On the history of man-made destruction: Loss, death, memory, and Germany in the bombing war

History Workshop Journal

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 103-134

  Moeller, Robert G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749861055     PISSN: 13633554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hwj/dbi057     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Peter Dimock, senior executive editor at Columbia University Press, confirmed that the book will be out in English in fall 2006.
2. Jörg Friedrich, Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940-1945, Berlin, 2002. Page references in the text are to this edition.
3. On other histories of the bombing war see Jörg Arnold, 'Sammelrez: Bombenkrieg', H-Soz-u-Kult, 28 June 2004, http://hsozkult.geschichte.huberlin.de/rezensionen/2004-2-062 (last accessed 9 Oct. 2004).
4. See also the insightful discussion of Der Brand in Mary Nolan, 'Germans as Victims During the Second World War', Central European History 38:1, 2005, pp. 7-40.
5. http://www.bombenkrieg.historicum.net/.
6. See Jochen Bölsche, 'So muss die Hölle aussehen', Der Spiegel, 6 Jan. 2003.
7. For a discussion of media representations, see Sönke Neitzel, '"Wer Wind sät, wird Sturm ernten": Der Luftkrieg in westdeutschen Fernsehdokumentationen', historicum.net [8 Dec. 2003], http://www.bombenkrieg.historicum.net/themen/fernsehen.html (last accessed 28 Oct. 2004)
8. also Feuersturm: Der Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland, Spiegel TV history, DVD-Edition (see also http://www.spiegel.de/sptv/special/ 0,1518,237418,00.html, last accessed 9 Dec. 2004).
9. W. G. Sebald, On the Natural History of Destruction, transl. Anthea Bell, New York, 2003, quotations, pp. 4, 10.
10. Rudy Koshar, From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory 1970-1990, Berkeley, 2000.
11. In a vast literature see for instance Dennis E. Showalter, 'Plans, Weapons, Doctrines: The Strategic Cultures of Inter-war Europe', in The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919-1939, ed. Roger Chickering and Stig Förster, Cambridge, 2003, p. 60
12. Richard J. Overy, 'Air Power in the Second World War: Historical Themes and Theories', in The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War: An International Comparison, ed. Horst Boog, New York, 1992, pp. 7-28.
13. Geoff Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam, Houndsmills, 1994, pp. 179-81
14. and Henry Probert, Bomber Harris, His Life and Times: The Biography of Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Sir Arthur Harris, the Wartime Chief of Bomber Command, London, 2001, pp. 52-3.
15. Conrad C. Crane, Bombs, Cities, and Civilians: American Airpower Strategy in World War II, Lawrence KS, 1993, p. 24.
16. Overy, 'Air Power in the Second World War', pp. 7-29.
17. Manfred Messerschmidt, 'Strategic Air War and International Law', in Conduct of the Air War, ed. Boog, pp. 298-300.
18. See R.J. Overy, The Air War 1939-1945, London, 1980, pp. 102-3
19. and Horst Boog, 'The Luftwaffe and Indiscriminate Bombing up to 1942', in Conduct of the Air War, ed. Boog, pp. 373-404.
20. Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won, London, 1995, p. 117.
21. On American policy, see the superb work of Ronald Schaffer, Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II, New York, 1985
22. on the US and Britain, Tami Davis Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914-1945, Princeton, 2002
23. and on Britain, Mark Connelly, Reaching for the Stars: A New History of Bomber Command in World War II, London, 2001.
24. For a first-rate account of the impact of the bombing war on daily life in Germany, see Ralf Blank, 'Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg an der "Heimatfront"', in Die Deutsche Kriegsgesellschaft 1939 bis 1945, Part I, ed. Jörg Echternkamp, Munich, 2004, pp. 357-461.
25. Statistical estimates - which vary greatly - are summarized in Blank, 'Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg', pp. 459-60.
26. See also Olaf Groehler, 'The Strategic Air War and its Impact on the German Civilian Population', in Conduct of the Air, ed. Boog, p. 291-2.
27. Groehler, who did most of his work on the bombing war in the former German Democratic Republic, is the author of a major study of the bombing war published shortly after the fall of the Wall. On the difficulty of getting accurate death tolls, see Olaf Groehler, Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland, Berlin, 1990, pp. 316-20.
28. See Der Brand, p. 115-6.
29. For other opinions see for instance Overy, Why the Allies Won; Overy, Air War, p. 123
30. and 'United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report, European War, Washington, D.C., 30 September 1945', in The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, ed. David MacIsaac, vol. 1, New York, 1976, or at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html (last accessed 27 Oct. 2004)
31. and 'The Effects of Strategic Bombing on German Morale', Vol. 1, Morale Division: Dates of Survey: March-July, 1945, Date of Publication: May 1947
32. reprinted in The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, ed. David MacIsaac, vol., 4, New York, 1976.
33. On the legal status of the aerial bombing of civilians see the useful discussion in Eric Langenbacher, 'The Allies in World War II: The Anglo-American Bombardment of German Cities', in Genocide, War Crimes and the West, ed. Adam Jones, London, 2004, pp. 116-33.
34. Marilyn Young reminds me that in a recent documentary Robert McNamara quotes Curtis LeMay on the American bombing of Japanese cities in the Second World War: 'But what makes it immoral if you lose and not immoral if you win?' McNamara has no answer. The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, director Erol Morris, Sony Pictures Classics, 2003.
35. For a good summary, see Stephen A. Garrett, Ethics and Airpower in World War II: The British Bombing of German Cities, New York, 1993. In fact, condemnation of Harris has been so universal that a recent account of the bombing war sets out to salvage his reputation.
36. See Robin Neillands, The Bomber War: Arthur Harris and the Allied Bomber Offensive, 1939-1945, London, 2001.
37. See also Frederick Taylor's defence of the bombing of Dresden, Dresden: Tuesday, February 13, 1945, New York, 2004.
38. Page references in the text are to Friedrich, Der Brand.
39. Schaffer, Wings of Judgment
40. Crane, Bombs, Cities
41. Neillands, Bomber War
42. Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality, pp. 214-61.
43. Indeed, Bernard Wasserstein provides evidence that the British explicitly rejected this as a strategy in 1942 and 1943 with the argument that it would have led to even greater German violence against Jews. Harris's recommendations for an 'Operation Retribution' were rejected by Churchill and the Air Ministry; see Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939-1945, Oxford, 1979, pp. 306-7.
44. See for example Lothar Kettenacker, 'Churchills Dilemma', in Ein Volk von Opfern? Die neue Debatte um den Bombenkrieg 1940-45, ed. Lothar Kettenacker, Berlin, 2003, pp. 48-55.
45. See Nicholas Stargardt, 'Victims of Bombing and Retaliation', German Historical Institute London Bulletin 26: 2, 2004, pp. 57-70.
46. A particularly devastating review by Ralf Blank appeared in sehepunkte 2, 2002, no. 12 [15 Dec. 2002], URL: http://www.sehepunkte.historicum.net/2002/12/3549071655.html (last accessed 27 Oct. 2004).
47. See the excellent summary of Allied strategic planning in Thomas Childers, '"Facilis descensus averni est": The Allied Bombing of German and the Issue of German Suffering', Central European History 38: 1, 2005, pp. 75-105.
48. Jörg Friedrich, Brandstätten: Der Anblick des Bombenkriegs, Berlin, 2003
49. and the highly critical review of the book by Ralf Blank in H-Soz-u-Kult, 22 Oct. 2003, http://hsozkult/geschichte.hu-berlin.de/ rezensionen/2003-4-044 (last accessed 28 Oct. 2004).
50. 'Terror from the Sky', Exberliner, issue 20, October 2004.
51. Jeffrey Herf, Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys, Cambridge, Mass., 1997.
52. See Achatz von Müller, 'Volk der Täter, Volk der Opfer', Die Zeit no. 44, 2003
53. and the response from Bernd Ulrich, 'Alle Deutschen werden Brüder', no. 45, 2003.
54. 'Terror from the Sky'.
55. See Helmut Dubiel, Niemand ist frei von der Geschichte: Die nationalsozialistische Herrschaft in den Debatten des Deutschen Bundestages, Munich, 1999.
56. See also Robert G. Moeller, 'Sinking Ships, the Lost Heimat and Broken Taboos: Günter Grass and the Politics of Memory in Contemporary Germany', Contemporary European History 12: 2, 2003, pp. 1-35.
57. See also Peter Schneider, 'Deutsche als Opfer? Über ein Tabu der Nachkriegsgeneration', in Ein Volk von Opfern?, ed. Kettenacker, pp. 159-65
58. Cora Stephan, 'Wie man eine Stadt anzündet', in Ein Volk von Opfern?, ed. Kettenacker, pp. 95-102
59. Klaus Naumann, 'Bombenkrieg - Totaler Krieg - Massaker: Jörg Friedrichs Buch Der Brand in der Diskussion', Mittelweg 36: 4, 2003, pp. 49-60
60. and Nolan, 'Germans as Victims', pp. 23-4.
61. Quoted in Douglas Peifer, review of Der Brand, 4 Nov. 2003, http://h-net.msu.edu/cgibin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list= h-german&month=0311&week=a&msg=5/ R3pMxMMKXMXQSNhvwxbw&user=&pw= (last accessed 8 Dec. 2004)
62. also Nolan, 'Germans as Victims', pp. 25-7.
63. Norbert Frei, 'Gefühlte Geschichte: Die Erinnerungsschlacht um den 60. Jahrestag des Kriegsendes 1945 hat begonnen', Die Zeit no. 44, 2004 (accessed online at http://www.zeit.de/, 23 Oct. 2004).
64. Andreas Hillgruber, Zweierlei Untergang: Die Zerschlagung des Deutschen Reiches und das Ende des europäischen Judentums, Berlin, 1986
65. and in general Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity, Cambridge, Mass., 1988.
66. 'Interview mit dem Berliner Historiker Jörg Friedrich: Von guten Massakern und bösen Massakern', Spiegel Online, 2003, http://www.spiegel.de/sptv/special/0,1518,237918,00.html (last accessed on 2 June 2005).
67. See also the critical comments in Startgardt, 'Victims of Bombing'.
68. This tendency is previewed in a 1984 work by Friedrich in which he compares the carbon monoxide poisoning of victims at Treblinka with the deaths of 'a large part of the victims of the bombing war' by the same means. See Jörg Friedrich, Die kalte Amnestie: NS-Täter in der Bundesrepublik, Frankfurt am Main, 1984, p. 17.
69. Indeed, Friedrich's brief chapter in this book on 'Städte im Feuersturm' outlines some of the central arguments that reappear in Der Brand.
70. In general, see Robert G. Moeller, 'Thoughts on a Post-Cold War History of World War II's Legacies', History and Memory 17: 1-2, 2005, pp. 147-94.
71. Gilad Margalit, 'Der Luftangriff auf Dresden: Seine Bedeutung fr̈ die Erinnerungerspolitik der DDR und für die Herauskristallisierung einer historischen Kriegserinnerung im Westen', in Narrative der Shoah: Repräsentationen der Vergangenheit in Historiographie, Kunst und Politik, ed. Susanne Düwell and Matthias Schmidt, Paderborn, 2002, pp. 189-208
72. also Thomas W. Neumann, 'Der Bombenkrieg: Zur ungeschriebenen Geschichte einer kollektiven Verletzung', in Nachkrieg in Deutschland, ed. Klaus Naumann, Hamburg, 2001, pp. 319-42.
73. Ralph Bollman, 'Im Dickicht der Aufrechnung', in Ein Volk von Opfern?, ed. Kettenacker, pp. 137-8
74. and Volker Ullrich, 'Weltuntergang kann nicht schlimmer sein', also in Ein Volk von Opfern?, pp. 110-15
75. see also Robert R. Shandley, Rubble Films: German Cinema in the Shadow of the Third Reich, Philadelphia, 2001.
76. Elizabeth Heineman, 'The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's "Crisis Years" and West German National Identity', American Historical Review 101: 2, 1996, pp. 354-95.
77. Michael Hughes, Shouldering the Burdens of Defeat: West Germany and the Reconstruction of Social Justice, Chapel Hill, 1999.
78. See also Hamburg 1943: Literarische Zeugnisse zum Feuersturm, ed. Volker Hage, Frankfurt am Main, 2003
79. Alexander Kluge, 'Der Luftangriff auf Halberstadt am 8. April 1945', in Chronik der Gefühle, vol. II: Lebensläufe, by Alexander Kluge, Frankfurt am Main, 2000, pp. 27-82
80. and Robert G. Moeller, War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany, Berkeley, 2001, pp. 184-6.
81. See http://www.frauenkirche-dresden.org/ (last accessed 23 Oct. 2004).
82. Klaus Naumann, Der Krieg als Text: Das Jahr 1945 im kulturellen Gedächtnis der Presse, Hamburg, 1998, pp. 33-71.
83. Michael Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol. I: An Introduction, transl. by Robert Hurley, New York, 1990, pp. 8-9. My thanks to Ulrike Strasser who suggested that I look to Foucault for guidance on this point.
84. OED Online, Oxford University Press 2004, http://dictionary.oed.com/ (last accessed 14 Dec. 2004).
85. See also the fascinating discussion in Franz Baermann Steiner: Selected Writings, ed. Jeremy Adler and Richard Fardon, vol. 1: Taboo, Truth, and Religion, New York, 1999. Steiner, an anthropologist and poet, grew up in the German-speaking Jewish community in Prague and left for exile in England in 1939, moving between London and Oxford during the war years. He remained in England, lecturing at Oxford.
86. Lutz Niethammer, 'Heimat und Front: Versuch, zehn Kriegserinnerungen aus der Arbeiterklasse des Ruhrgebietes zu verstehen', in 'Die Jahre weiss man nicht, wo man die heute hinsetzen soll': Faschismus-Erfahrungen im Ruhrgebiet, ed. Lutz Niethammer, Berlin, 1983, pp. 163-232.
87. Horst Boog, 'Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa und Reichsluftverteidigung 1943-1944', in Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive: Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943-1944/45, ed. Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, and Detlef, Vogel Stuttgart, 2001, p. 24.
88. The allusion is to Matthaeus Rader's Bavaria Sancta, an early seventeenth-century guide to Bavaria's saints and sacred sites. See Trevor Johnson, 'Holy Dinasts and Sacred Soil: Politics and Sanctity in Matthaeus Rader's Bavaria Sancta (1615-1628)', in Europa sacra: Raccolte agiografie e identià politiche in Europa fra Medioevo ed Età moderna, ed. Sofia Boesch Gajano and Raimondo Michetti, Rome, 2002, pp. 83-100. My thanks to Ulrike Strasser for telling me about this article and the Bavaria Sancta.
89. Here and at many other points Friedrich provides no references. Thus it is impossible to determine whether he has woven these strands together, whether he is drawing on local histories of the post-war period, or whether he is uncritically reproducing popular memories of the war and post-war years.
90. On the post-war discussion, I have found enormously helpful the work of Frank Biess, 'Men of Reconstruction - the Reconstruction of Men: Returning POWs in East and West Germany, 1945-1955', in Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, ed. Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum, Oxford, 2002, pp. 335-58.
91. See also Matthew D. Hockenos, A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past, Bloomington, 2004.
92. For the full text, see http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/ 033/47/IMG/NR003347.pdf?OpenElement (last accessed 27 Oct. 2004).
93. Hillgruber, Zweierlei Untergang, pp. 24-5.
94. Sonya O. Rose, Which People's War? National Identity and Citizenship in Britain 1939-1945, Oxford, 2003, p. 285.
95. Nolan, 'Germans as Victims', pp. 32-7.
96. Mark Roseman, A Past in Hiding: Memory and Survival in Nazi Germany, New York, 2002, p. 272.
97. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years 1942-1945, transl. Martin Chalmers, New York, 1999, pp. 406-15.
98. For a detailed account of the bombing of Dresden in which Klemperer frequently appears, see Taylor, Dresden.
99. From a television interview in 1995, quoted in Martin Chalmers, 'Preface', in Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness, p. xi
100. also Henny Brenner, 'Das Lied ist aus': Ein jüdisches Schicksal in Dresden, Zurich, pp. 86-8. My thanks to Gilad Margalit for calling Brenner's memoir to my attention.
101. Wolf Biermann, 'Die Lebensuhr blieb stehen', in Zeugen der Zerstörung: Die Literaten und der Luftkrieg, ed. Volker Hage, Frankfurt am Main, 2003, p. 144.
102. On the use of foreign labour during the war, see Ulrich Herbert, Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich, transl. William Templer, New York, 1997.
103. Karen Hagemann, '"Jede Kraft wird gebraucht": Militäreinsatz von Frauen im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg', in Erster Weltkrieg/Zweiter Weltkrieg: Ein Vergleich. Krieg, Kriegserlebnis, Kriegserfahrung in Deutschland, ed. Bruno Thoss and Hans-Erich Volkmann, Paderborn, 2002, pp. 96, 100.
104. Quoted in Gudrun Schwarz, '"During Total War, We Girls Want to Be Where We Can Really Accomplish Something": What Women Do in Wartime', in Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century, ed. Omer Bartov, Atina Grossmann and Mary Nolan, New York, 2002, p. 121.
105. Quotations from Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History, London, 2000, pp. 762, 765.
106. See in general Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany, Oxford, 2001, especially pp. 230-4.
107. See also Friedrich, Der Brand, p. 435.
108. For figures on military deaths, see Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Munich, 1999, p. 283
109. also Childers, '"Facilis descensus averni est"' pp. 102-4.
110. See the comments of Stargardt, 'Victims of Bombing'.
111. Quoted in Neilland, The Bomber War, p. 359.
112. Ulrich Herbert, A History of Foreign Labor in Germany, 1880-1980: Seasonal Workers/Forced Laborers/Guest Workers, transl. by William Templer, Ann Arbor, 1990, pp. 155, 183.
113. For Friedrich's death toll, Der Brand, p. 327.
114. http://www.poets.org/poems/poems.cfm?prmID=1088 (last accessed 28 Nov. 2004).
115. Cited on the website as: 'From The Complete Poems by Randall Jarrell, published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc. Copyright ©1969, 1996 by Mrs. Randall Jarrell.' Thanks to Marilyn Young who reminded me of Jarrell's poem.
116. Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 117.
117. Olaf Groehler, 'The Strategic Air War and its Impact on the German Civilian Population', in Conduct of the Air War, ed. Boog, p. 285.
118. In the official British history of the air war, Charles Webster and Noble Frankland give the figure of 55,888 killed and another 9,162 wounded. See Charles Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany 1939-1945, vol. 3, Victory, London, 1961, pp. 286-7.
119. Overy gives the figure of 140,000 American and British airmen: Why the Allies Won, p. 128.
120. Neilland's figures are 26,000 American deaths (to which he adds 18,000 wounded and 20,000 POWs) and 55,564 British: Neillands, The Bomber War, p. 379.
121. Childers comes to a total of 140,000: Childers, 'Facilis descensus averni est', p. 105.
122. Blank cites figures of 55,500 British and takes his figures for Americans from Neillands. Blank, 'Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg', p. 460.
123. And for Friedrich's figures, see Der Brand, p. 63.
124. Elsewhere, he quotes a figure of 73,741 members of British Bomber Command 'lost through death, wounds, and imprisonment', Der Brand, p. 45.
125. In a 1984 work, he claims that 25,000 British pilots died in the air war over Germany, though again it is not clear where he gets this figure. See Friedrich, Die kalte Amnestie, p. 20.
126. A high figure of nearly 160,000 total British and American losses appears in the 'United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War), Washington, D.C., 30 September 1945', in The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (ed) David MacIsaac, vol. 1, New York, 1976; also available at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ ETOSummary.html (last accessed 27 Oct. 2004). However, I have not found this number in any other source.
127. The figures come from Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge, 1994, p. 894.
128. See Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning: The Story of the Last American Bomber Shot Down Over Germany in World War II, Reading MA, 1995. And for what Friedrich has to say about the bomber crews and the hazards they encountered, Der Brand, pp. 49-59.
129. See also Stargardt, 'Victims of Bombing', p. 59.
130. Charles Maier, 'Forum: WWII Bombing: Comments on Friedrich, Der Brandt (sic)', H-Net Discussion Networks, 12 November, http://h-net.msu.edu/ cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0311&week= b&msg=QjgRJtFFmWFNkLcIg29cyg&user=&pw= (last accessed 8 Dec. 2004).
131. Ein Volk von Mördern? Die Dokumentation zur Goldhagen-Kontroverse um die Rolle der Deutschen im Holocaust, ed. Julius H. Schoeps, Hamburg, 1996.
132. Ein Volk von Opfern, ed. Ketternacker.
133. Sigmund Freud, 'Mourning and Melancholia', in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, transl. James Strachey, vol. 14 (1914-1916), London, 1957, pp. 238-60, quotation from p. 240.
134. And Alexander and Margarete Mitscherlich, The Inability to Mourn, transl. Beverley R. Placzek, New York, 1975.
135. Erwin Panofsky, Meaning in the Visual Arts: Papers in and on Art History, Garden City NY, 1955, pp. 321-2.
136. A revised version in English translation was published in 1964. The original plan to reissue the 1923 German version was abandoned. Final page proofs were completed in the summer of 1939, but the war interrupted completion, and the type used to produce the book was destroyed during the war. See Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky, and Fritz Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art, London, 1964.
137. Jonathan Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich, Chapel Hill, 1996, pp. 11, 101, 268.
138. Gertrud Bing, 'Fritz Saxl (1890-1948): A Memoir', in Fritz Saxl, 1890-1948: A Volume of Memorial Essays from His Friends in England, ed. D. J. Gordon, London, 1957, pp. 1-46. My thanks to George and Linda Bauer for helping me better to understand Dürer and Saxl.
139. Friedrich, Brandstätten, pp. 226-7. And for information on the restoration, http://www.museen.nuernberg.de/english/duerer_e/ index_duerer_e.html (last accessed 23 Oct. 2004).
140. Horst Boog, 'Harris: A German View', in Arthur T. Harris, Despatch on War Operations, 23rd February, 1942, to 8th May, 1945, London, 1995, p. xxxvii.
141. Boog, 'Ein Kolossalgemälde des Schreckens', in Ein Volk von Opfern?, ed. Kettenacker, pp. 131-6.
142. 'Interview mit dem Berliner Historiker Jörg Friedrich', Spiegel Online, 2003 (see n. 38).
143. 'Terror from the Sky', Exberliner, 2004 (see n. 29).