Globalization, culture, and identities in crisis

International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 273-296

  Lieber, Robert J ^a   Weisberg, Ruth E ^b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Backlash; Culture; Globalization; Identity; Transference

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750486348     PISSN: 08914486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1020581114701     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Among other definitions of globalization, Thomas Friedman describes it as, "... the integration of everything with everything else" He adds that, "Globalization enables each of us, wherever we live, to reach around the world farther, faster and cheaper than ever before and at the same time allows the world to reach into each of us farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before." See Friedman, "Techno Logic," Foreign Policy, March/April 2002, p. 64.
2. Also see Friedman's The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999).
3. Quoted by Fouad Ajami, "The New Faith," Saisphere, Alumni Magazine of Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC 2000, p. 13.
4. Robert Gilpin makes this point well in observing that political scientists tend to overlook the role of markets, while economists often neglect the political context of events and the important role of power. See U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation: The Political Economy of Direct Foreign Investment (New York: Basic Books, 1975), pp. 4-5.
5. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1996.)
6. David Rothkopf, "In Praise of Cultural Imperialism?" Foreign Policy, No. 107 (Summer 1997): 38-53, at 39.
7. A more ambivalent treatment is that of Benjamin Barber, Jihad Versus McWorld (New York: Times Books, 1995), who emphasizes the tensions between global and parochial values as increasingly central to world affairs.
8. Quotation from Le Monde, cited in Sophie Meunier, "The French Exception," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 4 (July/August 2000):104-116 at 107.
9. Charles Krauthammer, "Who Needs Gold Medals?" Washington Post, February 20, 2002.
10. Paul Kennedy, "The Eagle Has Landed," Financial Times (London), February 1, 2002.
11. See especially William Wohlforth "The Stability of a Unipolar World," International Security, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Summer 1999): 5-41.
12. Also see Lieber, Eagle Rules?, Chapter One, "Foreign Policy and American Primacy," pp. 1-15.
13. Karsten Voight, a German foreign ministry official and influential figure in the Social Democratic Party, speaking in Washington on March 8, 2000, quoted in Peter Rodman, Uneasy Giant: The Challenges to American Predominance (Washington, DC: The Nixon Center, June 2000), p. 1.
14. Barbara Crosssette, "At the U.N. French Slips and English Stands Tall," New York Times, March 25, 2001.
15. Data from "A World Empire By Other Means," The Economist (London), December 22, 2001, pp. 65-67.
16. David Ignatius, "France's Constructive Critic," Washington Post, February 22, 2002.
17. "Globalization and Cinema," in Correspondence: An International Review of Culture and Society (New York: The Committee on Intellectual Correspondence, published by the Council on Foreign Relations), No. 8, Summer/Fall, 2001, p. 1.
18. Keith Richburg, "Vive le Cinema! France Looks to Protect Its Film Industry's 'Cultural Exception,'" Washington Post, January 28, 2002.
19. Richburg, Washington Post, January 28, 2002.
20. New York Times, September 1, 2000.
21. Guy Konopnicki, "French Cinema's American Obsession," abridged from Marianne, March 5-11, 2001, reprinted in Correspondence, Summer/Fall 2001, p. 9.
22. Film titles on display at the Sony multiplex at Potsdammer Platz, June 17, 2000.
23. Marc Kaufman, "Afghanistan's Monument of Rubble," Washington Post, March 6, 2002.
24. Subculture: the meaning of style (London & NY: Routledge, 1979).
25. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Summer 1973): 22-49, at 27.
26. Louis Hebron and John E Stack, Jr., "The Globalization Process: Debunking the Myths." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Chicago, IL., 20-24 February, 2001.
27. Hebron & Stack, "The Globalization Process: Debunking the Myths." annual meeting of the International Studies Association 2001. Loc cit.
28. The term is that of Joseph Nye, in Bound To Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990.)
29. Also see Nye, The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (NY: Oxford UP, 2002.)
30. Richard Pells, "American Culture Goes Global, or Does It?" The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 12, 2002.
31. Selma Reuben Holo, Beyond the Prado: Museums and Identity in Democratic Spain (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999), p. 149.
32. Andrew Solomon, An Awakening After the Taliban," New York Times, March 10, 2002. After the ouster of the Taliban, the new minister of information and culture, Said Makhtoum Rahim, estimated that the Taliban had destroyed "about 80% of our cultural identity."
33. Michael Howard, "What's in a Name? How to Fight Terrorism," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 1 (January/February 2002): 8-13, at 13.
34. The 10% figure was used by French foreign minister Hubert Vedrine, cited in David Ignatius, "France's Constructive Critic," Washington Post, February 22, 2002. However, different polling questions provide a range of numbers. One poll taken during the spring 2002 Presidential election found 31% of respondents identifying the U.S. in response to the question, "Who are the principal adversaries of France?" See Le Figaro, "Suivi Presidentielle 2002: Place de la France dans le monde. Sondage IFOP," Le Figaro (Paris), April 2, 2002.
35. The term is quoted in William Drodziak, "L'Etat C'est Mouse," Washington Post, March 2, 1992.
36. T.R. Reid, "After Shaky Start, London Bridge Reopens," Washington Post, February 23, 2002.
37. Robert Paarlberg, "The Global Food Fight," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 3 (May/June 2000): 24-38. Paarlberg's analysis of this issue is compelling, and he also notes that the de facto ban has blocked corn imports from the United States worth roughly $200 million annually to U.S. farmers.
38. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
39. David Brooks summarizes these ideas in his thoughtful review of Cantor's book. See "Farewell to Greatness: America from Gilligan's Island to the X-Files," The Weekly Standard, September 17, 2001, pp. 31-35.
40. Data in Jeffrey M. Jones, "Ratings of Government and Bush Remain High," Gallup News Service, October 31, 2001, www.gallup.com/poll/Releases/ pr011031f.asp.
41. See Larry Kudlow, "Closing the Book on Tina," townhall.com, February 1, 2002. Kudlow makes a strong case for the post 9/11 cultural shift described above.
42. Source: hardcover nonfiction bestseller list, New York Times Book Review, March 3, 2002, p. 18.
43. David Hoffman, "Beyond Public Diplomacy," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 2 (March/April 2002), p. 89
44. Elisabetta Burba "How Lebanon Reacted to the News," Wall Street Journal Europe, September 19, 2001. As yet another example, Osama bin Laden in his video denunciations of the United States seems to be wearing a Timex Ironman Triathlon watch.
45. See Edward Rothstein. "Damning (Yet Desiring) Mickey and the Big Mac: It Isn't Imperialism but Freedom That Makes Pop Culture So Appealing Even Among America's Enemies," New York Times, March 2, 2002.
46. Quoted in "British Detail bin Laden Tie to U.S. Attacks," New York Times, October 5, 2001. Also see text of report issued by British government, "Responsibility for the Terrorist Atrocities in the United States, 11 September, 2001," reprinted in the same issue.
47. Fouad Ajami, "Arabs Have Nobody to Blame but Themselves," Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2001.
48. Also see Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation's Odyssey (New York: Pantheon, 1998.)
49. Text of bin Laden Remarks. "Hypocrisy Rears Its Ugly Head," as broadcast by al-Jazeera television on October 7, 2001. Washington Post, October 8, 2001.
50. David Rhode and C. J. Chivers, "Qaeda's Grocery Lists and Manuals of Killing," New York Times, March 17, 2002, p. 18.
51. On this point, see Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? Approaches to the Modern History of the Middle East (NY: Oxford University Press, 2002.)
52. Quoted in Daniel Pipes, "God and Mammon: Does Poverty Cause Militant Islam?" The National Interest, No. 66 (Winter 2001/02), pp. 14-21 at p. 17.
53. The Egyptian study was conducted in 1980 by a respected Egyptian scholar, Said Eddin Ibrahim, and is cited in Pipes, p. 16. It should be noted that in the late 1990s, Ibrahim himself was jailed as a result of his vigorous efforts to promote democratic freedoms within Egypt. Daniel Pipes makes a compelling argument that militant Islam is not a response to poverty and has often surged in countries experiencing rapid economic growth. He concludes that militant Islam has far more to do with issues of identity than with economics. P. 14.
54. Fouad Ajami, "Nowhere Man," New York Times Magazine, October 7, 2001.
55. These data, in a survey done by Gallup for USA Today and CNN, should be regarded with some caution. Although Gallup polled nearly 10,000 respondents in nine countries (Pakistan, Iran, Indonesia, Turkey, Lebanon, Morocco, Kuwait, Jordan and Saudi Arabia), the percentages reported may not be reliable. Summary data for the entire group were not weighted by size of population, non-citizens were included, and the political cultures in most of the countries would make respondents wary of expressing their views candidly. See, Richard Morin and Claudia Dean, "The Poll That Didn't Add Up: Spin on Data Blurs Findings From Gallup's Muslim Survey, Washington Post, March 23,2002.
56. Also see CNN.com, "Poll: Muslims Call U.S. 'Ruthless, Arrogant'," February 26, 2001.
57. An appalling example appeared in a Saudi newspaper, the government daily, Al-Riyadh. In a two part series, a columnist, Dr. Umayma Ahmad Al-Jalahma of King Faysal University in Al-Damman, wrote on the "Jewish Holiday of Purim," stating that, "For this holiday, the Jewish people must obtain human blood so that their clerics can prepare the holiday pastries." The article is translated in MEMRI, Middle East research Institute, Special Dispatch-Saudi Arabia/Anti-Semitism, 3.13.02, No. 354, www.memri.org.
58. The blood libel has also appeared in the Egyptian government dailies, Al-Ahram (October 28, 2000) and Al-Akhbar (October 20,2000 and March 25, 2001), see MEMRI's Special Dispatches #150 and 201.
59. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (NY: Harper & Row, 1967), Author's Introduction, p. 14.
60. Also see The Old Regime and the Revolution; ed. Francois Furet and Francoise Melonio (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). Originally published, (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1856).
61. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), pp. 131ff.
62. "What We're Fighting For: A Letter From America," Text of statement from a group of American scholars, Chronicle of Higher Education, posted February 12, 2002: http:// chronicle.com/weekly/documents/v48/i24/ 4824sep_11_letter.htm
63. Salman Rushdie, "America and the Anti-Americans," New York Times, February 4, 2002.
64. Abd Al-Hamid Al-Bakkoush, "The U.S. and the Complexities of the Arab Mind," Al-Hayat (London), February 12, 2002. Quoted in MEMRI, 2/22/02, No. 348, February 22, 2002. www.memri.org.