Cultural differences in travel risk perception

Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 13-31

  Reisinger, Yvette ^a   Mavondo, Felix T ^b  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Intentions to travel; Perception; Travel risk; Travel safety

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750322289     PISSN: 10548408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J073v20n01_02     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Barker, M., Page, S. J., & Meyer, D. (2003). Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 355-361.
2. Basala, S. L., & Klenosky, D. B. (2001). Travel-style preferences for visiting a novel destination: A conjoint investigation across the novelty-familiarity continuum. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 172-182.
3. Bauer, R. (1967). Consumer behavior as risk taking. In D. F. Cox (Ed.), Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior (pp. 23-33). Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Budescu, D. V., & Wallsten, T. S. (1985). Consistency in interpretation of probabilistic phrases. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36(3), 391-405.
5. Carr, N. (2001). An exploratory study of gendered differences in young tourists' perception of danger within London. Tourism Management, 22(5), 565-570.
6. Cavlek, N. (2002). The role of tour operators in the travel distribution system. In W. C. Gartner & D.W. Lime (Eds.), Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure and tourism (pp. 325-334). Wallingford: CAB International.
7. Center for Travel Anxiety. (2002). Other travel related anxiety and phobias. Retrieved April 20, 2004, from http://www.fearofflyingdc.com/ otheranxiety.html
8. Cheron, E., & Ritchie, J. (1982). Leisure activities and perceived risk. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2), 139-154.
9. Cohen, E. (1972). Towards sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 39(1), 164-182.
10. Cunningham, S. (1967). The major dimensions of perceived risk. In D. F. Cox (Ed.), Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior (pp. 82-108). Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
11. Dann, G. M. S. (1993). Limitations in the use of 'nationality' and 'country of residence' variables. In D. G. Pearce & R.W. Butler (Eds.), Tourism research: Critiques and challenges (pp. 88-112). London: Routledge Press.
12. Dimanche, F., & Lepetic, A. (1999). New Orleans tourism and crime: A case study. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 19-23.
13. Dowling, G. R., & Staelin, R. (1994). A model of perceived risk and intended risk-handling activity. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 119-135.
14. Drottz-Sjoberg, B.-M., & Sjoberg, L. (1990). Risk perception and worries after the Chernobyl accident. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 10(2), 135-149.
15. ETurboNews. (2004). Environmental concerns muddy Bali's tourism prospects. Retrieved March 9, 2004, from http://www.usatoday.com/travel/ news/2004-03-08-bali-tourism_x.htm
16. Feather, N. T. (1975). Values in education and society. New York: Free Press.
17. Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2004). Cultural differences in tourist destination risk perception: An exploratory study. Tourism-An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 52(1), 21-37.
18. Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J. et al. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982-987.
19. Gartner, W., & Shen, H. (1992). The impact of Tiananmen Square on China's tourism image. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 47-52.
20. Gibson, H., & Jordan, F. (1998a). Shirley Valentine Lives! The experience of solo women travelers. Paper presented at the Fifth Congress of the World Leisure and Recreation Association, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
21. Gibson, H., & Jordan, F. (1998b). Traveling solo: A cross-cultural study of British and American women aged 30-50. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference of the Leisure Studies Association, Leeds, UK.
22. Gibson, H., & Yiannakis, A. (2002). Tourist roles: Needs and the lifecourse. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 358-383.
23. Goszczynska, M., Tyszka, T., & Slovic, P. (1991). Risk perception in Poland: A comparison with three other countries. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 4, 179-193.
24. Griffith, D., & Albanese, P. (1996). An examination of Plog's psychographics travel model within a student population. Journal of Travel Research, 34(4), 47-51.
25. Gudykunst, W., & Hammer, M. (1988). Strangers and hosts: An uncertainty reduction base theory of intercultural adaptation. In Y. Y. Kim & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Cross-cultural adaptation: Current approaches (pp. 106-139). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
26. Haddock, C. (1993). Managing risks in outdoor activities. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Mountain Safety Council.
27. Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly. CA: Sage Publications.
28. Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
29. Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and sustainable development. Who owns paradise? Washington, DC: Island Press.
30. Hoover, R. J., Green, R. T., & Saegert, J. (1978). A cross-national study of perceived risk. Journal of Marketing, 42(3), 102-108.
31. Hullett, C. R., & Witte, K. (2001). Predicting intercultural adaptation and isolation: Using the extended parallel process model to test anxiety/ uncertainty management theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 125-139.
32. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). Variants of uncertainty. Cognition, 11(2), 143-157.
33. Knight, F. (1948). Risk, uncertainty and profit. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
34. Kogan, N., & Wallach, M. (1964). Risk taking. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
35. Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606-624.
36. Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: Technology Press.
37. MacCrimmon, K., & Wehrung, D. (1986). Taking risks. New York: The Free Press.
38. Mäser, B., & Weiermair, K. (1998). Travel decision-making: From the vantage point of perceived risk and information preferences. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 7(4), 107-121.
39. Mattila, A., Apostolopoulos, Y., Sonmez, S., Yu, L., & Sasidharan, V. (2001). The impact of gender and religion on college students' spring break behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 193-200.
40. McIntosh, I., Swanson, V., Power, K., Raeside, F., & Dempster, C. (1998). Anxiety and health problems related to air travel. Journal of Travel Medicine, 5(4), 198-204.
41. McIntyre, N., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1998). Nature/person transactions during an outdoor adventure experience: A multi-phasic analysis. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(4) 401-422.
42. Mechitov, A., & Rebrik, S. (1990). Studies of risk and safety perception in USSR. In K. Borcherding, O. I. Larichev, & D.M. Messick (Eds.), Contemporary issues in decision making (pp. 261-270). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
43. Michalko, G. (2004). Tourism eclipsed by crime: The vulnerability of foreign tourists in Hungary. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 159-172.
44. Mitchell, V. (1999). Consumer perceived risk: Conceptualisations and models. European Journal of Marketing, 33(1/2), 163-195.
45. Mitchell, V., & Vassos, V. (1997). Perceived risk and risk reduction in holiday purchases: A cross-cultural and gender analysis. Journal of European Marketing, 6(3), 47-80.
46. Morgan, H. (2003, June 2). Traveler editor: SARS travel fears unfounded. National Geographic News. Retrieved September 3, 2005, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/ 0602_030602_sarstravel2.html
47. Norton, G. (1987). Tourism and international terrorism. The World Today, 43(2), 30-33.
48. Norton, G. (1994). The vulnerable voyager: New threats for tourism. World Today, 50(12), 237-239.
49. Pizam, A., & Jeong. G. (1996). Cross-cultural tourist behavior: Perceptions of Korean tour guides. Tourism Management, 17(4), 277-286.
50. Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior? Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 901-917.
51. Pizam, A., Tarlow, P., & Bloom, J. (1997). Making tourists feel safe: Whose responsibility is it? Journal of Travel Research, 34(1), 23-28.
52. Plog, S. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. The Cornell Quarterly, 14(9), 55-58.
53. Plog, S. (1987). Understanding psychographics in tourism research. In J. Ritchie & C. Goeldner (Eds.), Tourism, and hospitality research (pp. 203-213). New York: John Wiley.
54. Plog, S. (1990). A Carpenter's tool: An answer to Stephen L. J. Smith's review of psychocentrism/allocentrism. Journal of Travel Research, 28(4), 43-45.
55. Plog, S. (2002). The power of psychographics and the concept of venturesomeness. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 244-251.
56. Raphael, K. G.,Natelson,B.H., Janal, M. N., & Nayak, S. (2002). A community-based survey of fibromyalgialike pain complaints following the World Trade Center terrorist attacks. Pain, 100(1/2), 131-139.
57. Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225.
58. Richardson, S. L., & Crompton, J. (1988). Vacation patterns of French and English Canadians. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 430-435.
59. Richter, L. K. (2003). International tourism and its global public health consequences. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 340-347.
60. Roehl, W., & Fesenmaier, D. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 17-26.
61. Roget's II: The new thesaurus dictionary. (1995). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
62. Ropeik, D. (2001). Fear factors in an age of terrorism. Retrieved March 3, 2004, from http://www.msnbc.com/news/643092.asp?cp1=1
63. Rosenheck, R., Schuster, M., Stein, B., & Jaycox, L. (2002). Reactions to the events of September 11. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(8), 629-630.
64. Ryan, C. (1995). Learning about tourists from conversations: The over-55s in Majorca. Tourism Management, 16(3), 207-215.
65. Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G., Elliott, M. et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345(20), 1507-1512.
66. Schweer, J. M. (1986). Perceived leisure risk: Implications and interventions for therapeutic recreation in clinical settings. Journal of Expanding Horizons in Therapeutic Recreation, 1, 64-66.
67. Seddighi, H. R., Nuttall, M. W., & Theocharous, A. L. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special references to political instability. Tourism Management, 22(2), 181-191.
68. Slovic, P. (1972). Convergent validation of risk taking measures. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65(11), 68-71.
69. Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1968). Relative importance of probabilities and payoffs in risk taking. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78(3), 1-18.
70. Smith, G. (1999). Toward a United States policy on traveler safety and security: 1980-2000. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 62-65.
71. Smith, V. L. (Ed.). (1989). Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
72. Sonmez, S., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 13-18.
73. Sonmez, S., & Graefe, A. R. (1998a). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177.
74. Sonmez, S., & Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112-144.
75. Sonmez, S., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2), 185-196.
76. Stone, R., & Winter, F. (1985, December). Risk in buyer behavior in contexts: A clarification (Faculty working paper 1216 EWP 860505). College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois, IL.
77. Stone, R., & Winter, F. (1987). Risk: Is it still uncertainty times consequences? In W. Belk & J. Zaltman (Eds.), Proceedings of the American Marketing Association, Winter Educators Conference (pp. 261-265), Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.
78. Suh, Y. K., & Gartner, W. C. (2004). Perceptions in international urban tourism: An analysis of travelers to Seoul, Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 39-45.
79. Summers, J., & McColl-Kennedy, J. (1998). Australia as a holiday destination: Young Americans' vs. Chinese Malaysians' decision-making. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 5(4), 33-55.
80. Tarlow, P. E., & Santana, G. (2002). Providing safety for tourists: A study of a selected sample of tourist destinations in the United States and Brazil. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 424-431.
81. Teigen, K. H., Brun, W., & Slovic, P. (1988). Societal risks as seen by a Norwegian public. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 1, 111-130.
82. Thapa, B. (2004). Tourism in Nepal: Shangri-la's troubled times. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 117-138.
83. Tremblay, P. (1989). Pooling international tourism in Western Europe. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(4), 477-491.
84. Tsaur, S.-H., Tzeng, G.-H., & Wang K.-C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796-812.
85. Tse, D. K., Lee, K., Vertinsky, I., & Wehrung, D. A. (1988). Does culture matter? A cross-cultural study of executives' choice, decisiveness, and risk adjustment in international marketing. Journal of Marketing, 52(4), 81-95.
86. Venkatesan, M. (1973). Cognitive consistency and novelty-seeking. In S. Ward & T. S. Robertson (Eds.), Consumer behavior: Theoretical sources (pp. 355-384). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
87. Verhage, B. J., Yavas, U., & Green, R. T. (1990). Perceived risk: A cross-cultural phenomenon? International Journal of Research Marketing, 7(4), 297-303.
88. Wall, G. (1996). Terrorism and tourism: An overview and an Irish example. In A. Pizam & Y. Mansfeld (Eds.), Tourism, crime and international security issues (pp. 143-158). New York: Wiley.
89. Walsh, R. G. (1986). Recreation economic decisions: Comparing benefits and costs. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
90. Weber, E. U., & Hsee, C. (1998). Cross-cultural differences in risk perception, but cross-cultural similarities in attitudes towards perceived risk. Management Science, 44(9), 1205-1217.
91. Wong, S., & Lau, E. (2001). Understanding the behavior of Hong Kong Chinese tourists on group tour packages. Journal of Travel Research, 40(1), 57-67.
92. World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Basic information about SARS. Retrieved April 2, 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/factsheet.htm
93. Yavas, U., Verhage, B. J., & Green, R. T. (1992). Global consumer segmentation versus local marketing orientation: Empirical findings. Management International Review, 32(3), 265-272.
94. Young, W., Morris, A., Cameron, N., & Haslett, S. (1997). New Zealand national survey of crime victims 1996. Wellington, New Zealand: Victimisation Survey Committee.