How seals divide up the world: Environment, life history, and conservation

Oecologia

Volumn 150, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 318-329

  Ferguson, Steven H ^a   Higdon, Jeff W ^b  

^a FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Body size; Extinction risk; Geographic range; Lactation; Life history evolution

Indexed keywords

LIPID;

ADAPTATION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; EXTINCTION RISK; LACTATION; LIFE HISTORY; PINNIPED; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY; SEASONAL VARIATION;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; CLASSIFICATION; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHY; LACTATION; MALE; MILK; NEWBORN; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEAL; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHY; LACTATION; LIPIDS; MALE; MILK; PHYLOGENY; PINNIPEDIA; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL;

PINNIPEDIA;

EID: 33750209030     PISSN: 00298549     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0489-x     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Allen AP, Brown JH, Gillooly JF (2002) Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energy-equivalence rule. Science 297:1545-1548
2. Alroy J (2001) A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science 292:1893-1896
3. Ando A, Camm J, Polasky S, Solow A (1998) Species distribution, land values, and efficient conservation. Science 279:2126-2128
4. Arnould JP, Boyd IL, Warneke RM (2003) Historical dynamics of the Australian fur seal population: evidence of regulation by man? Can J Zool 81:1428-1436
5. Barnes LG, Domning DP, Ray CE (1985) Status of studies on fossil marine mammals. Mar Mamm Sci 1:15-53
6. Behrenfeld MJ, Bale AJ, Kolber ZS, Aiken J, Falkowski PG (1996) Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383:508-511
7. Berta A, Sumich JL (1999) Marine mammals: evolutionary biology. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
8. Bininda-Emonds ORP, Gittleman JL, Purvis A (1999) Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biol Rev 74:143-175
9. Boness DJ, Clapham PJ, Mesnick SL (2002) Life history and reproductive strategies. In: Hoelzel R (ed) Marine mammal biology: an evolution approach. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 278-324
10. Bowen WD (1991) Behavioural ecology of pinniped neonates. In: Renouf D (ed) The behaviour of pinnipeds. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 66-127
11. Boyce MS (1979) Seasonality and patterns of natural selection for life histories. Am Nat 114:569-583
12. Branke J (2002) Evolutionary optimization in dynamic environments. Kluwer, Mass.
13. Cardillo M, Purvis A, Sechrest W, Gittleman JL, Bielby J, Mace GM (2004) Human population density and extinction risk in the world's carnivores. PLoS Biol 2:909-914
14. Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR (2002) Mammal population losses and the extinction crisis. Science 296:904-907
15. Cheung WWL, Pitcher TJ, Pauly D (2005) A fuzzy logic expert system to estimate intrinsic extinction vulnerabilities of marine fishes to fishing. Biol Conserv 124:97-111
16. Costa DP (1993) The relationship between reproductive and foraging energetics and the evolution of the Pinnipedia. Sym Zool Soc Lond 66:293-314
17. Costa DP, Kuhn CE, Weise MJ, Shaffer SA, Arnould JPY (2004) When does physiology limit the foraging behaviour of freely diving mammals? Int Congr Ser 1275:359-366
18. Deméré TA, Berta A, Adam PJ (2003) Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 279:32-76
19. Donlan CJ, Knowlton J, Doak DF (2005) Nested communities, invasive species and Holocene extinctions: evaluating the power of a potential conservation tool. Oecologia 145:475-485
20. Dulvy NK, Ellis JR, Goodwin NB, Grant A, Reynolds JD, Jennings S (2004) Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes. Fish Fish 5:255-276
21. Eberhardt LL, Siniff DB (1977) Population dynamics and marine mammal management policies. J Fish Res Bd Can 34:183-190
22. Engelhard GH, Baarspul ANJ, Broekman M, Creuwels ANJ, Reijnders PJH (2002) Human disturbances, nursing behaviour, and lactation of pup growth in a declining southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) population. Can J Zool 80:1876-1886
23. Fay FH, Kelly BP, Sease JL (1989) Managing the exploitation of Pacific walruses: a tragedy of delayed response and poor communication. Mar Mamm Sci 5:1-16
24. Ferguson SH (2002) The effects of productivity and seasonality on life history: comparing age at maturity among moose (Alces alces) populations. Global Ecol Biogeogr 11:303-312
25. Ferguson SH (2006) The influences of environment, mating habitat, and predation on evolution of pinniped lactation strategies. J Mamm Evol 13:63-82
26. Ferguson SH, Larivière S (2002) Can comparing life histories help conserve carnivores? Anim Conserv 5:1-12
27. Ferguson SH, Larivière S (2004) Are long penis bones an adaptation to high latitude snowy environments? Oikos 105:255-267
28. Ferguson SH, McLoughlin PD (2000) Effect of energy availability, seasonality, and geographic range on brown bear life-history. Ecography 23:193-200
29. Ferguson SH, Virgl JA, Larivière S (1996) Evolution of delayed implantation and associated grade shifts in life history traits of North American carnivores. Ècoscience 3:7-17
30. Fisher DO, Owens IPF (2004) The comparative method in conservation biology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:391-398
31. Fodor JA (1983) Précis of the modularity of mind. Behav Brain Sci 8:1-42
32. Fowler CW (1981) Density dependence as related to life history strategy. Ecology 62:602-610
33. Fowler CW (1990) Density dependence in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Mar Mamm Sci 6:171-195
34. Garland T Jr, Dickerman AW, Janis CM, Jones JA (1993) Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Syst Biol 42:265-292
35. Garland T Jr, Midford PE, Ives AR (1999) An introduction to phylogenetically based statistical methods, with a new method for confidence intervals on ancestral values. Am Zool 39:374-488
36. Gerber LR, Hilborn R (2001) Catastrophic events and recovery from low densities in populations of otariids: implications for risk of extinction. Mamm Rev 31:131-150
37. Harwood J, Rohani P (1996) The population biology of marine mammals. In: Floyd RB, Sheppard AW, DeBarro PJ (eds) Frontiers of population ecology. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp 173-190
38. Harvey PH, Godfray HCJ (1987) How species divide resources. Am Nat 129:318-320
39. Harvey PH, Pagel MD (1991) The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
40. Hindell MA (1991) Some life-history parameters of a declining population of Southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina. J Anim Ecol 60:119-134
41. Hindell MA, Bradshaw CJA, Sumner MD, Michael KJ, Burton HR (2003) Dispersal of female southern elephant seals and their prey consumption during the austral summer: relevance to management and oceanographic zones. J Appl Ecol 40:703-715
42. Hucke-Gaete R, Osman LP, Moreno CA, Torres D (2004) Examining natural population growth from near extinction: the South Shetlands, Antarctica. Polar Biol 27:304-311
43. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) (1996) Red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
44. Jackson JBC, Kirby MX, Berger WH, Bjorndal KA, Botsford LW, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke R, Erlandson J, Estes JA, Hughes TP, Kidwell S, Lange CB, Senihan HS, Pandolfi JM, Peterson CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner RR (2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-638
45. Jennings S, Reynolds JD, Mills SC (1998) Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proc R Soc Lond Biol Sci 265:333-339
46. Jennings S, Reynolds JD, Polunin NVC (1999) Predicting the vulnerability of tropical reef fishes to exploitation with phylogenies and life histories. Conserv Biol 13:1466-1475
47. Klein RG (2000) Human evolution and large mammal extinctions. In: Vrba ES, Schaller GB (eds) Antelopes, deer, and relatives, present and future: fossil record, behavioral ecology, systematics, and conservation. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 128-139
48. Klingenberg CP (2002) Morphometrics and the role of the phenotype in studies of the evolution of developmental mechanisms. Gene 287:3-10
49. Kotiaho JS, Kaitala V, Komonen A, Päivinen J (2005) Predicting the risk of extinction from shared ecological characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:1963-1967
50. Kovacs KM, Lavigne DM (1986) Maternal investment and neonatal growth in Phocid seals. J Anim Ecol 55:1035-1051
51. Kovacs KM, Lavigne DM (1992) Maternal investment in otariid seals and walruses. Can J Zool 70:1953-1964
52. Lindenfors P, Tullberg BS, Biuw M (2002) Phylogenetic analysis of sexual selection and sexual size dimorphism. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 52:188-193
53. Liou LW, Price T, Boyce MS, Perrins CM (1993) Fluctuating environments and clutch size evolution in great tits. Am Nat 141:507-516
54. Mangel M, Talbot LM, Meffe GK, Agardy MT, Alverson DL, Barlow J, Botkin DB, Budowski G, Clark T, Cooke J, Crozier DB, Dayton PK, Elder DL, Fowler CW, Funtowicz S, Giske J, Hofman RJ, Holt SJ, Kellert SR, Kimball LA, Ludwig D, Magnusson K, Malayang BS III, Mann C, Norse EA, Northridge SP, Perrin WF, Perrings C, Peterman RM, Rabb GB, Reiger HA, Reynolds JE III, Sherman K, Sissenwine MP, Smith TD, Starfield A, Taylor RJ, Tillman MF, Toft C, Twiss JR Jr, Wilen J, Young TP (1996) Principles for the conservation of wild living resources. Ecol Appl 6:338-362
55. McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA (Eds) (1993) Humans as components of ecosystems: the ecology of subtle human effects and populated areas. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
56. McKee JK (2003) Sparing nature-the conflict between human population growth and earth's biodiversity. Rutgers University Press, Piscataway
57. McKee JK (2001) Faunal turnover rates and mammalian biodiversity of the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene of eastern Africa. Paleobiology 27:500-511
58. McKinney ML (1997) Extinction vulnerability and selectivity: combining ecological and paleontological views. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:495-516
59. McMahon CR, Hindell MA, Burton HR, Beste MN (2005) Comparison of southern elephant seal populations, and observations of a population on a demographic knife-edge. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 288:273-283
60. Menge BA, Southerland JP (1976) Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the role of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity. Am Nat 110:351-369
61. Naves J, Wiegand T, Revilla E, Delibes D (2003) Endangered species constrained by natural and human factors: the case of brown bears in northern Spain. Conserv Biol 17:1276-1289
62. Norris K (2004) Managing threatened species: the ecological toolbox, evolutionary theory and declining-population paradigm. J Appl Ecol 41:413-426
63. Pastor T, Garza JC, Allen P, Amos W, Aguilar A (2004) Low genetic variability in the highly endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal. J Hered 95:291-300
64. Pauly D, Christensen V, Guenette S, Pitcher TJ, Sumaila UR, Walters CJ, Watson R, Zeller D (2002) Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature 418:689-695
65. Peters RH (1983) The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
66. Pistorius PA, Lewis MN, Bester MN, Campagna C, Kirkman SP, Taylor FE (2004) Adult female survival, population trend, and the implications of early primiparity in a capital breeder, the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). J Zool Lond 263:107-119
67. Pistorius PA, Bester MN, Kirkman SP, Taylor FE (2001) Temporal changes in fecundity and age of maturity in the southern elephant seal population at Marion Island. Polar Biol 24: 343-348
68. Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Cowlishaw G, Mace GM (2000) Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 267:1947-1952
69. Raff RA, Sly BJ (2000) Modularity and dissociation in the evolution of gene expression territories in development. Evol Dev 2:102-113
70. Reynolds JD, Jennings S, Dulvy NK (2001) Life histories of fishes and population responses to exploitation. In: Reynolds JD, Mace GM, Redford KH, Robinson JG (eds) Conservation of exploited species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 147-169
71. Riedman M (1990) The Pinnipeds: seals, sea lions, and walruses. University of California Press, Berkely, Calif.
72. Romesburg HC (1984) Cluster analysis for researchers. Lifetime Learning, Belmont
73. Sæther B-E (1988) Pattern of covariation between life-history traits of European birds. Nature 331:616-617
74. Sæther B-E, Ringsby TH, Roskaft E (1996) Life-history variation, population processes and priorities in species conservation: towards a reunion of research paradigms. Okois 77:217-226
75. SAS Institute (1999) SAS/STATusers guide, version 6. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.
76. Schulz TM, Bowen WD (2004) Pinniped lactation strategies: evaluation of data on maternal and offspring life history traits. Mar Mamm Sci 20:86-114
77. Schulz TM, Bowen WD (2005) The evolution of lactation strategies in pinnipeds: a phylogenetic analysis. Ecol Mono 75:159-177
78. Sibly R, Calow P (1985) Classification of habitats by selection pressures: a synthesis of life-cycle and r/K theory. In: Sibly RM, Smith RH (eds) Behavioural ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 75-90
79. Slobodkin LB, Sanders HL (1969) On the contribution of environmental predictability to species diversity. Brookhaven Symp Biol 22:82-95
80. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1995) Biometry. Freeman, San Francisco, Calif.
81. Stevens GC (1989) The latitudinal gradient in geographic range: how so many species coexist in the tropics. Am Nat 133:240-256
82. Stewart BS, DeLong RL (1993) Seasonal dispersion and habitat use of foraging northern elephant seals. Symp Zool Soc Lond 66:179-194
83. Sugihara G (1989) How do species divide resources? Am Nat 133:458-463
84. Tsydenova D, Minh TB, Kajlwara N, Botoev V, Tauabe S (2004) Recent contamination by persistent organochlorines in Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) from Lake Baikal, Russia. Mar Poll Bull 48:749-758
85. Tuljapurkar SD (1990) Population dynamics in variable environments. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
86. Weber DS, Stewart BS, Lehman N (2004) Genetic consequences of a severe population bottleneck in the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendii). J Hered 95:144-153
87. Wickens P, York AE (1997) Comparative dynamics of fur seals. Mar Mamm Sci 13:241-292
88. Wilmott CJ, Rowe CM, Mintz Y (1985) Climatology of the terrestrial seasonal water cycle. J Climatol 5:589-606
89. Wyss AR (1988) Evidence from flipper structure for a single origin of pinnipeds. Nature 334:427-428
90. Wyss AR (1994) The evolution of body size in phocids: some ontogenetic and phylogenetic observations. In: Berta A, Dmere TA (eds) Contributions in marine mammal paleontology honoring Franck C. Whitmore, jr., vol 29. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego, Calif, pp 69-75