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Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 75-105

"Facilis descensus averni est": The allied bombing of Germany and the issue of German suffering

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EID: 33749859514     PISSN: 00089389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1569161053623624     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (19)

References (117)
  • 12
    • 67649689547 scopus 로고
    • Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
    • For a treatment of the air war from a DDR historian, see Olaf Groehler, Geschichte des Luftkriegs (Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1975).
    • (1975) Geschichte des Luftkriegs
    • Groehler, O.1
  • 13
  • 15
    • 79958624666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Als Feuer vom Himmel fiel. Der Bombenkrieg gegen die Deutschen
    • March
    • See "Als Feuer vom Himmel fiel. Der Bombenkrieg gegen die Deutschen," Der Spiegel (March, 2003). ZDF's "Der Bombenkrieg" aired a month earlier.
    • (2003) Der Spiegel
  • 16
    • 34547855451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Germans Are Breaking An Old Taboo
    • January 18
    • Peter Schneider, "The Germans Are Breaking An Old Taboo," New York Times (January 18, 2003).
    • (2003) New York Times
    • Schneider, P.1
  • 17
    • 79958479850 scopus 로고
    • All squalid, abject, and inglorious elements in war should be remembered
    • London: Faber
    • As Siegfried Sassoon writes in his memoir of the First World War, "All squalid, abject, and inglorious elements in war should be remembered." The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston (London: Faber, 1937), 239.
    • (1937) The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston , pp. 239
  • 18
    • 79958521997 scopus 로고
    • Wings of Morning
    • Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co
    • So, too, should the overwhelming sense of loss and heartbreak, something of which I tried to capture by examining the lives of a doomed Eighth Air Force crew and the impact of their loss on their families. See Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning. The Story of the Last American Bomber Shot Down Over Germany in World War II (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1995).
    • (1995) The Story of the Last American Bomber Shot Down over Germany in World War II
    • Childers, T.1
  • 21
    • 79958656556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 3
    • Friedrich, Der Brand, 321, "vandalischer Tobsucht," and 138, "warf die deutsche Städte in einen mongolischen Luftvernichtungsorkan über alles bisher erlittene hinaus..." On this point, see Joerg Arnold's perceptive review of Friedrich on H-German, November 3, 2003.
    • (2003) Friedrich on H-German
    • Arnold, J.1
  • 23
    • 84920343482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 12
    • See Charles S. Maier's comment in H-German, Forum: WWII Bombing. November 12, 2003, http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H- German&month= 0311&week =b&msg=QjgRJtFFmWFNkLcIg29cyg&user= &pw=.
    • (2003) H-German, Forum: WWII Bombing
    • Maier, C.S.1
  • 25
    • 85038768559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ... in 1945 the bomber fleets flew 'almost unhindered,' Weltuntergang kann nicht schlimmer sein
    • Kettenacker, ed.
    • Also Volker Ulrich, "... in 1945 the bomber fleets flew 'almost unhindered,'" "Weltuntergang kann nicht schlimmer sein," in Kettenacker, ed., Ein Volk von Opfern?, 112.
    • Ein Volk von Opfern? , pp. 112
    • Ulrich, V.1
  • 27
    • 0343215976 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
    • See also John H. Morrow, Jr., The Great War in the Air (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993).
    • (1993) The Great War in the Air
    • Morrow Jr., J.H.1
  • 29
    • 0012295333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Dial Press/J. Wede
    • and Max Hastings, Bomber Command, (New York: Dial Press/J. Wede, 1979;
    • (1979) Bomber Command
    • Hastings, M.1
  • 30
    • 79958536208 scopus 로고
    • New York: Simon & Schuster
    • American Edition, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 37-58.
    • (1987) American Edition , pp. 37-58
  • 31
    • 0346999121 scopus 로고
    • Ethics and Airpower in World War II
    • New York: St. Martin's Press
    • See also Stephen A. Garrett, Ethics and Airpower in World War II. The British Bombing of German Cities (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), 4-9.
    • (1993) The British Bombing of German Cities , pp. 4-9
    • Garrett, S.A.1
  • 33
    • 0039090703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Baldwin speech, made when he was Lord President of the Council, is cited in Messenger, "Bomber" Harris, 20.
    • Bomber Harris , pp. 20
    • Messenger1
  • 34
    • 0343971101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House, and
    • For a comparative analysis of pre-war approaches to air power among the major powers, see R.J. Overy, The Air War 1939-1945 (Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House, 1980 and 1991), 5-25,
    • (1980) The Air War 1939-1945 , pp. 5-25
    • Overy, R.J.1
  • 35
    • 85038695293 scopus 로고
    • Der Einfluss der anglo-amerikanischen Vorkriegsdoktrin auf die Luftoperationen des Zweiten Weltkriegs
    • Horst Boog, ed, Herford: E.S. Mittler
    • and Williamson Murray, "Der Einfluss der anglo-amerikanischen Vorkriegsdoktrin auf die Luftoperationen des Zweiten Weltkriegs," in Horst Boog, ed., Luftkriegführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Ein internationaler Vergleich (Herford: E.S. Mittler, 1993), 277-301.
    • (1993) Luftkriegführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Ein Internationaler Vergleich , pp. 277-301
    • Murray, W.1
  • 38
    • 0004267607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: W.W. Norton
    • Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995), 107-8.
    • (1995) Why the Allies Won , pp. 107-108
    • Overy, R.1
  • 40
    • 79958521996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, see Overy, The Air War, 31-36
    • The Air War , pp. 31-36
    • Overy1
  • 41
    • 0004282854 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America
    • and Williamson Murray, Luftwaffe (Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1985), 1-27.
    • (1985) Luftwaffe , pp. 1-27
    • Murray, W.1
  • 42
    • 85038700748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Luftwaffe und Heer bei den französischen und deutschen Luftstreitkräften im Zweiten Weltkrieg
    • Boog, ed
    • See also Michel Forget, "Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Luftwaffe und Heer bei den französischen und deutschen Luftstreitkräften im Zweiten Weltkrieg" in Boog, ed., Luftkriegführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg, 479-525.
    • Luftkriegführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg , pp. 479-525
    • Forget, M.1
  • 43
    • 79958640939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reaching for the Stars
    • London and New York: I.B. Tauris
    • See also Mark ConneUy, Reaching for the Stars. A New History of Bomber Command in World War II (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2001), 16-36. While Britain was being heavily bombed and Bomber Command struggled with precision bombing, there was, as Connelly points out, a growing desire on the part of the public to "dish it out" to the Germans. "Gone," he writes, "was the squeamishness about attacking Germany, gone was any sense of a negotiated peace or phony war," 36.
    • (2001) A New History of Bomber Command in World War II , pp. 16-36
    • Conneuy, M.1
  • 45
    • 84886960161 scopus 로고
    • New York: W.W. Norton
    • See also Denis Richards, The Hardest Victory (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995), 69-102. Richards argues rather generously that "though critics in recent years have tended to regard 'destroying morale' as a euphemism for 'killing,' it was no part of this policy deliberately to slaughter civilians. Heavy civilian casualties would inevitably be involved, but the intention was to make it difficult or impossible for civilians, many of whom were an essential part of the war machine, to remain at their industrial and administrative jobs." The quote is from 85.
    • (1995) The Hardest Victory , pp. 69-102
    • Richards, D.1
  • 47
    • 85038715927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hastings
    • Portal's memo is quoted in Hastings, Bomber Command, 133-34.
    • Bomber Command , pp. 133-134
    • Portal1
  • 48
    • 79958510727 scopus 로고
    • London: Cassell, Buchen & Enright
    • Harris biographies abound. The authorized volume is Dudley Saward, Bomber Harris. The Story of Sir Arthur Harris (London: Cassell, Buchen & Enright, 1984).
    • (1984) The Story of Sir Arthur Harris
    • Saward, D.1    Harris, B.2
  • 49
    • 85038804269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthur Harris and the Allied Bomber Offensive and Charles Messenger's
    • are broader histories of Bomber Command
    • Robin Neilland's Arthur Harris and the Allied Bomber Offensive and Charles Messenger's "Bomber" Harris are broader histories of Bomber Command.
    • Bomber Harris
    • R.neilland1
  • 51
    • 0004267607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overy argues that Harris had not "the slightest doubt that 'morale' was a hopelessly ill-thought-out objective, a 'counsel of despair'" and that he had "no confidence that German morale was as brittle as his colleagues hoped." Overy, Why the Allies Won, 113. Harris, according to Hastings, "believed that there were no short cuts to defeating Germany from the air.
    • Why the Allies Won , pp. 113
    • Overy1
  • 52
    • 0012295333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It was necessary to concentrate all available forces for the progressive, systematic destruction of the urban areas of the Reich, city by city, block by block, factory by factory, until the enemy became a nation of troglodytes, scratching in the ruins," Bomber Command, 138-39.
    • Bomber Command , pp. 138-139
  • 53
    • 33749859844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connelly, Reaching for the Stars, 71-76. If Harris was not driven by revenge, the boulevard press in Britain certainly did take up the cry of "retribution."
    • Reaching for the Stars , pp. 71-76
    • Connelly1
  • 54
    • 85038722241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The headline of the Daily Express after the Cologne raid proclaimed: "The Vengeance Begins!" Cited in Connelly, 73.
    • The Vengeance Begins! , pp. 73
    • Connelly1
  • 57
    • 0006118901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bombs, Cities, and Civilians
    • Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas
    • For a different interpretation, see Conrad Crane's excellent, Bombs, Cities, and Civilians. American Airpower Strategy in World War II (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1993)
    • (1993) American Airpower Strategy in World War II
    • Crane, C.1
  • 58
    • 85038703825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare.
    • and most recently, the analysis of Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare.
  • 60
    • 0012382648 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
    • The search for accuracy, for a "tight bomb pattern," was never ending. Given the relatively crude technology of the period and the operational realities of bad weather and enemy action, however, "precision" was an elusive goal. See Stephen L. McFarland, America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910-1945 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 170-90. Even under the best of conditions, the Eighth Air Force estimated that by the last quarter of 1943, only twenty-seven percent of all bombs dropped fell within one thousand feet of the aiming point, forty-eight percent within two thousand feet. The numbers crept upward in 1944 but were still less than fifty percent within one thousand feet.
    • (1995) America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910-1945 , pp. 170-190
    • McFarland, S.L.1
  • 62
    • 79958553559 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Defense University Press
    • James C. Gaston, Planning the American Air War (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1982),
    • (1982) Planning the American Air War
    • Gaston, J.C.1
  • 66
  • 67
    • 85038796761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eaker had a degree in journalism and had taken law courses at Columbia. "Among AAF leaders," Conrad Crane has put it, "Eaker came closest to being a true public-relations expert." See Crane, Bombs, Cities, and Civilians, 40-41.
    • Crane, Bombs, Cities, and Civilians , pp. 40-41
  • 72
    • 85038719323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Hamburg," Speer wrote, "had suffered the fate that Göring and Hitler had conceived for London in 1940." Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 370.
    • Inside the Third Reich , pp. 370
    • Speer1
  • 73
    • 79954721088 scopus 로고
    • London: Viking
    • Martin Middlebrook, The Berlin Raids. RAF Bomber Command Winter 1943-44, (London: Viking, 1988), 324-25. While arguing that the Battle of Berlin "obviously reduced Germany's war effort and made a contribution to victory," Middlebrook concludes that "the extent of the achievements at Berlin was not sufficient either to satisfy the aims set for the battle - breakdown of civil morale and destruction so great that the normal life of Berlin would cease - or to justify the bomber casualties. The cost was too high in relation to the results."
    • (1988) The Berlin Raids. RAF Bomber Command Winter 1943-44 , pp. 324-325
    • Middlebrook, M.1
  • 76
    • 79958498798 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Headquarters USAF
    • The losses, by aircraft type, are found in Statistical Digest (Washington, DC: Headquarters USAF, 1947), 152-53.
    • (1947) Statistical Digest , pp. 152-153
  • 77
    • 84920362953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the Eighth Air Force's rates of loss in, Office of Air Force History, Bolling Air Force Base, 527 245
    • See the Eighth Air Force's rates of loss in "Survival of Combat Crew Men," Office of Air Force History, Bolling Air Force Base, 527 245.
    • Survival of Combat Crew Men
  • 78
    • 79958515769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (New York: Dell
    • See also Gerald Astor, The Mighty Eighth, (New York: Dell, 1997), 486.
    • (1997) The Mighty Eighth , pp. 486
    • Astor, G.1
  • 80
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    • The United States Strategic Bombing Survey USSBS, Washington, DC: USSBS, Overall Economic Effects Division
    • The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy (Washington, DC: USSBS, Overall Economic Effects Division, 1945), 15-25.
    • (1945) The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy , pp. 15-25
  • 81
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    • Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press
    • These views are elaborated in Overy's War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1994).
    • (1994) War and Economy in the Third Reich
    • Overy1
  • 84
    • 84885994972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Britain's counterpart to the USSBS, British Bombing Survey Unit. Report of the British Bombing Survey Unit (London: Portland)
    • USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy, 12. For a narrative summary of developments in the war's final phase, see 26-28. See also Sebastian Cox's introduction to Britain's counterpart to the USSBS, British Bombing Survey Unit, The Strategic Air War Against Germany 1939-1945. Report of the British Bombing Survey Unit (London: Portland, 1998), xvii-xli.
    • (1998) The Strategic Air War Against Germany 1939-1945
    • Cox, S.1
  • 86
    • 85038732090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasion to Surrender: The Defense of Germany
    • in Charles F. Brower, ed., New York: St. Martin's
    • North Carolina Press, 1988), 124-76. See also Horst Boog, "Invasion to Surrender: The Defense of Germany," in Charles F. Brower, ed., World War II in Europe. The Final Year (New York: St. Martin's, 1998), 150-51.
    • (1998) World War II in Europe. the Final Year , pp. 150-151
    • Boog, H.1
  • 87
    • 85038697860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 24 vols, in 26, (Munich and New York: K.G. Saur, 1987-2004), 15
    • Because of the constant bombing, "people in the western provinces can no longer get any sleep at all and as a result are becoming nervous, hysterical, and irritated." Diary entry, March 22, 1945, in Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 24 vols, in 26, (Munich and New York: K.G. Saur, 1987-2004), 15, II: 569.
    • Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels , vol.2 , pp. 569
    • Fröhlich, E.1
  • 88
    • 84920346439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the Strategic Air War Against Germany
    • Report of the British Bombing Survey Unit
    • Sebastian Cox, Introduction to The Strategic Air War Against Germany. Report of the British Bombing Survey Unit, xxxiv.
    • Cox, S.1
  • 89
    • 84920352583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Friedrich, Der Brand, 107-8
    • Friedrich, Der Brand, 107-8. "Eine von militärischen Zwecken fast entbundene, von jedem Gefechtsrisiko befreite Vernichtungswalz bearbeitete von Januar bis Mai 1945 noch einmal das Land."
  • 91
    • 79958484284 scopus 로고
    • 17 August-May 8
    • The American figures are found in the USAAF's Statistical Summary of Eighth Air Force Operations. European Theater. 17 August 1942-May 8 1945, n.d., 61.
    • (1942) European Theater , pp. 61
  • 93
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    • Courage and Air Warfare
    • London: F. Cass
    • For a discussion of the impact of those casualty rates on Allied aircrews and their attitudes toward the air war over Germany, see Mark K. Wells, Courage and Air Warfare. The Allied Aircrew Experience in the Second World War (London: F. Cass, 1995)
    • (1995) The Allied Aircrew Experience in the Second World War
    • Wells, M.K.1
  • 95
    • 85038656005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Climax of Strategic Operations
    • in Craven and Cate
    • John F. Fagg, "The Climax of Strategic Operations," in Craven and Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol. III, 715-55.
    • The Army Air Forces in World War II, III , pp. 715-755
    • Fagg, J.F.1
  • 96
    • 85038727788 scopus 로고
    • The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS, 2 vols, Washington, DC: USSBS Morale Division
    • The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German Morale, 2 vols., (Washington, DC: USSBS Morale Division, 1947, vol. 1). For the summary results, see 1:1-3. The USSBS's study of German morale was compiled by the Morale Division to determine "the direct and indirect effects of the bombing upon the attitudes, behavior, and health of the civilian population, with particular reference to its effect upon the willingness and capacity of the bombed population to give effective and continued support to the war effort." The USSBS based its conclusions on captured Gestapo reports (Stimmungsberichte), civilian letters, and interviews with 3,711 German civilians. These interviews were conducted in German in 1945, and although the questions ultimately related to the effects of bombing, the interviews offer a rich - and virtually untapped - source for analyzing social life in wartime Germany. They are not multiple-choice or short answer but far-ranging, even rambling interviews, and although one obviously must consider the circumstances (German citizens being interviewed by occupation forces), they strike me as remarkably frank and useful.
    • (1947) The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German Morale , vol.1
  • 97
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    • The quotes are from pre-test interviews, not numbered, USSBS, National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record Group 243, File 64 (b)f.
    • The quotes are from pre-test interviews, not numbered, USSBS, National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Record Group 243, File 64 (b)f.
  • 99
    • 85038665424 scopus 로고
    • August 7, Munich, MA
    • These monthly reports of the Regierungspräsidenten followed a prescribed form, beginning with a discussion of the political situation and an evaluation of morale. See the report for München Oberbayern, August 7, 1944, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (BHStA), Munich, MA 106-695.
    • (1944) Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (BHStA) , pp. 106-695
    • Oberbayern, M.1
  • 100
    • 84920345583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • District report from Regensburg, December 11, 1944
    • MA 106 696
    • District report from Regensburg, December 11, 1944, BHStA, MA 106 696.
    • BHStA
  • 101
    • 85038736094 scopus 로고
    • 17 vols., (Herrsching: Pawlak
    • SD report, July 14, 1944, in Heinz Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich. Die geheimen Lageberichte des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1938-1945, 17 vols., (Herrsching: Pawlak, 1984) 17:6,650-51. The monthly situation report in October 1944 for München-Oberbayern echoed that sentiment: "Concerns are heightened by the new terror attacks on Munich, the increasing harassing attacks by single aircraft on trains, farms, and individuals. The population is also very impressed by the orderly parade-like flights of the enemy air force over our area, which are taken as a sign of the weakness of our air forces." Report of October 7, 1944. BHStA, MA 106-695.
    • (1984) Meldungen Aus Dem Reich. Die Geheimen Lageberichte des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1938-1945 , vol.17
    • Boberach, H.1
  • 102
    • 85038798310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December 7, 1944, and Regensburg, March 10, 1945, MA 106 695 and MA 106 696
    • District report for München-Oberbayern, December 7, 1944, and Regensburg, March 10, 1945, in BHStA, MA 106 695 and MA 106 696.
    • BHStA
    • München-Oberbayern1
  • 103
    • 84920354485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USSBS, Schedule B Interviews, Numbers 61294 and 61154, NARA, RG 243
    • USSBS, Schedule B Interviews, Numbers 61294 and 61154, NARA, RG 243. Only one-third of those interviewed admitted to blaming the Allies for the bombing; almost half did not. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on German Morale, 20. A common complaint was that the Nazis never gave accurate accounts of casualties from the raids: "The press never gave the correct number of casualties, and never pictured the true state of mind here. Rather they sought to veil the truth, which was the people had broken down completely and believed that the war could never be brought to a successful end." Resentment also mounted that Goebbels tended to emphasize the destruction of Germany's cultural heritage, rather than casualties. "He could afford to talk that way, for he was sitting quite safely in his bunker and did not have to suffer and worry for his life."
  • 109
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    • A World at Arms
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • For casualty in the last months of fighting, see Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms. A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 894-97;
    • (1994) A Global History of World War II , pp. 894-897
    • Weinberg, G.1
  • 110
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    • A War to be Won
    • Cambridge, MA, and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
    • Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millet, A War to be Won. Fighting the Second World War (Cambridge, MA, and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000), 374-482;
    • (2000) Fighting the Second World War , pp. 374-482
    • Murray, W.1    Millet, A.R.2
  • 116
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    • New York: St. Martin's, London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2001, Connelly, Reaching for the Stars, especially 137-158
    • Virtually all the works cited in this paper deal in one way or another with the moral issues raised by bombing in the Second World War. For additional reading, see Stephen A. Garrett, Ethics and Airpower in World War II. The British Bombing of German Cities, (New York: St. Martin's, 1993; London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2001); Connelly, Reaching for the Stars, especially 137-158;
    • (1993) Ethics and Airpower in World War II. the British Bombing of German Cities
    • Garrett, S.A.1
  • 117
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    • Luftkrieg und Kriegsvölkerrecht, and Manfred Messerschmidt, Strategischer Luftkrieg und Völkerrecht, both in Boog
    • and W. Hays Parks, "Luftkrieg und Kriegsvölkerrecht," and Manfred Messerschmidt, "Strategischer Luftkrieg und Völkerrecht," both in Boog, ed., Luftkriegführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg, 351-434.
    • Luftkriegführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg , pp. 351-434
    • Parks, W.H.1


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