'Putting animals into politics': The labour party and hunting in the first half of the twentieth century

Rural History

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 213-234

  Tichelar, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; HUNTING; IDEOLOGY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33749318648     PISSN: 09567933     EISSN: 14740656     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0956793306001889     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. The Report of the Labour Party Annual Conference, 1928, p. 258.
2. Labour and the Nation (1929), p. 32.
3. There is no history of the Humanitarian League. See D. Weinbren, 'Against All Cruelty - The Humanitarian League 1891-1919', History Workshop Journal (1994), 86-105.
4. Cruel Sports: The Official Journal of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, March 1928, 28.
5. K. Thomas, Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England (London, 1983).
6. R. Preece, Awe for the Tiger, Love for the Lamb: A Chronology of Sensibility to Animals (London, 2002).
7. E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act (London, 1975).
8. P. Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1729-1783 (Oxford, 1989), p. 505.
9. D. C. Itzkowitz, Peculiar Privilege: A Social History of English Foxhunting, 1753-1885 (London, 1977)
10. R. Carr, English Foxhunting: A History (London, 1976)
11. J. Ridley, Fox Hunting (London, 1990).
12. B. Harrison, 'Animals and the State in Nineteenth-Century England,' English Historical Review, October 1973, 786-820.
13. See also H. Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Penguin, 1990).
14. R. Thomas, The Politics of Hunting (London, 1983), pp. 216-17.
15. K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power 1945-51 (Oxford, 1984), p. 56.
16. A. Howkins and L. Merricks, '"Dewey-eyed veal calves": Live Animal Exports and Middle-Class Opinion, 1980-1995,' Agricultural History Review, 48:1, 85-103
17. A. Manning and J. Serpell (eds.), Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives (London, 1994)
18. H. Kean, Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800 (London, 1998)
19. N. A. Rupke (ed), Vivisection in Historical Perspective (London, 1987).
20. Preece, Awe for the Tiger, p. 208
21. Kean, Animal Rights, passim.
22. Humanitarian, February 1903, p. 91.
23. E. Carpenter, Towards Democracy (1883)
24. E. Carpenter, England's Ideal (1887)
25. E. Carpenter, Love's Coming of Age (1896).
26. See for example 'Social Reform and the Protection of Animals', Humanitarian, October 1906, p. 77
27. and 'Sport and Agriculture', Humanitarian, November 1913, pp. 178-81.
28. Preece, Awe for the Tiger, pp. 341-4.
29. Quoted in Michael Holroyd, Bernard Shaw (London, 1990). Vol. 1, p. 87.
30. Henry S. Salt (Ed.), Killing for Sport: Essays by Various Writers, with a preface by Bernard Shaw (London, 1914), p. xxxiv.
31. See H. S. Salt, Humanitarianism. Humanitarian League Publications No. 1 (1891).
32. See Callum Campbell McKenzie, 'Masculinity, Morality and Hunting, c. 1850-1950' (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004)
33. J. Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing (London, 1999) pp. 139-40 for the links between hunting and warfare
34. J. M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1987)
35. Carr, English Fox Hunting.
36. J. Stratton, Royal Sport: Some Facts concerning the Queens' Buckhounds (1891)
37. R. H. Dude, Rabbit-Coursing: An Appeal to Working Men (1892)
38. Lady Florence Dixie, The Horrors of Sport (1892).
39. Stratton, Royal Sport. p. 3.
40. Humanitarian (May 1910), p. 37.
41. Papers of the Independent Labour Party (British Library of Political and Economic Science) 6/1/4: Diary of Kier Hardie 6th February 1897
42. Kean, Animal Rights, p. 135.
43. Dude, Rabbit-Coursing, pp. 4-5.
44. Ibid., p. 6 and 7
45. see also Humanitarian, April 1906, p. 28.
46. J. Connell, The Truth about the Game Laws (Humanitarian League 1898)
47. J. Connell, The Confessions of a Poacher (London, 1902).
48. Connell, Truth about the Game Laws, p. vii.
49. A. Taylor, Lords of Misrule: Hostility to Aristocracy in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Britain, (Basingstoke, 2004), pp. 73-96.
50. Connell, Confessions of a Poacher, p. 2.
51. 'In Praise of Sport', ibid., pp. 236-46.
52. Reverend J. Stratton, So-Called Sport, Humanitarian League tract 20 (1896).
53. Humanitarian, February 1903, p. 91.
54. British Blood Sports, Humanitarian League (1901);
55. 'The Advantages of Drag-Hunting', Humanitarian, July 1902, p. 35.
56. Humanitarian, April 1902
57. Kean, Animal Rights, p. 133.
58. E. Carrington, The Extermination of Birds, Humanitarian Tract 10
59. J. Collinson, The Cost of a Seal-Skin Cloak, Humanitarian Tract 3 (1899)
60. Food and Fashion: Some Thoughts on What We Eat and What We Wear, Humanitarian League (1903)
61. see L. Leneman, 'The Awakened Instinct: Vegetarianism and the Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain', Women's History Review, 6:2 (1997).
62. Humanitarian, December 1906, pp. 90-1.
63. Eighty Fourth Annual Report of the RSPCA (1907), pp. 112-13
64. Eighty Fifth Annul Report (1908), p. 121.
65. Humanitarian, April-June 1908 and April-June 1909.
66. Humanitarian, July 1909.
67. Ibid.
68. Humanitarian, October 1909, p. 175.
69. 'Sport and Agriculture', in Killing for Sport, pp. 34-44.
70. W. C. Anderson, 'The Cost of Sport', Humanitarian, April 1917, p. 22.
71. Humanitarian, April 1918, p. 100.
72. See for example the 'Report of the Departmental Committee to Enquire and Report with Regard to Lands in Scotland used as Deer Forests' (1922), Cmd. 1636
73. Labour Party, Britain Must Produce More Food (1926), LPA - Part 1: Pamphlets and Leaflets 26/3. The Party estimated that the acreage in Scotland devoted to deer forests had increased from 1.9 million acres in 1883 to 3.4 million in 1920
74. Report of the Labour Party Annual Conference 1926, pp. 226-8 - debates on the game laws and deer forests.
75. Kean, Animal Rights, p. 179
76. Humanitarian, April and September 1919.
77. Kean, Animal Rights, pp. 132-5.
78. P. Horn, Joseph Arch (Kineton, 1971), p. 84
79. H. Hopkins, The Long Affray: The Poaching Wars (London, 1986).
80. M. Tichelar, 'Socialists, Labour and the Land: The Response of the Labour Party to the Land Campaign of Lloyd George before the First World War,' Twentieth Century British History, 8:2 (1997).
81. Labour Party Archives (LPA) Part 1: Pamphlets and Leaflets (26/19) - A Labour Policy on Agriculture (joint statement by the Labour Party and the TUC 1926), p. 9.
82. (LPA) Part 1-21/29 - The Labour Party and the Countryside (1921).
83. H. Ritvo, 'Animals in Nineteenth Century Britain: Complicated Attitudes and Competing Categories', in A. Manning and J. Serpell (eds.), Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives (London, 1994), p. 112.
84. R. Samuel (ed), Village Life and Labour (London, 1975), p. 6.
85. Cruel Sports, The Official Journal of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, May 1928.
86. The Report of the Labour Party Annual Conference, 1928, p. 258.
87. Ibid. p. 258.
88. See the Archives of the Trade Union Congress (London Metropolitan University) HV 4749 - Pit Ponies Protection Society; One Hundred and Fifth Annual Report of the RSPCA (1928) p. 198.
89. Thomas, Politics of Hunting, p. 216.
90. Cruel Sports, June 1930, p. 1.
91. M. Brander, The Hunting Instinct: The Development of Field Sports over the Ages (London, 1964), p. 157. The papers of the British Field Sports Society were destroyed in 1977 when their offices were vandalised.
92. For an interesting discussion of the social organisation of hunting see Graham Cox, Julia Hallett and Michael Winter, 'Hunting the Wild Red Deer: The Social Organisation and Ritual of a 'Rural' Institution', Sociologia Ruralis 34:2-3 (1994), 190-205.
93. Cruel Sports, September and November 1932 and May 1933. See National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, various leaflets (1930s and 1940s - British Museum WP 11369).
94. Ibid., 'Eton College Hare Hunt' (1934).
95. Thomas, Politics of Hunting, p. 216.
96. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Fifth Series, Vol. 346, 26 April 1939, cols. 1158-1161
97. G. Lansbury, My Life (London, 1928), p. 18.
98. P. Addison, The People's War: Britain 1939-45 (London 1969), pp. 431-5.
99. League Doings: Bulletin of the League Against Cruel Sports, January-February-March 1943.
100. Ibid., April-May-June 1944.
101. 'Hunting in War-Time', Humanitarian, January-February 1916, p. 130.
102. D. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (London, 1992) pp. 637-96.
103. P. Addison, Now the War is Over: A Social History of Britain 1945-51 (London, 1985), pp. 113-39
104. Ibid. p. 125.
105. S. Fielding, P. Thompson and N. Tiratsoo, 'England Arise!' The Labour Party and Popular Politics in 1940s Britain (Manchester, 1995), pp. 135-68.
106. K. O. Morgan, Labour in Power, pp. 296-9.
107. www.nationalcoursingclub.org.
108. TUC Archives (Warwick University) MSS 292-800 5/6 - file on Cruelty to Animals.
109. Papers of Anthony Greenwood (Bodleian) (AGP) MS. Eng. 6296 Box 1 - Letter from League Against Cruel Sports to Greenwood 1st May 1948.
110. League Doings, October-November-December 1947.
111. AGP - MS. Eng. 6296 Box 1 - Greenwood to League Against Cruel Sports 20th August 1948.
112. National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, various pamphlets and leaflets 1930s and 40s (British Library WP 11369).
113. AGP - MS. Eng. 6296 Box 1 - Letter from Greenwood to the NSACS 11th November 1948.
114. National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, various pamphlets and leaflets 1930s and 40s (British Library WP 11369).
115. National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, Foxhunting: A Fair and Honest Account of a Sordid and Ugly Sport which has Long been Covered with a Veneer of Romance (1947).
116. AGP - MS. Eng. 6296 Box 1 - letter from Barlow to Greenwood 22nd September 1948.
117. Ibid., Letter from NSACS to Labour Party Secretaries, January 1949.
118. The Field, 4th October 1947, p. 1.
119. The Times, 29th September 1948.
120. British Field Sports Society, A Countryman's and Sportman's Pledge (1948) - AGP - MS. Eng. 6297 Box 2 - cuttings and pamphlets.
121. The Times, 29th September 1948.
122. AGP - MS. Eng. 6297 Box 2- cuttings and pamphlets. - NSACS Bulletin, February 1949.
123. The Times, 4th February 1949
124. Country Life, 4th February 1949.
125. AGP - MS. Eng. 6296 Box 1 - Letter from RSPCA to Greenwood, 5th October 1948. (See New Statesman, 22nd January 1949).
126. Ibid. Letter from Greenwood to the League Against Cruel Sports, 31st January 1949 and reply.
127. League Doings, January-February-March 1949, p. 1.
128. The Times, 17th February 1949.
129. AGP - MS. Eng. 6296 Box 1 - letter from E. G. Barlow to the Minister of Agriculture, 20th November 1948 and reply.
130. M. Tichelar, 'The Labour Party, Agricultural Policy and the Retreat from Rural Land Nationalisation during the Second World War,' Agricultural History Review, 51:2 (2003), 209-25.
131. The Times, 21st February 1949.
132. CAB 128 - C. M. (49), 10th February 1949, p. 59.
133. Labour Party Archives (Manchester) - Minutes of the Parliamentary Labour Party, 16th February 1949.
134. The Times, 18th February 1949.
135. Country Life, 25th February 1949.
136. The Times, 19th February 1949.
137. Daily Herald, 18th February 1949.
138. The Times 18th February 1949.
139. Evening Standard, 28th October 1948.
140. Tribune, 4th March 1949.
141. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), Fifth Series. Vol. 461, 25th February 1949 col. 2233.
142. 'Rural England Awakens', Land Worker, August 1945.
143. Land Worker, September 1945.
144. Land Worker, September 1950.
145. New Statesman, 26th February 1949.
146. The Times, 5th March 1949.
147. Anthony Greenwood, 'Hunting: The Future', in P. Moore (ed.), Against Hunting (London, 1965), p. 151.
148. CAB 128 - C. M. (49) 19 - 10th March 1949.
149. The Times, 11th March 1949
150. League Doings, April-May-June 1949.
151. M. C. C. Chapman, 'The 1949 Committee on Cruelty to Wild Animals,' in Patrick Moore (ed), Against Hunting (London, 1965) pp. 139-46; both the TGWU and NUAW declined to submit evidence to the inquiry - TUC Archives (Warwick University) MSS 292 - 800 5/6.
152. Ibid.
153. Report of the Committee on Cruelty to Wild Animals. Cmd. 8266, June 1951, p. 41.
154. Ibid., p. 107.
155. Moore (ed), Against Hunting;
156. Vera Sheppard, My Head Against the Wall: A Decade in the Fight Against Blood Sports, with a foreword by Eric Heffer MP, (Bradford-on-Avon, 1980).
157. P. Milbourne, 'The Complexities of Hunting in Rural England and Wales,' Sociologia Ruralis, 43:3 (July 2003), 289-308.
158. The Times, 25th September 1968.
159. Annual Report of the League Against Cruel Sports 1976 and 1977.
160. Liberal Party Archives (British Library of Political and Economic Science) 16/4/55. The Houghton Papers in the Labour Party Archives in Manchester are not yet available to researchers.
161. The Times, 8th March 1978
162. The Times, 29th June 1978.
163. Labour Party, Living without Cruelty: Labour's Charter for Animal Protection (July 1978)
164. The Times 27th July 1978.
165. The Times, 28th March 1983.