLUTINATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MICROBIAL COLONIZATION; MICROSCOPY; NONHUMAN; PROTOZOAL INFECTION; RECTUM BIOPSY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SANITATION; SARCOCYSTIS; SARCOCYSTIS SUIHOMINIS; SERODIAGNOSIS; SWINE; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TROPHOZOITE; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI; WATER TREATMENT; XENODIAGNOSIS; ZOONOSIS; ANIMAL; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; HEALTH; SWINE DISEASE;

PROTOZOA; SUS SCROFA;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS, ANIMAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUS SCROFA; SWINE; SWINE DISEASES; WORLD HEALTH; ZOONOSES;

EID: 33750695337     PISSN: 03044017     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.012     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Abe N. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis isolates from various hosts. Vet. Parasitol. 120 (2004) 235-242
2. Anargyrou K., Petrikkos G.L., Suller M.T., Skiada A., Siakantaris M.P., Osuntoyinbo R.T., Pangalis G., and Vaiopoulos G. Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in a leukemic patient. Am. J. Hematol. 73 (2003) 180-183
3. Arko-Mensah J., Bosompem K.M., Canacoo E.A., Wastling J.M., and Akanmori B.D. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pigs in Ghana. Acta. Trop. 76 (2000) 27-31
4. Assadi-Rad A.M., New J.C., and Patton S. Risk factors associated with transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to sows kept in different management systems in Tennessee. Vet. Parasitol. 57 (1995) 289-297
5. Avapal R.S., Sharma J.K., and Juyal P.D. Pathological changes in Sarcocystis infection in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Vet. J. 168 (2004) 358-361
6. Barnish G., and Ashford R.W. Occasional parasitic infections of man in Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya (New Guinea). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 83 (1989) 121-135
7. Bonnet F., Lewden C., May T., Heripret L., Jougla E., Bevilacqua S., Costagliola D., Salmon D., Chene G., and Morlat P. Opportunistic infections as causes of death in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era in France. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 37 (2005) 482-487
8. Boreham P.F., and Stenzel D.J. Blastocystis in humans and animals: morphology, biology, and epizootiology. Adv. Parasitol. 32 (1993) 1-70
9. Buffolano W., Beghetto E., Del Pezzo M., Spadoni A., Di Cristina M., Petersen E., and Gargano N. Use of recombinant antigens for early postnatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 5916-5924
10. Bussieras J. An example of holozoonosis: human coccidiosis due to Sarcocystis spp. Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 178 (1994) 613-622 (in French)
11. Carvalheiro C.G., Mussi-Pinhata M.M., Yamamoto A.Y., De Souza C.B., and Maciel L.M. Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis estimated by neonatal screening: relevance of diagnostic confirmation in asymptomatic newborn infants. Epidemiol. Infect. 133 (2005) 485-491
12. Cermeno J.R., Hernandez De Cuesta I., Uzcategui O., Paez J., Rivera M., and Baliachi N. Balantidium coli in an HIV-infected patient with chronic diarrhoea. AIDS 17 (2003) 941-942
13. Chacin-Bonilla L. Entamoeba polecki infection in Venezuela. Report of a new case. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77 (1983) 137
14. Chandramukhi A. Diagnosis of neurotoxoplasmosis by antibody detection in cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid using latex agglutination test and ELISA. J. Commun. Dis. 36 (2004) 153-158
15. Choi W.Y., Nam H.W., Kwak N.H., Huh W., Kim Y.R., Kang M.W., Cho S.Y., and Dubey J.P. Foodborne outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis. J. Infect. Dis. 175 (1997) 1280-1282
16. Clark C.G. Extensive genetic diversity in Blastocystis hominis. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 87 (1997) 79-83
17. Costa J., de Almeida J.R., Britto C., Duarte R., Marchon-Silva V., and Pacheco Rda S. Ecotopes, natural infection and trophic resources of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. 93 (1998) 7-13
18. Cox F.E. Human balantidiasis in Iran: are camels reservoir hosts?. Trends. Parasitol. 21 (2005) 553
19. Damriyasa I.M., Bauer C., Edelhofer R., Failing K., Lind P., Petersen E., Schares G., Tenter A.M., Volmer R., and Zahner H. Cross-sectional survey in pig breeding farms in Hesse, Germany: seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora caninum in sows. Vet. Parasitol. 126 (2004) 271-286
20. Derouin F., Piketty C., Chastang C., Chau F., Rouveix B., and Pocidalo J.J. Anti-Toxoplasma effects of dapsone alone and combined with pyrimethamine. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 35 (1991) 252-255
21. de Sousa S., Ajzenberg D., Canada N., Freire L., de Costa J.M., Darde M.L., Thulliez P., and Dubey J.P. Biologic and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from pigs from Portugal. Vet. Parasitol. 135 (2006) 133-136
22. Desowitz R.S., and Barnish G. Entamoeba polecki and other intestinal protozoa in Papua New Guinea Highland children. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 80 (1986) 399-402
23. Dubey J.P. A review of toxoplasmosis in pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 19 (1986) 181-223
24. Dubey J.P. Validation of the specificity of the modified agglutination test for toxoplasmosis in pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 71 (1997) 307-310
25. Dubey J.P., and Beattie C.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man (1988), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL
26. Dubey J.P., Hill D.E., Jones J.L., Hightower A.W., Kirkland E., Roberts J.M., Marcet P.L., Lehmann T., Vianna M.C., Miska K., Sreekumar C., Kwok O.C., Shen S.K., and Gamble H.R. Prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in beef, chicken, and pork from retail meat stores in the United States: risk assessment to consumers. J. Parasitol. 91 (2005) 1082-1093
27. Dubey J.P., Kotula A.W., Sharar A., Andrews C.D., and Lindsay D.S. Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork. J. Parasitol. 76 (1990) 201-204
28. Dubey J.P., Murrell K.D., Hanbury R.D., Anderson W.R., Doby P.B., and Miller H.O. Epidemiologic findings on a swine farm with enzootic toxoplasmosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 189 (1986) 55-56
29. Dubey J.P., and Powell E.C. Prevalence of Sarcocystis in sows from Iowa. Vet. Parasitol. 52 (1994) 151-155
30. Dubey J.P., and Thayer D.W. Killing of different strains of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts by irradiation under defined conditions. J. Parasitol. 80 (1994) 764-767
31. Dubey J.P., Speer C.A., Shen S.K., Kwok O.C.H., and Blixt J.A. Oocyst-induced murine toxoplasmosis: life cycle, pathogenicity, and stage conversion in mice fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. J. Parasitol. 83 (1997) 870-882
32. Dubey J.P., Thulliez P., and Powell E.C. Toxoplasma gondii in Iowa sows: comparison of antibody titers to isolation of T. gondii by bioassays in mice and cats. J. Parasitol. 81 (1995) 48-53
33. Dwyer P.D. People, pigs and parasites in New Guinea: relational contexts and epidemiological possibilities. Parasitol. Int. 55 Suppl. (2005) S167-S173
34. Esteban J.G., Aguirre C., Angles R., Ash L.S., and Mas-Coma S. Balantidiasis in Aymara children from the northern Bolivian Altiplano. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59 (1998) 922-927
35. Fayer R. Sarcocystis spp. in human infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (2004) 894-902
36. Ferry T., Bouhour D., De Monbrison F., Laurent F., Dumouchel-Champagne H., Picot S., Piens M.A., and Granier P. Severe peritonitis due to Balantidium coli acquired in France. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23 (2004) 393-395
37. Fujita O., Sanabria L., Inchaustti A., De Arias A.R., Tomizawa Y., and Oku Y. Animal reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an endemic area in Paraguay. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 56 (1994) 305-308
38. Galel S.A., and Kirchhoff L.V. Risk factors for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in California blood donors. Transfusion 36 (1996) 227-231
39. Gauss C.B., Dubey J.P., Vidal D., Ruiz F., Vicente J., Marco I., Lavin S., Gortazar C., and Almeria S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from Spain. Vet. Parasitol. 131 (2005) 151-156
40. Gay J.D., Abell T.L., Thompson Jr. J.H., and Loth V. Entamoeba polecki infection in Southeast Asian refugees: multiple cases of a rarely reported parasite. Mayo. Clin. Proc. 60 (1985) 523-530
41. Guhl F., Jaramillo C., Yockteng R., Vallejo J.A., and Cardenas-Arroyo F. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in human mummies. Lancet 349 (1997) 1370
42. Haresh K., Suresh K., Khairul Anus A., and Saminathan S. Isolate resistance of Blastocystis hominis to metronidazole. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 4 (1999) 274-277
43. Hejlicek K., Literak I., and Nezval J. Toxoplasmosis in wild mammals from the Czech Republic. J. Wildl. Dis. 33 (1997) 480-485
44. Heydorn A.O. Sarkosporidien enfiziertes Fleisch als moglicheKrankheitsurache fur den Menschen. Arch. Lebensmittelhyg. 28 (1977) 27-31 [in German]
45. Hill D., and Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 8 (2002) 634-640
46. Hill D.E., Sreekumar C., Gamble H.R., and Dubey J.P. Effect of commonly used enhancement solutions on the viability of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork loin. J. Food. Prot. 67 (2004) 2230-2233
47. Hove T., Lind P., and Mukaratirwa S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic pigs reared under different management systems in Zimbabwe. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 72 (2005) 231-237
48. Jauregui L.H., Higgins J., Zarlenga D., Dubey J.P., and Lunney J.K. Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in pig and mouse tissues. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 2065-2071
49. Kaneda Y., Horiki N., Cheng X., Tachibana H., and Tsutsumi Y. Serologic response to Blastocystis hominis infection in asymptomatic individuals. Tokai. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 25 (2000) 51-56
50. Kapperud G., Jenum P.A., Stray-Pedersen B., Melby K.K., Eskild A., and Eng J. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Results of a prospective case-control study in Norway. Am J Epidemiol. 144 4 (1996) 405-412
51. Leiby D.A., Wendel S., Takaoka D.T., Fachini R.M., Oliveira L.C., and Tibbals M.A. Serologic testing for Trypanosoma cruzi: comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation assay with commercially available indirect immunofluorescence assay, indirect hemagglutination assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorobent assay kits. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 639-642
52. Lockman J.W., and Hamilton A.D. Recent developments in the identification of chemotherapeutics for Chagas' disease. Curr. Med. Chem. 12 (2005) 945-959
53. Mwamba T., and Pandey V.S. Effect of terramycin in balantidiosis of pigs. Ann. Rech. Vet. 8 (1977) 167-169
54. Noel C., Peyronnet C., Gerbod D., Edgcomb V.P., Delgado-Viscogliosi P., Sogin M.L., Capron M., Viscogliosi E., and Zenner L. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts based on the comparison of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 126 (2003) 119-123
55. Pakandl M. Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in pigs. Folia. Parasitol (Praha) 38 (1991) 297-301
56. Pakandl M. The prevalence of intestinal protozoa in wild and domestic pigs. Vet. Med. (Praha) 39 (1994) 377-380
57. Ponce C., Ponce E., Vinelli E., Montoya A., de Aguilar V., Gonzalez A., Zingales B., Rangel-Aldao R., Levin M.J., Esfandiari J., Umezawa E.S., Luquetti A.O., and da Silveira J.F. Validation of a rapid and reliable test for diagnosis of Chagas' disease by detection of Trypanosoma cruzi-specific antibodies in blood of donors and patients in Central America. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 5065-5068
58. Quilez J., Clavel A., Sanchez-Acedo C., and Causape A.C. Detection of Blastocystis sp. in pigs in Aragon (Spain). Vet. Parasitol. 56 (1995) 345-348
59. Rajah Salim H., Suresh-Kumar G., Vellayan S., Mak J.W., Khairul-Anuar A., Init I., Vennila G.D., Saminathan R., and Ramakrishnan K. Blastocystis in animal handlers. Parasitol. Res. 85 (1999) 1032-1033
60. Rossignol J.F., Kabil S.M., Said M., Samir H., and Younis A.M. Effect of nitazoxanide in persistent diarrhea and enteritis associated with Blastocystis hominis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3 (2005) 987-991
61. Saez-Alquezar A., Sabino E.C., Salles N., Chamone D.F., Hulstaert F., Pottel H., Stoops E., and Zrein M. Serological confirmation of Chagas' disease by a recombinant and peptide antigen line immunoassay: INNO-LIA Chagas. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 851-854
62. Saito M., Shibata Y., Ohno A., Kubo M., Shimura K., and Itagaki H. Sarcocystis suihominis detected for the first time from pigs in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60 (1998) 307-309
63. Salaki J.S., Shirey J.L., and Strickland G.T. Successful treatment of symptomatic Entamoeba polecki infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28 (1979) 190-193
64. Salazar-Schettino P.M., Bucio M.I., Cabrera M., and Bautista J. First case of natural infection in pigs. Review of Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs in Mexico. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. 92 (1997) 499-502
65. Solaymani-Mohammadi S., Rezaian M., and Anwar M.A. Human balantidiasis in Iran: an unresolved enigma?. Trends. Parasitol. 21 (2005) 160-161
66. Solaymani-Mohammadi S., Rezaian M., and Anwar M.A. Human balantidiasis in Iran: wild boar or not?. Trends. Parasitol. 21 (2005) 554-555
67. Solaymani-Mohammadi S., Rezaian M., Hooshyar H., Mowlavi G.R., Babaei Z., and Anwar M.A. Intestinal protozoa in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in western Iran. J. Wildl. Dis. 40 (2004) 801-803
68. Stenzel D.J., and Boreham P.F. Blastocystis hominis revisited. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9 (1996) 563-584
69. Tan K.S. Blastocystis in humans and animals: new insights using modern methodologies. Vet. Parasitol. 126 (2004) 121-144
70. Tanowitz H.B., Kirchhoff L.V., Simon D., Morris S.A., Weiss L.M., and Wittner M. Chagas' disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 5 (1992) 400-419
71. Thalib L., Gras L., Romand S., Prusa A., Bessieres M.H., Petersen E., and Gilbert R.E. Prediction of congenital toxoplasmosis by polymerase chain reaction analysis of amniotic fluid. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 112 (2005) 567-574
72. Thathaisong U., Worapong J., Mungthin M., Tan-Ariya P., Viputtigul K., Sudatis A., Noonai A., and Leelayoova S. Blastocystis isolates from a pig and a horse are closely related to Blastocystis hominis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 967-975
73. Valente V.C., Valente S.A., Noireau F., Carrasco H.J., and Miles M.A. Chagas' disease in the Amazon Basin: association of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with domestic pigs. J. Med. Entomol. 35 (1998) 99-103
74. Vallejo G.A., Guhl F., Chiari E., and Macedo A.M. Species specific detection of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in vector and mammalian hosts by polymerase chain reaction amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA. Acta. Trop. 72 (1999) 203-212
75. Venturini M.C., Bacigalupe D., Venturini L., Rambeaud M., Basso W., Unzaga J.M., and Perfumo C.J. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sows from slaughterhouses and in pigs from an indoor and an outdoor farm in Argentina. Vet. Parasitol. 124 (2004) 161-165
76. Verhulst K., and Shukla R. Clinical and experimental observations on the therapeutic value of chloroquine against balantidiosis in pigs. Bull. Anim. Health. Prod. Afr. 24 (1976) 185-189
77. Verweij J.J., Laeijendecker D., Brienen E.A., van Lieshout L., and Polderman A.M. Detection and identification of Entamoeba species in stool samples by a reverse line hybridization assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 5041-5045
78. Verweij J.J., Polderman A.M., and Clark C.G. Genetic variation among human isolates of uninucleated cyst-producing Entamoeba species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 1644-1646
79. Walzer P.D., and Healy G.R. Balantidiasis. In: Steele J.H. (Ed). Handbook Series in Zoonoses vol. 1 (1982), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL 15-24
80. Walzer P.D., Judson F.N., Murphy K.B., Healy G.R., English D.K., and Schultz M.G. Balantidiasis outbreak in Truk. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 22 (1973) 33-41
81. Weigel R.M., Dubey J.P., Dyer D., and Siegel A.M. Risk factors for infection with Toxoplasma gondii for residents and workers on swine farms in Illinois. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60 (1999) 793-798
82. World Health Organization, 2002. Control of Chagas' disease. Second Report of the WHO Expert Committee. World. Health. Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser. 905, p. 109.
83. Yazar S., Altuntas F., Sahin I., and Atambay M. Dysentery caused by Balantidium coli in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from Turkey. World. J. Gastroenterol. 10 (2004) 458-459
84. Zaman V. Balantidium coli. In: Kreier J.P., and Baker J.R. (Eds). Parasitic Protozoa vol. 3 (1993), Academic Press 43-46
85. Zierdt C.H., Zierdt W.S., and Nagy B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibody to Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic infections. J. Parasitol. 81 (1995) 127-129