Development of physiologically based toxicokinetic models for improving the human indoor exposure assessment to water contaminants: Trichloroethylene and trihalomethanes

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues

Volumn 69, Issue 23, 2006, Pages 2095-2136

  Haddad, Sami ^a   Tardif, Ginette Charest ^b   Tardif, Robert ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; TAP WATER; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TRIHALOMETHANE;

ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DOSIMETRY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOXICOKINETICS; WATER CONTAMINATION;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; AGE FACTORS; ANTHROPOMETRY; AREA UNDER CURVE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX FACTORS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; TRIHALOMETHANES; VOLATILIZATION; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 33750301144     PISSN: 15287394     EISSN: 10872620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15287390600631789     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Andelman, J. B. 1985. Inhalation exposure in the home to volatile organic contaminants of drinking water. Sci Total Environ 47: 443-460.
2. Batterman, S., L. Zhang, S. Wang, and A. Franzblau. 2002. Partition coefficients for the trihalomethanes among blood, urine, water, milk and air. Sci Total Environ 284, 3: 237-247.
3. Chen, C. W., and J. N. Blancato. 1989. Incorporation of biological information in cancer risk assessment: example-vinyl chloride. Cell Biol Toxicol 5: 417-444.
4. Chinery, R. L., and A. K. Gleason. 1993. A compartmental model for the prediction of breath concentration and absorbed dose of chloroform after exposure while showering. Risk Anal 13: 51-62.
5. Clewell, H. J. 3rd, P. R. Gentry, T. R. Covington, and J. M. Gearhart. 2000. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites for use in risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 2: 283-305.
6. Constan, A. A., C. S. Sprankle, J. M. Peters, G. L. Kedderis, J. I. Everitt, B. A. Wong, F. L. Gonzalez, and B. E. Butterworth. 1999. Metabolism of chloroform by cytochrome P450 2E1 is required for induction of toxicity in the liver, kidney, and nose of male mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 160: 120-126.
7. Corley, R. A., S. M. Gordon, and L. A. Wallace. 2000. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the temperature-dependent dermal absorption of chloroform by humans following bath water exposures. Toxicol Sci 53: 13-23.
8. Corley, R. A., A. L. Mendrala, F. A. Smith, D. A. Staats, M. L. Gargas, R. B. Conolly, M. E. Andersen, and R. H. Reitz. 1990. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for chloroform. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 103: 512-527.
9. Dodds, L., and W. D. King. 2001. Relation between trihalomethane compounds and birth defects. Occup Environ Med 58: 443-446.
10. Ershow, A. G., and K. P. Cantor. 1989. "Total tapwater intake in the Unites States: Population-based estimates of quantities and sources." Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD.
11. Forkert, P. G., L. H. Lash, V. Nadeau, R. Tardif, and A. Simmonds. 2002. Metabolism and toxicity of trichloroethylene in epididymis and testis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182: 244-254.
12. Gargas, M. L., R. J. Burgess, D. E. Voisard, G. H. Cason, and M. E. Andersen. 1985. Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 98: 87-99.
13. Haddad, S., M. Pelekis, and K. Krishnan. 1996. A methodology for solving physiologically based pharmacokinetic models without the use of simulation softwares. Toxicol Lett 85: 113-126.
14. Haddad, S., C. Restieri, and K. Krishnan. 2001. Characterization of age-related changes in body weight and organ weights from birth to adolescence in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health A 64: 453-464.
15. Henschler, D., W. Romen, H. M. Elsasser, D. Reichert, E. Eder, and Z. Radwan. 1980. Carcinogenicity study of trichloroethylene by longterm inhalation in three animal species. Arch Toxicol 43: 237-248.
16. International Life Sciences Institute. 1997. "An evaluation of EPA's proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment using chloroform and dichloroacetate as case studies: report of an expert panel." Washington, DC.
17. Jo, W. K., C. P. Weisel, and P. J. Lioy. 1990a. Chloroform exposure and the health risk associated with multiple uses of chlorinated tap water. Risk Anal 10: 581-585.
18. Jo, W. K., C. P. Weisel, and P. J. Lioy. 1990b. Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap water. Risk Anal 10: 575-580.
19. Jorgenson, T. A., E. F. Meierhenry, C. J. Rushbrook, R. J. Bull, and M. Robinson. 1985. Carcinogenicity of chloroform in drinking water to male Osborne-Mendel rats and female B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5: 760-769.
20. Kim, E., J. C. Little, and N. Chiu. 2004. Estimating exposure to chemical contaminants in drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 38: 2482-2490.
21. Krasner, S. W., M. J. McGuire, J. G. Jacangelo, N. L. Papnia, K. M. Reagan, and E. M. Aieta. 1989. The occurrence of disinfection by-products in US drinking water. J Am Water Works Assoc 81: 41-53.
22. Krishnan, K., and M. E. Andersen. 2001. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in toxicology. In: Principles and methods of toxicology. 4th ed., A. W. Hayes, 193-241. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.
23. Laparé, S., R. Tardif, and J. Brodeur. 1995. Effect of various exposure scenarios on the biological monitoring of organic solvents in alveolar air. II. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and trichloroethylene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 67: 375-394.
24. Lévesque, B., P. Ayotte, A. LeBlanc, E. Dewailly, D. Prud'Homme, R. Lavoie, S. Allaire, and P. Levallois. 1994. Evaluation of dermal and respiratory chloroform exposure in humans. Environ Health Perspect 102: 1082-1087.
25. Lévesque, B., P. Ayotte, R. Tardif, G. Charest-Tardif, E. Dewailly, D. Prud'Homme, G. Gingras, S. Allaire, and R. Lavoie. 2000. Evaluation of the health risk associated with exposure to chloroform in indoor swimming pools. J Toxicol Environ Health A 61: 225-243.
26. Luciene da Silva, M., G. Charest-Tardif, K. Krishnan, and R. Tardif. 1999. Influence of oral administration of a quaternary mixture of trihalomethanes on their blood kinetics in the rat. Toxicol Lett 106: 49-57.
27. Lyman, W. J., W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt. 1982. Handbook of Chemical Property estimation methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
28. Maxwell, N. I., D. E. Burmaster, and D. Ozonoff. 1991. Trihalomethanes and maximum contaminant levels: the significance of inhalation and dermal exposures to chloroform in household water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 14: 297-312.
29. McCarley, K. D., and A. L. Bunge. 2001. Pharmacokinetic models of dermal absorption. J Pharm Sci 90: 1699-1719.
30. McDougal, J. N., G. W. Jepson, H. J. 3rd Clewell, M. G. MacNaughton, and M. E. Andersen. 1986. A physiological pharmacokinetic model for dermal absorption of vapors in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 85: 286-294.
31. McKone, T. E. 1987. Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: the indoor inhalation pathway. Environ Sci Technol 21: 1194-1201.
32. McKone, T. E. 1993. Linking a PBPK model for chloroform with measured breath concentrations in showers: implications for dermal exposure models. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 3: 339-365.
33. McKone, T. E., and J. P. Knevzovich. 1991. The transfer of trichloroethylene (TCE) from a shower to indoor air: experimental measurements and their implications. J Air Waster Manage Assoc 40: 282-286.
34. Mills, C. J., R. J. Bull, K. P. Cantor, J. Reif, S. E. Hrudey, and P. Huston. 1998. Workshop report. Health risks of drinking water chlorination by-products: report of an expert working group. Chronic Dis Can 19: 91-102.
35. Nakai, J. S., P. B. Stathopulos, G. L. Campbell, I. Chu, A. Li-Muller, and R. Aucoin. 1999. Penetration of chloroform, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene through human skin. J Toxicol Environ Health A 58: 157-170.
36. National Cancer Institute. 1976a. "Carcinogenesis bioassay of chloroform." Carcinogen Bioassay and Program Resources Branch, Bethesda, MD.
37. National Cancer Institute. 1976b. "Carcinogenesis bioassay of trichloroethylene." NCI-CG-TR-2. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
38. National Toxicology Program. 1983. "Technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice." NTP TR 243. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC.
39. National Toxicology Program. 1985. "Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of chlorodibromomethane (CAS No. 75-27-4) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies)." NTP TR 282. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC.
40. National Toxicology Program. 1986. "Studies of bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 124-48-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies)." NTP TR 321. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC.
41. National Toxicology Program. 1987. "Technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 75-27-4) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies)." NTP TR 282. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC.
42. National Toxicology Program. 1988. "Technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of tribromomethane (bromoform) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage study)." NTP TR 350. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC.
43. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., M. B. Toledano, N. E. Eaton, J. Fawell, and P. Elliott. 2000. Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review. Occup Environ Med 57: 73-85.
44. OMS. 2000. Critères d'hygiène et documentation à l'appui., Vol. 2. Directives De La Qualité Pour L'Eau De Boisson. 2e Éd. Genève: OMS.
45. Otson, R., D. T. Williams, and P. D. Bothwell. 1982. Volatile organic compounds in water at thirty Canadian potable water treatment facilities. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 65: 1370-1374.
46. Poet, T. S., R. A. Corley, K. D. Thrall, J. A. Edwards, H. Tanojo, K. K. Weitz, X. Hui, H. I. Maibach, and R. C. Wester. 2000. Assessment of the percutaneous absorption of trichloroethylene in rats and humans using MS/MS real-time breath analysis and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Toxicol Sci 56: 61-72.
47. Portier, C. J., and N. L. Kaplan. 1989. Variability of safe dose estimates when using complicated models of the carcinogenic process. A case study: methylene chloride. Fundam Appl Toxicol 13: 533-44.
48. Poulin, P., and K. Krishnan. 1996. A tissue composition-based algorithm for predicting tissue:air partition coefficients of organic chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 136: 126-130.
49. Price, K., S. Haddad, and K. Krishnan. 2003a. Physiological modeling of age-specific changes in the pharmacokinetics of organic chemicals in children. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66: 417-33.
50. Price, P. S., R. B. Conolly, C. F. Chaisson, E. A. Gross, J. S. Young, E. T. Mathis, and D. R. Tedder. 2003b. Modeling interindividual variation in physiological factors used in PBPK models of humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 33: 469-503.
51. Ramsey, J. C., and M. E. Andersen. 1984. A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73: 159-175.
52. Roy, A., C. P. Weisel, P. J. Lioy, and P. G. Georgopoulos. 1996. A distributed parameter physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for dermal and inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds. Risk Anal 16: 147-160.
53. Santé Canada. 2000. Sous-produit chlorés de désinfection (SPCD). Santé Canada.
54. Schlouch, E. 1998. "Modélisation toxicocinétiquede l'exposition au chloroforme consécutive à la prise de douche ou bains." Thesis, Université de Montréal.
55. Shatkin, J. A., and H. S. Brown. 1991. Pharmacokinetics of the dermal route of exposure to volatile organic chemicals in water: a computer simulation model. Environ Res 56: 90-108.
56. Smith, A. E., G. M. Gray, and J. S. Evans. 1995. The ability of predicted internal dose measures to reconcile tumor bioassay data for chloroform. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 21: 339-351.
57. Tardif, R., G. Charest-Tardif, J. Brodeur, and K. Krishnan. 1997. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of a ternary mixture of alkyl benzenes in rats and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 144: 120-134.
58. Tardif, R., P. O. Droz, G. Charest-Tardif, G. Pierrehumbert, and G. Truchon. 2002. Impact of human variability on the biological monitoring of exposure to toluene: J. Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling. Toxicol Lett 134: 155-163.
59. Teuschler, L. K., G. E. Rice, C. R. Wilkes, J. C. Lipscomb, and F. W. Power. 2004. A feasibility study of cumulative risk assessment methods for drinking water disinfection by-product mixtures. J Toxicol Environ Health A 67: 755-777.
60. Thomas, R. S., P. L. Bigelow, T. J. Keefe, and R. S. Yang. 1996. Variability in biological exposure indices using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 57: 23-32.
61. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Integrated Risk Information System, IRIS substance files for chloroform (4/1/97), bromodichloromethane (3/1/97), dibromochloromethane (3/1/97), chloroform (3/1/97), accessed online (www.epa.gov/iris/subst/index.html).
62. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. "The Feasibility of Performing Cumulative Risk Assessments for Mixtures of Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water." EPA/600/R-03/051. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.
63. Wartenberg, D., D. Reyner, and C. S. Scott. 2000. Trichloroethylene and cancer: epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 2: 161-176.
64. Weisel, C. P., H. Kim, P. Haltmeier, and J. B. Klotz. 1999. Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 107: 103-110.
65. Wilkes, C. R., M. J. Small, J. B. Andelman, N. J. Giardino, and J. Marshall. 1992. Inhalation exposure model for volatile chemicals from indoor uses of water. Atmos Environ 26A: 2227-2236.
66. Wilkes, C. R., M. J. Small, C. I. Davidson, and J. B. Andelman. 1996. Modeling the effects of water usage and co-behavior on inhalation exposures to contaminants volatilized from household water. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 6: 393-412.
67. Wilkes, C. R., A. D. Mason, and S. C. Hern. 2005. Probability distributions for showering and bathing water-use behavior for various U.S. subpopulations. Risk Anal 25: 317-337.
68. Williams, D. T., R. Otson, P. D. Bothwell, K. L. Murphy, J. L. Robertson. 1980. Trihalomethane levels in Canadian drinking water. In: Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment. B. K Afghan and D. Mackay, 503-512. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation.
69. Xu, X., T. M. Mariano, J. D. Laskin, and C. P. Weisel. 2002. Percutaneous absorption of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloketones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 184: 19-26.