Comparative population dynamics of fur seals

Marine Mammal Science

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 241-292

  Wickens, Patti ^a,b   York, Anne E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b ALASKA FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctocephalus; Callorhinus; fur seal; life history; modeling; population dynamics

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; FUR SEAL; FUR SEALS; LIFE HISTORY; MAMMALS; MODELLING; POPULATION DYNAMICS;

ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS PUSILLUS; ARCTOCEPHALUS TOWNSENDI; CALLORHINUS URSINUS;

EID: 0030619256     PISSN: 08240469     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00631.x     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. BALMELLI, M., AND P. A. WICKENS. 1994. Estimates of daily ration for the South African (Cape) fur seal. South African Journal of Marine Science 14:151-157.
2. BARLOW, J., AND P. BOVENG. 1991. Modeling age-specific mortality for marine mammal populations. Marine Mammal Science 7:50-65.
3. BENGUELA ECOLOGY PROGRAMME. 1991- Report on the Benguela Ecology Programme workshop on seal-fishery interactions. Report of the Benguela Ecology Programme, South Africa 22. 65 pp.
4. BESTER, M. N. 1980. Population increase in the Amsterdam Island fur seal Arctocephaliis tropicalis at Gough Island. South African Journal of Zoology 15:229-234.
5. BESTER, M. N. 1981. Seasonal changes in the population composition of the fur seal Arctocephaltis tropicalis at Gough Island. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 11:49-55.
6. BESTER, M. N. 1987. Subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis at Gough Island (Tristan da Cunha group). Pages 57-60 In J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
7. BESTER, M. N. 1990. Reproduction in the male sub-Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalns tropicalis. Journal of Zoology, London 222:177-185.
8. BESTER, M. N. 1995. Reproduction in the female sub-Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis. Marine Mammal Science 11:362-375.
9. BIGG, M. A., I. B. MACASKIE AND G. ELLIS. 1978. Studies on captive fur seals. Progress Report 2, Canadian Fisheries and Marine Service, Manuscript Report 1471. 21 pp.
10. BOYD, I. L. 1989. Spatial and temporal distribution of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) on the breeding grounds at Bird Island, South Georgia. Polar Biology 10:179-185.
11. BOYD, I. L. 1993- Pup production and distribution of breeding Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephaltis gazella) at South Georgia. Antarctic Science 5:17-24.
12. BOYD, I. L., AND C. D. DUCK. 1991- Mass changes and metabolism in territorial male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Physiological Zoology 64:375-392.
13. BOYD, I. L., AND T. S. McCANN. 1989. Prenatal investment in reproduction by female Antarctic fur seals. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 24:377-385.
14. BOYD, I. L., N. J. LUNN, P. ROTHERY AND J. P. CROXALL. 1990. Age distribution of breeding female Antarctic fur seals in relation to changes in population growth rate. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:2209-2213.
15. BOYD, I. L., J. P. CROXALL, N. J. LUNN AND K. REID. 1995. Population demography of Antarctic fur seals: The costs of reproduction and implications for life-histories. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:505-518.
16. BROTHERS, N., AND D. PEMBERTON. 1990. Status of Australian and New Zealand fur seals at Maatsuyker Island, Southwestern Tasmania. Australian Wildlife Research 17:563-569.
17. BUTTERWORTH, D. S., AND P. A. WiCKENS. 1990. Annex 2. Modeling the dynamics of the South African fur seal population. Pages 33-61 in Report of the subcommittee appointed at the request of the Minister of Environment Affairs and of Water Affairs, to advise the Minister on scientific aspects of sealing. Ministry of National Education and Environment Affairs, Cape Town. 112 pp.
18. BUTTERWORTH, D. S., J. H. M. DAVID, L. H. McQuAio AND S. S. XULU. 1987. Modeling the population dynamics of the South African fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusilltts. Pages 141-164 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
19. BUTTERWORTH, D. S., A. E. PUNT AND P. A. WICKENS. 1991. An updated assessment of the fur seal population in southern Africa. Benguela Ecology Programme Workshop on Seal-Fishery Biological Interactions, September 1991 A7. 33 pp.
20. BUTTERWORTH, D. S., A. E. PUNT, W. H. OOSTHUIZEN AND P. A. WICKENS. 1995-The effects of future consumption by the Cape fur seal on catches and catchrates of the Cape hakes 3. Modeling the dynamics of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. South African Journal of Marine Science 16:161-183.
21. CASWELL, H. 1989. Matrix population models. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
22. CHAPMAN, D. G. 1961. Population dynamics of the Alaska fur seal herd. Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC. 26:256-369.
23. CHARLESWORTH, B. 1980. Evolution in age-structured populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
24. COSTA, D. P., AND R. L. GENTRY. 1986. Free-ranging energetics of northern fur seals. Pages 79-101 in R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman, eds. Fur seals: Maternal strategies on land and at sea. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
25. COSTA, D. P., J. P. CROXALL AND C. D. DUCK. 1989. Foraging energetics of Antarctic fur seals in relation to changes in prey availability. Ecology 70:596-606.
26. CRAIG, A. M. 1964. Reproduction in the female fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus (Linn.). M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 116 p.
27. CRAWLEY, M. C., AND G. J. WILSON. 1976. The natural history and behaviour of the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsterï). Tuatara 22:1-29.
28. DAVID, J. H. M. 1987. South African fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Pages 65-71 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
29. DAVID, J. H. M., AND R. W. RAND. 1986. Attendance behavior of South African fur seals. Pages 126-141 in R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman, eds. Fur seals: Maternal strategies on land and at sea. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
30. DE ViLLiERS, D. J., AND J-P. Roux. 1992. Mortality of newborn pups of the South African fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus in Namibia. In A. I. L. Payne, K. H. Brink, K. H. Mann, and R. Hilborn, eds. Benguela trophic functioning. South African Journal of Marine Science 12:881-889.
31. DELONG, R. L. 1982. Population biology of northern fur seals at San Miguel Island, California. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 185 pp.
32. DENNIS, B., P. L. MUNHOLLAND AND J. M. SCOTT. 1991- Estimation of growth and extinction parameters for endangered species. Ecological'Monographs 61:115-143.
33. Dix, B. 1993. A new record this century of a breeding colony in the North Island for the New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri. Journal of the Royal Society, New Zealand 23:1-4.
34. DOIDGE, D. W, AND J. P. CROXALL. 1989. Factors affecting weaning weight in Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella at South Georgia. Polar Biology 9:155-160.
35. DOIDGE, D. W., J. P. CROXALL AND J. R. BAKER. 1984. Density-dependent pup mortality in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella at South Georgia. Journal of Zoology, London 202:449-460.
36. DOIDGE, D< W, T. S. McCANN AND J. P. CROXALL. 1986. Attendance behavior of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Pages 102-114 in R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman, eds. Fur seals: Maternal strategies on land and at sea. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
37. EBERHARDT, L. L. 1981. Population dynamics of the Pribilof fur seals. Pages 197-220 in C. W. Fowler and T. D. Smith, eds. Dynamics of large mammal'populations. Wiley, New York.
38. FLEISCHER, L. A. 1987. Guadalupe fur seal, Arctocephalus toivnsendi. Pages 43-48 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
39. FRISMAN, E. Y., E. I. SKALETSKAYA AND A. E. KUZIN. 1982. A mathematical model of the population dynamics of a local northern fur-seal herd. Ecological Modeling 16:151-172.
40. GALLO-REYNOSO, J-P, AND A-L. FIGUEROA-CARRANZA. 1996. Size and weight of Guadalupe fur seals. Marine Mammal Science 12:318-321.
41. GENTRY, R. L., D. P. COSTA, J. P. CROXALL, J. H. M. DAVID, R. W. DAVIS, G. L. KOOYMAN, P. MAJLUF, T. S. MC.CANN AND F. TRILLMICH. 1986. Synthesis and conclusions. Pages 220-278 in R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman, eds. Fur seals: Maternal strategies on land and at sea. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
42. GOLDSWORTHY, S. D., AND P. D. StiAUGHNESSY. 1994. Breeding biology and haul-out pattern of the New Zealand fur seal, Arctocephalus fönten, at Cape Gantheaume, South Australia. Wildlife Research 21:365-376.
43. HARCOURT, R. 1992. Factors affecting early mortality in the South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) in Peru: Density-related effects and prédation. Journal of Zoology 226:259-270.
44. HARCOURT, R., AND C. LALAS. 1995. Status of the New Zealand fur seal in the Otago region 1994-1995. Otago Miscellaneous Series, Department of Conservation, Dunedin 27. 17 pp.
45. HES, A. D., AND J-P. Roux. 1983. Population increase in the subantarctic fur seal Arctocephaltis tnpicalis at Amsterdam Island. South African Journal of Antarctic Research 13:29-34.
46. INNES, S., D. M. LAVIGNE, W. M. EARLE AND K. M. KOVACS. 1987. Feeding rates of seals and whales. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:115-130.
47. JOHNSON, A. M. 1968. Annual mortality of territorial male fur seals and its management significance. Journal of Wildlife Management 32:94-99.
48. KERLEY, G. I. H. 1983. Comparison of seasonal haul-out patterns of fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis and A. gazella on subantarctic Marion Island. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 13:71-77.
49. KERLEY, G. I. H. 1987. Arctocephalus tropicalis on the Prince Edward Islands. Pages 61-64. in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
50. KIRKWOOD, R., D. PEMBERTON AND G. COPSON. 1992. The conservation and man- . agement of seals in Tasmania. Report, Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Tasmania. 10 pp.
51. KOVACS, K. M., AND D. M. LAVIGNE. 1992. Maternal investment in otariid seals and walruses. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1953-1964.
52. LALAS, C., AND R. HARCOURT. 1995. Pup production of the New Zealand fur seal on Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25:81-88.
53. LANDER, R. H. 1975. Method of determining natural mortality in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus tirsinus) from known pups and kill by age and sex. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:2447-2452.
54. LANDER, R. H. 1979. Role of land and ocean mortality in yield of Alaska fur seals. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 77:311-314.
55. LANDER, R. H., ED. 1980. Summary of northern fur seal data and collection procedures. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, F/NWC-4, 3 volumes.
56. LANDER, R. H. 1981. A life table and biomass estimate for Alaskan fur seals. Fisheries Research, Amsterdam 1:55-70.
57. LAVIGNE, D. M., S. INNES, G. A. J. WORTHY, K. M. KOVACS, O. J. SCHMITZ AND J. P. HICKIE. 1986. Metabolic rates of seals and whales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:279-284.
58. LIMA, M., AND E. PAEZ. 1995. Growth and reproductive patterns in the South American fur seal. Journal of Mammalogy 76:1249-1255.
59. LING, J. K. 1987. New Zealand fur seal, Antocephalus forsteri (Lesson), in South Australia. Pages 53-55. in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
60. LOUGHLIN, T. R., G. A. ANTONELIS, A. E. YORK, C. W. FOWLER AND R. L. DeLoxG. 1995Status of the northern fur seal population on the U.S. west coast in 1992. Pages 9-29 in E. H. Sinclair, ed. Fur seal investigations, 1992. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-45.
61. LUNN, N. J., AND I. L. BOYD. 1993. Effects of maternal age and condition on parturition and the perinatal period of Antarctic fur seals. Journal of Zoology, London 229:55-67.
62. LUNN, N. J., I. L. BOYD AND J. P. CROXALL. 1994. Reproductive performance of female Antarctic fur seals: The influence of age, breeding experience, environmental variation and individual quality. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:827-840.
63. MAJLUF, P. 1987. South American fur seal, Antocephalus anstralis, in Peru. Pages 33-35 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
64. MAJLUF, P. 1991. El Nino and effects on pinnipeds in Peru. Pages 55-66 in F. Trillmich and K. Ono, eds. Pinnipeds and El Nino. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
65. MAJLUF, P. 1992. Timing of births and juvenile mortality in the South American fur seal in Peru. Journal of Zoology, London 227:367-383-
66. MARINE MAMMAL BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 1969- Fur seal investigations, 1966. Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory, U.S. Dept. Interior. Special Scientific ReportFisheries 584. 123 pp.
67. MATTLIN, R. H. \978a. Population biology, thermorégulation and site preference of the New Zealand fur seal, Antocephalus forsteri (Lesson, 1828), on the Open Bay Islands, New Zealand. PhD Thesis, Christchurch, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. 179 pp.
68. MATTLIN, R. H. 1978£. Pup mortality of the New Zealand fur seal (Antocephalus forsteri Lesson). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 1:138-144.
69. MATTLIN, R. H. 1981. Pup growth of the New Zealand fur seal Antocephalus forsteri on the Open Bay Islands, New Zealand. Journal of Zoology, London 193:305-314.
70. MATTLIN, R. H. 1987. New Zealand fur seal, Antocephalus forsteri, within the New Zealand region. Pages 49-51 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
71. MC.CANN, T. S., AND D. W. DOIDGE. 1987. Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalits gazdla. Pages 5-8 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
72. MILLER, E. H. 1975. Annual cycle of fur seals, Antocephalus forsteri (Lesson), on the Open Bay Islands, New Zealand. Pacific Science 29:139-152.
73. MILLER, R. V. 1990. The Bering Sea connection: The U.S./U.S.S.R. Marine Mammal Project. Alaska's Wildlife 22:7-10.
74. NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE. 1993. Final Conservation Plan for the Northern fur seal, Callorhinus itrsinus. Prepared by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory/Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, and the Office of Pro-tected Resources/National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland. 80 pp.
75. OOSTHUIZEN, W. H. 1991. General movements of South African (Cape) fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus from analysis of recoveries of tagged animals. South African Journal of Marine Science 11:21-29.
76. PAYNE, M. R. 1977. Growth of a fur seal population. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 279:647-79.
77. PAYNE, M. R. 1979. Growth in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephaltis gazella. Journal of Zoology, London 187:1-20.
78. FEREZ, M. A., W. B. McAixiSTER AND E. E. MOONEY. 1990. Estimated feeding rate relationship for marine mammals based on captive animal data. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NWC-184. 30 pp.
79. PETERSON, R. S. 1968. Social behavior in pinnipeds with particular reference to the northern fur seal. Pages 3-53 in R. J. Harrison, R. C. Hubbard R. S. Peterson, C. E. Rice and R. J. Schusterman, eds. The behaviour and physiology of pinnipeds. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
80. RAND, R. W. 1967. The Cape fur-seal (Arctocephalus pusillus) 3. General behaviour on land and at sea. Investigational Report of the Division of Sea Fisheries, South Africa 60. 39 pp."
81. REIJNDERS, P., S. BRASSEUR, J. VAN DER TOORN, P. VAN DER WOLF, I. BOYD, J. HARWOOD, D. LAVIGNE AND L. LOWRY. 1993. Seals, fur seals, sea lions, and walrus. Status survey and conservation plan. IUCN/SSC Seal Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 88 pp.
82. REISS, M. J. 1989. The allometry of growth and reproduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
83. Roux, J-P. 1987. Subantarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus tropicalis, in French subantarctic territories. Pages 79-81 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
84. Roux, J-P., AND A. D. HES. 1984. The seasonal haul-out cycle of the fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray 1872) on Amsterdam Island. Mammalia 48:377-389.
85. SHAUGHNESSY, P. D. 1984. Historical population levels of seals and seabirds on islands off southern Africa, with special reference to Seal Island, False Bay. Inves- . tigational Report, Division of Sea Fisheries, South Africa 127. 61 pp.
86. SHAUGHNESSY, P. D., AND P. B. BEST. 1975. The pupping season of the Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Unpublished report, Cape Town, Sea Fisheries Research Institute. 8 pp.
87. SHAUGHNESSY, P. D., AND P. B. BEST. 1982. A discrete population model for the South African fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Pages 163-176 in Mammals in the seas. Food and Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Series 5(4).
88. SHAUGHNESSY, P. D., AND S. D. GOLDSWORTHY. 1990. Population size and breeding season of the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella at Heard Island-1987/1988. Marine Mammal Science 6:292-304.
89. SHAUGHNESSY, P. D., AND R. M. WARNEKE. 1987. Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus. Pages 73-77 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
90. SHAUGHNESSY, P. D., N. J. GALES, T. E. DENNIS AND S. D. GOLDSWORTHY. 1994. Distribution and abundance of New Zealand fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri in South Australia and Western Australia. Wildlife Research 21:667-695.
91. SHAUGHNESSY, P. D., S. D. GOLDSWORTHY AND J. A. LIBKE. 1995. Changes in the abundance of New Zealand fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Wildlife Research 22:201-215.
92. SMITH, T. D., AND T. POLACHECK. 1981. Reexamination of the life table for northern fur seals with implications about population regulatory mechanisms. Pages 99-120 in C. W. Fowler and T. D. Smith, eds. Dynamics of large mammal populations. Wiley, New York.
93. SOUTH AFRICAN SHIPPING NEWS AND FISHING INDUSTRY REVIEW. 1993. Namibian seal harvest 1992. South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review 48(4):30.
94. SPOTTE, S. H., AND G. ADAMS. 1981. Feeding rate of captive adult female northern fur seals, Callorhinus iirsinns. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 79:182-184.
95. TAYLOR, R. H. 1982. New Zealand fur seals at the Bounty Islands. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 16:1-9-
96. TAYLOR, R. H. 1990. Records of subantarctic fur seals in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 24:499-502.
97. TAYLOR, R. H., K. J. BARTON, P. R. WILSON, B. W. THOMAS AND B. J. KARL. 1995. Population estimates and breeding of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) in the Nelson-northern Marlborough region 1991-1994. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 29:223-234.
98. TORRES, D. N. 1987. Juan Fernandez fur seal, Arctocephalus philippii. Pages 37-41 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
99. TRILLMICH, F. 1987. Galapagos fur seal, Arctocephalus galapagoensis. Pages 23-27 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
100. TRILLMICH, F., AND K. O. ONO, EDS. 1991. Pinnipeds and El Nino: Responses to the environment. Springer, Berlin.
101. TRITES, A. W. 1989. Estimating the juvenile survival rate of male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursintts). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:1428-1436.
102. TRITES, A. W. 1992. Reproductive synchrony and the estimation of mean date of birth from daily counts of northern fur seal pups. Marine Mammal Science 8:4456.
103. TRITES, A. W, AND P. A. LARKIN. 1989. The decline and fall of the Pribilof fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus): A simulation study. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:1437-1445.
104. VAZ-FERREIRA, R. 1982. Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman), South American fur seal. Mammals in the seas. FAO Fisheries Series 4(5): 497-508.
105. VAZ-FERREIRA, R., AND A. PONCE DE LEON. 1987. South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis, in Uruguay. Pages 29-32 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
106. VLADIMIROV, V. A. 1987. Age-specific reproductive behavior in northern fur seals on Commander Islands. Pages 113-120 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
107. VNIRO. 1993. Information report on the results of monitoring fur seal populations in Russia, 1992. Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow. 12 pp.
108. WARNEKE, R. M. 1979. Australian fur seal. Pages 41-44 in Mammals in the seas. Food and Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Series 5(2).
109. WARNEKE, R. M. 1982. The distribution and abundance of seals in the Australian region, with summaries of biology and current research. Pages 431-475 in Mammals in the seas. Food and Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Series 5(2).
110. WARNEKE, R. M., AND P. D. SHAUGHNESSY. 1985. Arctocephalnspusillus, the South African and Australian fur seal: Taxonomy, evolution, biogeography, and life history. Pages 53-77 in J. K. Ling and M. M. Bryden, eds. Studies of sea mammals in south latitudes. South Australian Museum.
111. WICKENS, P. A., J. H. M. DAVID, P. A. SHELTON AND J. G. FIELD. 1991. Trends in harvests and pup numbers of the South African fur seal: Implication for management. South African Journal of Marine Science 11:307-326.
112. WICKENS, P. A., P. A. SHELTON, J. H. M. DAVID, J. G. FIELD, W. H. OOSTHUIZEN, J-P. Roux AND A. M. STARFIELD. 1992. A fur seal simulation model to explore alternative management strategies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:1396-1405.
113. WILKINSON, I. S., AND M. N. BESTER. 1990. Continued population increase in fur seals, Antocephalns tropicalis and A. gazella, at the Prince Edward Islands. South African Antarctic Research 20:58-63.
114. XIMENEZ, L, L. M. BATALLES, M. LIMA, A. PONCE DE LEON AND A. MALEK. 1984. Porcentaje de prenez en la poblaciôn de Arctocephalus australis en Uruguay. Industria lobera y Pesquera del estado (ILPE). Anales 1984:34-42.
115. YORK, A. E. 1985. Juvenile survival of fur seals. Pages 34-47 in P. Kozloff, éd. Fur seal investigations, 1982. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service F/NWC-71.
116. YORK, A. E. 1987a. Northern fur seal, Callorhimis ursinus, eastern Pacific population (Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and San Miguel Island, California). Pages 9-21 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service 51.
117. YORK, A. E. 1987b. On comparing the population dynamics of fur seals. Pages 133-140 in J. P. Croxall and R. L. Gentry, eds. Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop, Cambridge 1984. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National, Marine Fisheries Service 51.
118. YORK, A. E. 1994. Estimates of survival of the 1987 and 1988 cohorts of juvenile male northern fur seals tagged on St Paul Island, Alaska. Pages 13-34 in E. H. Sinclair, ed. Fur seal investigations, 1993. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS-AFSC46.
119. YORK, A. E. 1995. The relationship of several environmental indices to the survival of juvenile male northern fur seals (Callorhinits ursinus) from the Pribilof Islands. Pages 317-327 /"/; R. J. Beamish, ed. Climate change and northern fish populations. Canadian Special Publication, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121.
120. YORK, A. E., AND G. A. ANTONELIS. 1990. Pup weights and sex ratios, 1987-88. Pages 38-52 in H. Kajimura, ed. Fur seal investigations 1987 and 1988. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service F/NEW-180.
121. YORK, A. E., AND J. R. HARTLEY. 1981. Pup production following harvest of female northern fur seals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:84-90.
122. YORK, A. E., AND P. KOZLOFF. 1987. On estimating the number of fur seal pups born on St Paul Island, 1980-86. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 85:367-375.