Cobalt and inorganic cobalt compounds

IPCS Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents

Volumn , Issue 69, 2006, Pages 1-82

  Kim, James H ^a   Gibb, Herman J ^a   Howe, Paul D ^b  

^a Sciences International Inc   (United States)

^b CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COBALT; COBALT CHLORIDE; INORGANIC COMPOUND;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ASTHMA; CARCINOGENICITY; ECOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; FETOTOXICITY; GENOTOXICITY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; SKIN TOXICITY; TOXICITY TESTING; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 33749118014     PISSN: 10206167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (468)

1. Abbasi SA, Nipaney PC, Soni R (1989) Environmental status of cobalt and its micro determination with 7-nitroso-8-hydroxy-quinoline-5-sulfonic acid in waters, aquatic weeds and animal tissues. Analytical Letters, 22(1):225-235.
2. Abraham JL, Hunt A (1995) Environmental contamination by cobalt in the vicinity of a cemented tungsten carbide tool grinding plant. Environmental Research, 69:67-74.
3. ACGIH (1999) 1999 TLVs and BEIs. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. Biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 184 pp.
4. 54Mn bioaccumulation from water and depuration by the crustacean Daphnia magna. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 125:171-188.
5. Adriano DC (1986) Trace elements in the terrestrial environment. New York, NY, Springer-Verlag.
6. Afeworki S, Chandravanshi BS (1987) Simultaneous determination of iron(III) and cobalt(II) with N-phenylcinnamohydroxamic acid and thiocyanate by extraction and spectrophotometry. Mikrochimica Acta, 92:143-152.
7. Ahluwalia AS, Kaur M (1988) Effect of some heavy metal compounds on growth and differentiation in a blue-green and a green alga. Microbios, 53:37-45.
8. Albrecht A (2003) Validating riverine transport and speciation models using nuclear reactor-derived radiocobalt. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 66:295-307.
9. Aldenberg T, Slob W (1993) Confidence limits for hazardous concentrations based on logistically distributed NOEC toxicity data. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 25:48-63.
10. Alexander CS (1969) Cobalt and the heart. Annals of Internal Medicine, 70:411-413.
11. Alexander CS (1972) Cobalt-beer cardiomyopathy: A clinical and pathological study of twenty-eight cases. American Journal of Medicine, 53:395-417.
12. Alexandersson R (1988) Blood and urinary concentrations as estimators of cobalt exposure. Archives of Environmental Health, 43(4):299-303.
13. Alomar A, Conde-Salazar L, Romaguera C (1985) Occupational dermatosis from cutting oils. Contact Dermatitis, 12:129-138.
14. Amiard JC (1976) Experimental study on the acute toxicity of cobalt, antimony, strontium and silver salts in some crustacea and their larvae and some teleostei. Revue Internationale d'Océanographie Médicale, 43:79-95.
15. Amiard JC, Amiard-Triquet C (1979) Distribution of cobalt 60 in a mollusc, a crustacean and freshwater teleost: Variations as a function of the source of pollution and during elimination. Environmental Pollution, 20(3):199-213.
16. Amundsen CE, Hanssen JE, Semb A, Steinnes E (1992) Long-range atmospheric transport of trace elements to southern Norway. Atmospheric Environment, 26A(7):1309-1324.
17. Anard D, Kirsch-Volders M, Elhajouji A, Belpaeme K, Lison D (1997) In vitro genotoxic effects of hard metal particles assessed by alkaline single cell gel and elution assays. Carcinogenesis, 18(1):177-184.
18. Andersen O (1983) Effects of coal combustion products and metal compounds on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in a macrophage like cell line. Environmental Health Perspectives, 47:239-253.
19. Anderson MB, Pedigo NG, Katz RP, George WJ (1992) Histopathology of testes from mice chronically treated with cobalt. Reproductive Toxicology, 6:41-50.
20. Anderson MB, Lepak K, Farinas V, George WJ (1993) Protective action of zinc against cobalt-induced testicular damage in the mouse. Reproductive Toxicology, 7:49-54.
21. Andre S, Metivier H, Masse R (1989) An interspecies comparison of the lung clearance of inhaled monodisperse cobalt oxide particles - Part III: Lung clearance of inhaled cobalt oxide particles in baboons. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20(2):205-217.
22. Anthoine D, Petiet G, Wurtz MC, Simon B, Stefani F, Franco̧is MC (1982) [Hard metal pulmonary fibroses, and their distribution in France.] Médecine et Hygiene, 40:4280-4286 (in French).
23. ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. Canberra, Australian and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council, Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, National Water Quality Management Strategy (http://www.deh.gov.au/water/publications/index.html).
24. Apostoli P, Porru S, Alessio L (1994) Urinary cobalt excretion in short time occupational exposure to cobalt powders. Science of the Total Environment, 150:129-132.
25. Arimoto R, Duce RA, Ray BJ, Uni CK (1985) Atmospheric trace elements at Enewetak Atoll: 2. Transport to the ocean by wet and dry deposition. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D1):2391-2408.
26. Arlauskas A, Baker RS, Bonin AM, Tandon RK, Crisp PT, Ellis J (1985) Mutagenicity of metal ions in bacteria. Environmental Research, 36:379-388.
27. Asmuß M, Mullenders LH, Hartwig A (2000) Interference by toxic metal compounds with isolated zinc finger DNA repair proteins. Toxicology Letters, 112-113:227-231.
28. ATSDR (1995) Public health assessment, Blackbird Mine, Cobalt, Lemhi County, Idaho. CERCLIS No. IDD980725832. Atlanta, GA, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 12 January (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HACIPHA/blackbird/bla_toc.html).
29. ATSDR (2004) Toxicological profile for cobalt. Atlanta, GA, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
30. Ayala-Fierro F, Firriolo JM, Carter DE (1999) Disposition, toxicity, and intestinal absorption of cobaltous chloride in male Fischer 344 rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 56:571-591.
31. Badsha KS, Goldspink CR (1988) Heavy metal levels in three species of fish in Tjeukemeer, a Dutch polder lake. Chemosphere, 17(2):459-463.
32. Baes CF, Sharp RD (1983) A proposal for estimation of soil leaching and leaching constants for use in assessment models. Journal of Environmental Quality, 12(1):17-28.
33. Bailey MR, Kreyling ING, Andre S, Batchelor A, Collier CG, Drosselmeyer E, Ferron GA, Foster P, Haider B, Hodgson A, Masse R, Métivier H, Morgan A, Müller H-L, Patrick G, Pearman I, Pickering S, Ramsden D, Stirling C, Talbot RJ (1989) An inter-species comparison of the lung clearance of inhaled monodisperse cobalt oxide particles - Part 1: Objectives and summary of results. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20(2):169-188.
34. Baker AJM, Brooks RR, Pease AJ, Malaisse F (1983) Studies on copper and cobalt tolerance in three closely related taxa within the genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae) from Zaire. Plant and Soil, 73:377-385.
35. Balmes JR (1987) Respiratory effects of hard-metal dust exposure. Occupational Medicine, 2:327-344.
36. Barceloux DG (1999) Cobalt. Clinical Toxicology, 37(2):201-216.
37. Bargagli R (2000) Trace metals in Antarctica related to climate changes and increasing human impact. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 166:129-173.
38. Bargagli R, Barghigiani C, Siegel BZ, Siegel SM (1991) Trace metal anomalies in surface soils and vegetation on two active island volcanos: Stromboli and Vulcano (Italy). Science of the Total Environment, 102:209-222.
39. Barnaby CF, Smith T, Thompson BD (1968) Dosimetry of the radioisotopes of cobalt. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 13(3):421-433.
40. Barnes JE, Kanapilly GM, Newton GJ (1976) Cobalt-60 oxide aerosols: Methods of production and short-term retention and distribution kinetics in the beagle dog. Health Physics, 30:391-398.
41. 6OCo by a freshwater fish. Water Research, 23(7):817-823.
42. Baudouin MF, Scoppa P (1974) Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 12(6):745-751.
43. Bech AO, Kipling MD, Heather JC (1962) Hard metal disease. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 19:239-252.
44. Behrooz A, Ismail-Beigi F (1997) Dual control of glut1 glucose transporter gene expression by hypoxia and by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272(9):5555-5562.
45. 60Co aerosols in humans. Health Physics, 66:392-399.
46. Bencko V, Wagner V, Wagnerova M, Reichrtova E (1983) Immuno-biochemical findings in groups of individuals occupationally and non-occupationally exposed to emissions containing nickel and cobalt. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, 27(4):387-394.
47. Benes P, Jurak M, Crenik M (1989a) Factors affecting interaction of radiocobalt with river sediments: II. Composition and concentration of sediment temperature. Journal of Radio-analytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, 132(2):225-239.
48. Benes P, Jurak M, Kunkova M (1989b) Factors affecting interaction of radiocobalt with river sediments: I. pH and composition of water and contact time. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, 132(2):209-223.
49. Biego GH, Joyeux M, Hartemann P, Debry G (1998) Daily intake of essential minerals and metallic micropollutants from foods in France. Science of the Total Environment, 217:27-36.
50. Biesinger KE, Christensen GM (1972) Effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism of Daphnia magna. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29:1691-1700.
51. Birge WJ, Black JA, Westerman AG (1979) Evaluation of aquatic pollutants using fish and amphibian eggs as bioassay organisms. In: Nielsen SW, Migaki G, Scarpelli DG, eds. Animals as monitors of environmental pollutants. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 108-118.
52. Birge WJ, Black JA, Westerman AG, Hudson JE (1980) Aquatic toxicity tests on inorganic elements occurring in oil shale. In: Gale C, ed. Oil shale symposium. Sampling, analysis and quality assurance. Cincinnati, OH, United States Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 519-534 (EPA-600/ 9-80-022; NTIS PB80 221435).
53. Boikat U, Fink A, Bleck-Neuhaus J (1985) Cesium and cobalt transfer from soil to vegetation on permanent pastures. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 24:287-301.
54. Bonenfant JL, Auger C, Miller G, Chenard J, Roy PE (1969) Quebec beer-drinkers' myocardosis: pathological aspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 156(1):577-582.
55. Bouman AA, Platenkamp AJ, Posma FID (1986) Determination of cobalt in urine by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Comparison of direct analysis using Zeeman background correction and indirect analysis using extraction in organic solution. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 23:346-350.
56. Bourg WJ, Nation JR, Clark DE (1985) The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on passive-avoidance performance in the adult rat. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23(6):527-530.
57. Boutet C, Chaisemartin C (1973) Specific toxic properties of metallic salts in Austropotemobius pallipes pallipes and Orconectes limosus. Compte Rendu des Séances de la Société de Biologie (Paris), 167(12):1933-1938.
58. Bowen HJM (1966) Trace elements in biochemistry. New York, NY, Academic Press.
59. Brooks RR (1977) Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniastrum species. Plant and Soil, 48:541-544.
60. Brooks SC, Herman JS, Hornberger GM, Mills AL (1998) Biodegradation of cobalt-citrate complexes: Implications for cobalt mobility in groundwater. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 32:99-115.
61. Brügmann L (1988) Some peculiarities of the trace-metal distribution in Baltic waters and sediments. Marine Chemistry, 23:425-440.
62. Bruland KW, Donat JR, Hutchins DA (1991) Interactive influences of bioactive trace metals on biological production in oceanic waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 36(8):1555-1577.
63. Brune D, Kjaerheim A, Paulsen G, Beltesbrekke H (1980) Pulmonary deposition following inhalation of chromium-cobalt grinding dust in rats and distribution in other tissues. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 88:543-551.
64. Bucher JR, Elwell MR, Thompson MB, Chou BJ, Renne R, Ragan HA (1990) Inhalation toxicity studies of cobalt sulfate in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 15:357-372.
65. Bucher JR, Hailey JR, Roycroft JR, Haseman JK, Sills RC, Grumbein SL, Mellick PW, Chou BJ (1999) Inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of cobalt sulfate. Toxicological Sciences, 49:56-67.
66. d and n retention parameters with soils and elements. Soil Science, 148(5):370-379.
67. Buikema AL, Cairns J, Sullivan GW (1984) Evaluation of Philodina acuticornis (Rotifera) as bioassay organisms for heavy metals. Water Resources Bulletin, 10:648-661.
68. Bunn HF, Gu J, Huang LE, Park JW, Zhu H (1998) Erythropoietin: A model system for studying oxygen-dependent gene regulation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 201:1197-1201.
69. Burba P, Rocha J, Klockow D (1994) Labile complexes of trace metals in aquatic humic substances: Investigations by means of an ion exchange-based flow procedure. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 349:800-807.
70. Burger J, Gochfeld M (1988) Metals in tern eggs in a New Jersey estuary: A decade of change. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 11: 127-135.
71. Cameán A, Lopez-Arliguez M, Roca I, Herce-Pagliai C, Menendez M, Repetto M (1998) Determination of cobalt, manganese, and alcohol content in beers. Journal of Food Protection, 61(1):129-131.
72. Canterford GS, Canterford DR (1980) Toxicity of heavy metals to the marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow: Correlation between toxicity and metal speciation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60:227-242.
73. Capomazza C, Botta A (1991) Cobalt chloride induces micronuclei in human lymphocytes. Medical Science Research, 19:219-220.
74. Casarett LJ, Doull J (1986) Toxicology: The basic science of poisons, 3rd ed. New York, NY, Macmillan Publishing Company, pp. 56-57.
75. Chapman PM, Fairbrother A, Brown D (1998) A critical evaluation of safety (uncertainty) factors for ecological risk assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17:99-108.
76. Chester R, Berry AS, Murphy KJT (1991) The distributions of particulate atmospheric trace metals and mineral aerosols over the Indian Ocean. Marine Chemistry, 34:261-290.
77. Christova T, Duridanova D, Braykova A, Setchenska M, Bolton T (2001) Heme oxygenase is the main protective enzyme in rat liver upon 6-day administration of cobalt chloride. Archives of Toxicology, 75(8):445-451.
78. Christova TY, Duridanova DB, Setchenska MS (2002) Enhanced heme oxygenase activity increases the antioxidant defense capacity of guinea pig liver upon acute cobalt chloride loading: comparison with rat liver. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C - Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 131(2):177-184.
79. Cikrt M, Tich M (1981) Biliary excretion of cobalt in rats. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology, 25(4):364-368.
80. Clyne N, Hofman-Bang C, Haga Y, Hatori N, Marklund SL, Pehrsson SK, Wibom R (2001) Chronic cobalt exposure affects antioxidants and ATP production in rat myocardium. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 61(8):609-614.
81. Coakley JP, Nagy E, Serodes JB (1993) Spatial and vertical trends in sediment-phase contaminants in the upper estuary of the St. Lawrence River. Estuaries, 16(3B):653-669.
82. Cobalt Development Institute (undated a) About cobalt. Guildford, Surrey, Cobalt Development Institute (http://www.thecdi.com/ general.php?r=aboutcobalt).
83. Cobalt Development Institute (undated b) Cobalt facts. Guildford, Surrey, Cobalt Development Institute (http://www.thecdi.com/ cobalffacts.php).
84. Cobalt Development Institute (2003) Cobalt occurrence, supply and demand. Guildford, Surrey, Cobalt Development Institute.
85. Cobalt Development Institute (2004) Cobalt supply & demand 2004. Guildford, Surrey, Cobalt Development Institute (http://www.thecdi.com/ edi/images/documents/facts/Cobalt_Facts_Supply-Demand_000.pdf).
86. Coleman RD, Coleman RL, Rice EL (1971) Zinc and cobalt bioconcentration and toxicity in selected algal species. Botanical Gazette, 132(2):102-109.
87. Collecchi P, Esposito M, Brera S, Mora E, Mazzucotelli A, Oddone M (1986) The distribution of arsenic and cobalt in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 6(4):287-289.
88. Collier CG, Bailey MR, Hodgson A (1989) An interspecies comparison of the lung clearance of inhaled monodisperse cobalt oxide particles - Part V: Lung clearance of inhaled cobalt oxide particles in hamsters, rats and guinea-pigs. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20(2):233-247.
89. 4. Journal of Aerosol Science, 22(4):537-549.
90. Comhaire S, Blust R, Vanginneken L, Vanderborght OLJ (1994) Cobalt uptake across the gills of the common carp, Cyptinus carpio, as a function of calcium concentration in the water of acclimation and exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C - Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 109(1):63-76.
91. Corisco JAG, Carreiro MCV (1999) Co-60 transfer from water to the freshwater planktonic algae Selenastrum capricornutum Prinz. In: Anagnostoopoulos P, Brebbia CA, eds. Waterpollution V: Modeling, measuring, and prediction. Boston, MA, WIT Press, pp. 427-436 (Progress in Water Resources, Vol. 1).
92. Corrier DE, Mollenhauer HH, Clark DE, Hare MF, Elissalde MH (1985) Testicular degeneration and necrosis induced by dietary cobalt. Veterinary Pathology, 22:610-616.
93. Costa M, Heck JD, Robison S (1982) Selective phagocytosis of crystalline metal sulfide particles and DNA strand breaks as a mechanism for the induction of cellular transformation. Cancer Research, 42:2757-2763.
94. Cox RM, Hutchinson TC (1979) Metal co-tolerances in the grass Deschampsia cespitosa. Nature, 297:231-233.
95. Cugell DW (1992) The hard metal diseases. Clinical Chest Medicine, 13:269-279.
96. Curtis MW, Ward CH (1981) Aquatic toxicity of forty industrial chemicals: testing in support of hazardous substance spill prevention regulation. Journal of Hydrology, 51:359-367.
97. Cyr F, Mehra MC, Mallet VN (1987) Leaching of chemical contaminants from a municipal landfill site. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38:775-782.
98. Czyscinski KS, Pietrzak RF, Weiss AJ (1982) Evaluation of isotope migration - land burial: Water chemistry at commercially operated low-level radioactive waste disposal sites. Washington, DC, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (NTIS/NUREG/ CR-2124).
99. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD (1995) Survey of lead, cadmium, fluoride, nickel, and cobalt in food composites and estimation of dietary intakes of these elements by Canadians in 1986-1988. Journal of AOAC International, 78(4):897-909.
100. Daghman NA, Elder GE, Savage GA, Winter PC, Maxwell AP, Lappin TR (1999) Erythropoietin production: evidence for multiple oxygen sensing pathways. Annals of Hematology, 78:275-278.
101. Dalvi RR, Robbins TJ (1978) Comparative studies on the effect of cadmium, cobalt, lead, and selenium on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase enzymes and glutathione levels in mice. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology, 1:601-607.
102. Das BK, Kaviraj A (1994) Individual and interactive lethal toxicity of cadmium, potassium permanganate and cobalt chloride to fish, worm and plankton. Geobios, 21(4):223-227.
103. Dasch JM, Wolff GT (1989) Trace inorganic species in precipitation and their potential use in source apportionment studies. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 43:401-412.
104. Dave G, Xiu RQ (1991) Toxicity of mercury, copper, nickel, lead, and cobalt to embryos and larvae of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 21(1):126-134.
105. Davis JE, Fields JP (1958) Experimental production of polycythemia in humans by administration of cobalt chloride. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 99:493-495.
106. De Boeck M, Lison D, Kirsh-Volders M (1998) Evaluation of the in vitro direct and indirect genotoxic effects of cobalt compounds using the alkaline comet assay. Influence of interdonor and interexperimental variability. Carcinogenesis, 19:2021-2129.
107. De Boeck M, Lardau S, Buchet JP, Kirsch-Volders M, Lison D (2000) Absence of significant genotoxicity in lymphocytes and urine from workers exposed to moderate levels of cobalt-containing dust: a cross-sectional study. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 36(2):151-160.
108. De Boeck M, Hoet P, Lombaert N, Nemery B, Kirsch-Volders M, Lison D (2003) In vivo genotoxicity of hard metal dust: Induction of micronuclei in rat type II epithelial lung cells. Carcinogenesis, 24:1793-1800.
109. 12 in experimental giardiasis in rats. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 74:675-679.
110. de Matteis F, Gibbs AH (1977) Inhibition of haem synthesis caused by cobalt in rat liver. Biochemical Journal, 162:213-216.
111. Diamond JM, Winchester EL, Mackler DG, Rasnake WJ, Fanelli JK, Gruber D (1992) Toxicity of cobalt to fresh-water indicator species as a function of water hardness. Aquatic Toxicology, 22(3):163-179.
112. Diaz GJ, Julian RJ, Squires EJ (1994) Lesions in broiler chickens following experimental intoxication with cobalt. Avian Diseases, 38(2):308-316.
113. Di Guilio C, Huang WX, Lahiri S, Mokashi A, Buerk DG (1990) Cobalt stimulates carotid body chemoreceptors. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(5):1844-1849.
114. Di Giulio C, Data PG, Lahiri S (1991) Chronic cobalt causes hypertrophy of glomus cells in the rat carotid body. American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology, 261:102-105.
115. Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Bernat R (1984) A study of the effects of cobalt administered orally to rats. Archivos de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, 10:13-20.
116. Domingo JL, Paternain JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J (1985) Effects of cobalt on postnatal development and late gestation in rats upon oral administration. Revista Espanola de Fisiologia, 41:293-298.
117. Donaldson JD (1986) Cobalt in the environment. In: Proceedings of the first congress on cobalt and the environment, Toronto, Ontario, 2-3 April 1986. Guildford, Surrey, Cobalt Development Institute, pp.1-21.
118. Donaldson JD, Clark SJ, Grimes SM (1986) Cobalt in medicine, agriculture and environment. Guildford, Surrey, Cobalt Development Institute.
119. Dooms-Goossens A, Ceuterick A, Vanmaele N, Degreef H (1980) Follow-up study of patients with contact dermatitis caused by chromates, nickel, and cobalt. Dermatologica, 160:249-260.
120. Dorfman D (1977) Tolerance of Fundulus heteroclitus to different metals in salt waters. Bulletin of the New Jersey Academy of Sciences, 22(2):21-23.
121. Eaton RP, Pornmer I (1973) Glucagon secretion and activity in the cobalt chloride-treated rat. American Journal of Physiology, 225:67-72.
122. Eckel WP, Jacob TA (1988) Ambient levels of 24 dissolved metals in U.S. surface and ground waters. In: Proceedings of the 196th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry. New York, NY, American Chemical Society, pp. 317-372.
123. Elbetieha A, Al-Thani AS, Al-Thani RK, Darmani H, Owais W (2004) Chronic exposure to cobaltous chloride caused adverse effects on fertility of male mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 197(3):351 (abstract).
124. El-Nady FE, Atta MM (1996) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals to some marine biota from the Egyptian coastal waters. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 31(7):1529-1545.
125. Espinosa AJF, Ternero-Rodriguez M, Barragan de la Rosa FJ, Jimenez-Sanchez JC (2001) Size distribution of metals in urban aerosols in Seville (Spain). Atmospheric Environment, 35(14):2595-2601.
126. EVM (2002) Review of cobalt. Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals Secretariat, revised August (EVM/00/07; http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/ multimedia/pdfs/evmOO07p.pdf).
127. Ewell WS, Gorsuch JW, Kringle RO, Robillard KA, Spiegel RC (1986) Simultaneous evaluation of the acute effects of chemicals on seven aquatic species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5(9):831-840.
128. Eyrolle F, Charmasson S (2001) Distribution of organic carbon, selected stable elements and artificial radionuclides among dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases in the Rhone River (France): preliminary results. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 55(2):145-155.
129. FDRL (1984a) Acute oral LD50 study of cobalt sulphate lot no. S88336/A in Sprague-Dawley rats. Waverly, NY, Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., 11 April 1984 (FDRL Study No. 8005D).
130. 3, lot #030383 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Waverly, NY, Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., 12 April 1984.
131. FDRL (1984c) Acute oral toxicity study of cobalt oxide tricobalt tetraoxide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Waverly, NY, Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., 5 April 1984.
132. Feng MR, Rossi DT, Strenkoski C, Black A, Dehart P, Lovdahl M, McNally W (1998) Disposition kinetics of cobalt mesoporphyrin in mouse, rat, monkey and dog. Xenobiotica, 28(4):413-426.
133. Ferrans VJ, Hibbs RG, Weilbaecher DG (1964) Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: a histochemical and electron microscopic study. American Journal of Cardiology, 13:106-107.
134. Finney BP, Huh C-A (1989) History of metal pollution in the southern California bight: An update. Environmental Science & Technology, 23:294-303.
135. FIOH (1999) [Biomonitoring of exposure to chemicals 2000. Guidelines for sample collection.] Helsinki, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 128 pp. (in Finnish).
136. Firriolo JM, Ayala-Fierro F, Sipes IG, Carter DE (1999) Absorption and disposition of cobalt naphthenate in rats after a single oral dose. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A, 58:383-395.
137. Fischer E, Molnaŕ L (1997) Growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in semi-natural soil containing various metal chlorides. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29:667-670.
138. Fischer T, Rystedt I (1983) Cobalt allergy in hard metal workers. Contact Dermatitis, 9:115-121.
139. Fishman MJ, Perryman GR, Schroder LJ, Matthews EW (1986) Determination of trace metals in low ionic strength waters using Zeeman and deuterium background correction for graphite furnace absorption spectrometry. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 69(4):704-708.
140. Forbes RM, Cooper AR, Mitchell HH (1954) On the occurrence of beryllium, boron, cobalt, and mercury in human tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 209:857-865.
141. Foster PP, Pearman I, Ramsden D (1989) An interspecies comparison of the lung clearance of inhaled monodisperse cobalt oxide particles - Part II: Lung clearance of inhaled cobalt oxide in man. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20(2):189-204.
142. Francis CW, Davis EC, Goyert JC (1985) Plant uptake of trace elements from coal gasification ashes. Journal of Environmental Quality, 14(4):561-569,
143. 12 deficiency. Science of the Total Environment, 318:89-100.
144. Friedman HA, Kelmers AD (1988) Investigation of leaching of radionuclides and hazardous materials from low-level wastes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Washington, DC, United States Department of Energy (NTIS/DE87013363).
145. Fukunaga M, Kurachi Y, Mizuguchi Y (1982) Action of some metal ions on yeast chromosomes. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 30(8):3017-3019.
146. Gaur JP, Noraho N, Cauhan YS (1994) Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in Spirodella polyrhiza and Azolla pinnata. Aquatic Botany, 49:183-192.
147. Gennart JP, Baleux C, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Buchet JP, De Meyer R, Lauwerys R (1993) Increased sister chromatid exchanges and tumor markers in workers exposed to elemental chromium-, cobalt- and nickel-containing dusts. Mutation Research, 299:55-61.
148. Gerhardsson L, Wester PO, Nordberg GF, Brune D (1984) Chromium, cobalt and lanthanum in lung, liver and kidney tissue from deceased workers. Science of the Total Environment, 37:233-246.
149. Gibbs RJ (1994) Metals in the sediments along the Hudson River estuary. Environment International, 20(4):507-516.
150. Gladstones JS, Loneragan JF, Goodchild NA (1977) Field responses to cobalt and molybdenum by different legume species, with inferences on the role of cobalt in legume growth. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 28(4):619-628.
151. Glooschenko WA, Capocianco J, Coburn J, Glooschenko V (1981) Geochemical distribution of trace metals and organochlorine contaminants of a Lake Ontario shoreline marsh. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 15:197-213.
152. Goh CL, Gan SL, Ngui SJ (1986) Occupational dermatitis in a prefabrication construction factory. Contact Dermatitis, 15:235-240.
153. Goldberg MA, Schneider TJ (1994) Similarities between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(6):4355-4359.
154. Goldberg MA, Dunning SP, Bunn HF (1988) Regulation of the erythropoietin gene: Evidence that the oxygen sensor is a heme protein. Science, 242:1412-1415.
155. Golomb D, Ryan D, Eby N, Underhill J, Zemba S (1997) Atmospheric deposition of toxics onto Massachusetts Bay - I. Metals. Atmospheric Environment, 31(9):1349-1359.
156. Greathouse DG, Craun GF (1978) Cardiovascular disease study - occurrence of inorganics in household tap water and relationships to cardiovascular mortality rates. In: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on trace substances in environmental health. Columbia, MO, University of Missouri, pp. 31-39.
157. Greenberg DM, Copp DH, Cuthbertson EM (1943) Studies in mineral metabolism with the aid of artificial radioactive isotopes: VII. The distribution and excretion, particularly by way of the bile, of iron, cobalt, and manganese. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 147:749-756.
158. Gregus Z, Klaassen CD (1986) Disposition of metals in rats: A comparative study of fecal, urinary, and biliary excretion and tissue distribution of eighteen metals. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 85:24-38.
159. Greig RA, Jones J (1976) Nondestructive neutron activation analysis of marine organisms collected from ocean dump sites of the middle eastern United States. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 4(4):420-434.
160. Grice HC, Goodman T, Munro IC, Wiberg GS, Morrison AB (1969) Myocardial toxicity of cobalt in the rat. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 156:189-194.
161. Haddad E, Zikovsky L (1985) Determination of Al, As, Cr, Cs, Fe, Mn, Sb, Sc, W and Zn in the workroom air by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, 93(6):371-378.
162. Hamilton EI (1994) The geobiochemistry of cobalt. Science of the Total Environment, 150:7-39.
163. Hamilton-Koch W, Snyder RD, Lavelle JIM (1986) Metal-induced DNA damage and repair in human diploid fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 59:17-28.
164. Hanna RGM (1992) The level of heavy metals in the Red Sea after 50 years. Science of the Total Environment, 125:417-448.
165. Hansen JA, Marr JCA, Lipton J, Cacela D, Bergman HL (1999) Differences in neurobehavioral responses of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper and cobalt: Behavioral avoidance. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18(9):1972-1978.
166. Hansson H-C, Ekholm A-KP, Ross HB (1988) Rainwater analysis: A comparison between proton-induced x-ray emission and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology, 22:527-531.
167. Harp MJ, Scoular FI (1952) Cobalt metabolism of young college women on self-selected diets. Journal of Nutrition, 47:67-72.
168. Hartenstein R, Neuhauser EF, Narahara A (1981) Effects of heavy metal and other elemental additives to activated sludge on growth of Eisenia foetida. Journal of Environmental Quality, 10:372-376.
169. Hartung M (1986) Lungenfibrosen bei Hartmetallschleifern. Bedeutung der Cobalteinwirkung, Sankt Augustin, Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften.
170. Hartwig A, Snyder RD, Schlepegrell R, Beyersmann D (1991) Modulation by Co(II) of UV-induced DNA repair, mutagenesis and sister-chromatid exchanges in mammalian cells. Mutation Research, 248:177-185.
171. Hatori N, Pehrsson SK, Clyne N, Hansson G, Hofman-Bang C, Marklund SL, Ryden L, Sjoqvist PO, Svensson L (1993) Acute exposure and oxygen radical scavengers in the rat myocardium. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1181:257-260.
172. Heath JC (1954) Cobalt as a carcinogen. Nature, 173:822-823.
173. Heath JC (1956) The production of malignant tumours by cobalt in the rat. British Journal of Cancer, 10:668-673.
174. Heath JC (1960) The histogenesis of malignant tumors induced by cobalt in the rat. British Journal of Cancer, 15:478-482.
175. Heath JC, Daniel MR (1962) The production of malignant tumors by cobalt in the rat: Intrathoracic tumors. British Journal of Cancer, 16:473-478.
176. Heath JC, Freeman MA, Swanson SA (1971) Carcinogenic properties of wear particles from prostheses made in cobalt-chromium alloy. Lancet, 1(7699):564-566.
177. Heaton RW, Rahn KA, Lowenthal DH (1990) Determination of trace elements, including regional tracers, in Rhode Island precipitation. Atmospheric Environment, 24A(1): 147-153.
178. Heinrich R, Angerer J (1984) Determination of cobalt in biological materials by voltammetry and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 16:305-314.
179. Hellou J, Fancey LL, Payne JF (1992) Concentrations of twenty-four elements in bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus from the north-west Atlantic. Chemosphere, 24(2):211-218.
180. Helmers E, Schrems O (1995) Wet deposition of metals to the tropical north and the south Atlantic Ocean. Atmospheric Environment, 29(18):2475-2484.
181. Hengstler JG, Bolm-Audorff U, Faldum A, Janssen K, Reifenrath M, Gotte W, Jung D, Mayer-Popken O, Fuchs J, Gebhard S, Bienfait HG, Schlink K, Dietrich C, Faust D, Epe B, Oesch F (2003) Occupational exposure to heavy metals: DNA damage induction and DNA repair inhibition prove co-exposures to cadmium, cobalt and lead as more dangerous than hitherto expected. Carcinogenesis, 24:63-73.
182. Henquin J-C, Lambert AE (1975) Cobalt inhibition of insulin secretion and calcium uptake by isolated rat islets. American Journal of Physiology, 228(6):1669-1677.
183. 2+-dependent electrical activity induced by glucose in mouse pancreatic B cells. Endocrinology, 112(6):2218-2220.
184. Hewitt PJ (1988) Accumulation of metals in the tissues of occupationally exposed workers. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 10(3-4):113-116.
185. Hill CH (1974) Influence of high levels of minerals on the susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella gallinarum. Journal of Nutrition, 104(10):1221-1226.
186. Hillerdal G, Hartung M (1983) Short communication on cobalt in tissues from hard metal workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 53:89-90.
187. Ho VT, Bunn HF (1996) Effects of transition metals on the expression of the erythropoietin gene: further evidence that the oxygen sensor is a heme protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 223:175-180.
188. Hoet PMH, Roesems G, Demedts MG, Nemery B (2002) Activation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in rat type II pneumocytes as an early marker of oxidative stress caused by cobalt particles. Archives of Toxicology, 76(1):1-7.
189. Hogan GD, Rauser WE (1979) Tolerance and toxicity of cobalt, copper, nickel and zinc in clones of Agrostis gigantes. New Phytologist, 83:665-670.
190. Hogstedt C, Alexandersson R (1990) [Mortality among hard metal workers.] Solna, National Institute of Occupational Health, pp. 1-16 (Arbete och Häsa 21) (in Swedish with English abstract).
191. Hollins JG, McCullough RS (1971) Radiation dosimetry of internal contamination by inorganic compounds of cobalt: An analysis of cobalt metabolism in rats. Health Physics, 21:233-246.
192. Holly RG (1955) Studies on iron and cobalt metabolism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 158:1349-1352.
193. Horwitz C, van der Linden SE (1974) Cadmium and cobalt in tea and coffee and their relationship to cardiovascular disease. South African Medical Journal, 48:230-233.
194. Houk AEH, Thomas AW, Sherman HC (1946) Some inter-relationships of dietary iron, copper and cobalt in metabolism. Journal of Nutrition, 31:609-620.
195. IARC (1991) Chlorinated drinking-water; chlorination by-products; some other halogenated compounds; cobalt and cobalt compounds. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 52).
196. IARC (2005) Metallic cobalt particles. In: Cobalt in hard-metals and cobalt sulfate, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and vanadium pentoxide (draft). Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 86).
197. Ichikawa Y, Kusaka Y, Goto S (1985) Biological monitoring of cobalt concentrations in blood and urine. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 55:269-276.
198. ICRP (1979) Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers. New York, NY, Pergamon Press on behalf of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP Publication 30; Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 2, No. 3/4).
199. ICRP (1994) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: Part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. New York, NY, Pergamon Press on behalf of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP Publication 67; Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 23, No. 3-4).
200. Ikarashi Y, Ohno K, Tsuchiya T, Nakamura A (1992a) Differences of draining lymph node cell proliferation among mice, rats and guinea pigs following exposure to metal allergens. Toxicology, 76:283-292.
201. Ikarashi Y, Tsuchiya T, Nakamura A (1992b) Detection of contact sensitivity of metal salts using the murine local lymph node assay. Toxicology Letters, 62:53-61.
202. 65Zn incorporated into Chlorella and in inorganic form in rats. Health Physics, 39:611-617.
203. IPCS (2000) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt naphthenate. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 1093; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icscl10/icsc1093.htm).
204. IPCS (2001a) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 0784; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/ protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtashtt_icsc07/icscO784.htm).
205. IPCS (2001b) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt sulfate. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 1127; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1127.htm).
206. IPCS (2001c) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 1128; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/ protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtashtl_icsc11/icsc1128.htm).
207. IPCS (2001d) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 1396; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/ protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc13/icsc1396.htm).
208. IPCS (2001e) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt(II) nitrate. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 1397; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc13/icsc1397.htm).
209. IPCS (2004a) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 0782; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/ icsc/dtasht/_icsc07/icsc0782.htm).
210. IPCS (2004b) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt(II) chloride. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 0783; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtashtt_icsc07/icsc0783.htm).
211. IPCS (2004c) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt(III) oxide. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 0785; http://www.ilo.org/publie/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc07/icsc0785.htm).
212. IPCS (2004d) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt carbonyl. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 0976; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtashtt_icsc09/icscO976.htm).
213. IPCS (2004e) International Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt sulfide. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 1529; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc15/icsc1529.htm).
214. IPCS (2004f) Intemational Chemical Safety Card - Cobalt(II) oxide. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (ICSC 1551; http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/ cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icscl5/icsc1551.htm).
215. Ishihara N, Koizumi M, Yoshida A (1987) Metal concentrations in human pancreatic juice. Archives of Environmental Health, 42(6):356-360.
216. Ivancsits S, Diem E, Pilger A, Rudiger HW (2002) Induction of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine by cobalt(II) and hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 65(9):665-676.
217. Jackman AP, Kennedy VC, Bhatia N (2001) Interparticle migration of metal cations in stream sediments as a factor in toxics transport. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B82:27-41.
218. Jansen HML, Knollema S, van der Duin LV, Willemsen AT, Wiersma A, Franssen EJ, Russel FG, Korf J, Paans AM (1996) Pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of cobalt-55 and cobalt-57. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 37(12):2082-2086.
219. Jasmin G, Riopelle JL (1976) Renal carcinomas and erythro-cytosis in rats following intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide. Laboratory Investigations, 35:71-78.
220. Jenkins DW (1980) Biological monitoring of toxic trace metals: Vol. 1. Biological monitoring and surveillance. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency, September (NTIS PB81-103475).
221. Johansson A, Curstedt T, Robertson B, Camner P (1984) Lung morphology and phospholipids after experimental inhalation of soluble cadmium, copper, and cobalt. Environmental Research, 34:295-309.
222. Johansson A, Robertson B, Camner P (1987) Nodular accumulation of type II cells and inflammatory lesions caused by inhalation of low cobalt concentrations. Environmental Research, 43:227-243.
223. Johansson A, Curstedt T, Camner P (1991) Lung lesions after combined inhalation of cobalt and nickel. Environmental Research, 54:24-38.
224. Johansson A, Curstedt T, Rasool O, Jarstrand C, Camner P (1992) Rabbit lung after combined exposure to soluble cobalt and trivalent chromium. Environmental Research, 58:80-96.
225. Jorhem L, Sundström B (1993) Levels of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, and cobalt in foods on the Swedish market, 1983-1990. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 6:223-241.
226. Kadiiska MB, Maples KR, Mason RP (1989) A comparison of cobalt(II) and iron(II) hydroxyl and superoxide free radical formation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 275(1):98-111.
227. Kanematsu N, Hara M, Kada T (1980) Rec assay and mutagenicity studies on metal compounds. Mutation Research, 77:109-116.
228. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R (1988) Occupational skin disease in Finland. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 60:89-94.
229. Kasprzak KS, Zastawny TH, North SL, Riggs CW, Diwan BA, Rice JM, Dizdaroglu M (1994) Oxidative DNA base damage in renal, hepatic, and pulmonary chromatin of rats after intraperitoneal injection of cobalt(II) acetate. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 7:329-335.
230. Kasten U, Mullenders LH, Hartwig A (1997) Cobalt(II) inhibits the incision and the polymerization step of nucleotide excision repair in human fibroblasts. Mutation Research, 383:81-90.
231. Kawanishi S, Inoue S, Yamamoto K (1994) Active oxygen species in DNA damage induced by carcinogenic metal compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Suppl. 3):17-20.
232. Kent NL, McCance RA (1941) The absorption and excretion of "minor" elements by man. Biochemical Journal, 35:877-883.
233. Kerfoot EJ (1975) Semi-chronic inhalation study on cobalt. Dissertation Abstracts International B, 35:6054-6055.
234. Kesteloot H, Roelandt J, Willems J, Claes JH, Joosens JV (1968) An inquiry into the role of cobalt in the heart disease of chronic beer drinkers. Circulation, 37:854-864.
235. Khangarot BS, Ray PK (1 989a) Investigation of correlation between physicochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 18(2):109-120.
236. Khangarot BS, Ray PK (1989b) Sensitivity of midge larvae of Chironomus tentans Fabricius (Diptera Chironomidae) to heavy metals. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 42:325-330.
237. Khangarot BS, Sehgal A, Bhasin MK (1985) "Man and biosphere" - Studies on the Sikkim Himalayas. Part 5: Acute toxicity of selected heavy metals on the tadpoles of Rana hexadactyla. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, 13(2):259-263.
238. Kharab P, Singh I (1985) Genotoxic effects of potassium dichromate, sodium arsenite, cobalt chloride and lead nitrate in diploid yeast. Mutation Research, 155:117-120.
239. Kieć-Swierczyńska M, Krecisz B (2000) Occupational skin diseases among the nurses in the region of Lodz. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 13(3):179-184.
240. Kieć-Swierczyńska M, Krecisz B (2002) Allergic contact dermatitis in dentists and dental nurses. Exogenous Dermatology, 1(1):27-31.
241. Killey RWD, McHugh JO, Champ DR, Cooper EL, Young JL (1984) Subsurface cobalt-60 migration from a low-level waste disposal site. Environmental Science & Technology, 18(3):148-157.
242. Kim EY, Goto R, Tanabe S, Tanaka H, Tatsukawa R (1998) Distribution of 14 elements in tissues and organs of oceanic seabirds. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 35(4):638-645.
243. Kimball G (1978) The effects of lesser known metals and one organic to tathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia magna. Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota, Department of Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife (Report No. N: 88).
244. Kimberly MM, Bailey GG, Paschal DC (1987) Determination of urinary cobalt using matrix modification and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman-effect background correction. Analyst, 112:287-290.
245. King LD (1988) Retention of metals by several soils of the southeastern United States. Journal of Environmental Quality, 17(2):239-246.
246. 57Co-methylcobalamin in rat and guinea pig. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 20(12):2561-2569.
247. Kirchgessner M, Reuber S, Kreuzer M (1994) Endogenous excretion and true absorption of cobalt as affected by the oral supply of cobalt. Biological Trace Element Research, 41:175-189.
248. Kissa E, Moraitou-Apostolopoulou M, Kiortsis V (1984) Effects of four heavy metals on survival and hatching rate of Artemia salina (L.). Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 102(2):255-264.
249. Kloke A, Sauerbeck DR, Vetter H (1984) The contamination of plants and soils with heavy metals and the transport of metals in terrestrial food chains. In: Nriagu JO, ed. Changing metal cycles and human health. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, pp. 113-141.
250. Knauer GA, Martin JH, Gordon RM (1982) Cobalt in north-east Pacific waters. Nature, 297:49-51.
251. Knutson AB, Klerks PL, Levinton JS (1987) The fate of metal contaminated sediments in Foundry Cove, New York. Environmental Pollution, 45:291-304.
252. Kreyling WG, Ferron GA, Haider B (1984) The dependency of the lung retention on cobalt aerosol parameters. Journal of Aerosol Science, 15(3):229-232.
253. Kreyling WG, Ferron GA, Haider B (1986) Metabolic fate of inhaled Co aerosols in beagle dogs. Health Physics, 51(6):773-795.
254. Kreyling WG, Ferron GA, Haider B (1989) An interspecies comparison of the lung clearance of inhaled monodisperse cobalt oxide particles - Part IV: Lung clearance of inhaled cobalt oxide particles in beagle dogs. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20(2):219-232.
255. Krishnakumari L, Varshney PK, Gajbhiye SN, Govindan K, Nair VR (1983) Toxicity of some metals on the fish Therapon jarbua (Forsskal, 1775). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 12:64-66.
256. Kyono H, Kusaka Y, Homma K, Kubota H, Endo-Ichikawa Y (1992) Reversible lung lesions in rats due to short-term exposure to ultrafine cobalt particles. Industrial Health, 30:103-118.
257. Ladoux A, Frelin C (1994) Cobalt stimulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and mRNA in rat cardiac cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 204(2):794-798.
258. Lantzy RJ, Mackenzie FT (1979) Atmospheric trace metals: Global cycles and assessment of man's impact. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43:511-525.
259. Lasfargues G, Wild P, Moulin JJ, Hammon B, Rosmorduc B, Rondeau du Noyer C, Lavandier M, Moline J (1994) Lung cancer mortality in a French cohort of hard-metal workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 26:585-595.
260. Lee LH, Lustigman B, Chu IY, Hsu S (1992) Effect of lead and cobalt on the growth of Anacystis nidulans. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48:230-236.
261. Legrum W, Stuehmeier G, Netter KJ (1979) Cobalt as a modifier of microsomal monooxygenases in mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 48:195-204.
262. Lehninger AL (1982) Principles of biochemistry. New York, NY, Worth Publishers, pp. 361-466.
263. Lewis CPL, Demedts M, Nemery B (1991) Indices of oxidative stress in hamster lung following exposure to cobalt(II) ions: In vivo and in vitro studies. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 5:163-169.
264. Lighthart B, Bond H, Ricard M (1977) Trace elements research using coniferous forest sofillitter microcosms. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency (Report No. EPA-600/3-77-091).
265. Linna A, Oksa P, Palmroos P, Roto P, Laippala P, Uitti J (2003) Respiratory health of cobalt production workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44:124-132.
266. Lison D (1996) Human toxicity of cobalt-containing dust and experimental studies on the mechanism of interstitial lung disease (hard metal disease). Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 26:585-616.
267. Lison D, Carbonnelle P, Mollo L, Lauwerys R, Fubini B (1995) Physicochemical mechanism of the interaction between cobalt metal and carbide particles to generate toxic activated oxygen species. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 8:600-606.
268. Lison D, Lauwerys R, Demedts M, Nemery B (1996) Experimental research into the pathogenesis of cobalt/hard metal lung disease, European Respiratory Journal, 9:1024-1028.
269. Liu J, Reid RJ, Smith FA (2000) The mechanism of cobalt toxicity in mung beans. Physiologia Plantarum, 110(1):104-110.
270. Lloyd DR, Phillips DH, Carmichael PL (1997) Generation of putative intrastrand cross-links and strand breaks in DNA by transition metal ion-mediated oxygen radical attack. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 10:393-400.
271. Lock K, Because S, Criel P, Van Eeckhout H, Janssen CR (2004) Ecotoxicity of cobalt to the springtail Folsomia candida. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 139:195-199.
272. Maenhaut W, Zoller WH, Duce RA, Hoffman GL (1979) Concentration and size distribution of particulate trace elements in the south polar atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84:2421-2431.
273. MAFF (1997) 1994 Total Diet Study: Metals and other elements. London, United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Food Standards Agency (Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. 131; http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1997/ no1311131tds.htm).
274. Mahara Y, Kudo A (1981) Interaction and mobility of cobalt-60 between water and sediments in marine environments possible effects by acid rain. Water Research, 15(4):413-419.
275. Malaisse F, Gregoire J, Morrison RS, Brooks RR, Reeves RD (1979) Copper and cobalt in vegetation of Fungurume, Shaba Province, Zaire. Oikos, 33:472-478.
276. Mantoura RFC,,Dickson A, Riley JP (1978) The complexation of metals with humic materials in natural waters. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science, 6:387-408.
277. Marcussen PV (1963) Cobalt dermatitis. Clinical picture. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 43:231-234.
278. Marr JCA, Hansen JA, Meyer JS, Cacela D, Podrabsky T, Lipton J, Bergman HL (1998) Toxicity of cobalt and copper to rainbow trout: application of a mechanistic model for predicting survival. Aquatic Toxicology, 43(4):225-238.
279. Martin TR, Holdich DM (1986) The acute lethal toxicity of heavy metals to peracarid crustaceans (with particular reference to fresh-water asellids and gammarids). Water Research, 20(9):1137-1147.
280. Mascanzoni D (1989) Long-term transfer from soil to plant of radioactive corrosion products. Environmental Pollution, 57:49-62.
281. McLachlan J (1973) Growth media - marine. In: Stein JR, ed. Handbook of phycological methods, culture methods and growth measurements. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 25-51.
282. McLaren RG, Lawson DM, Swift RS (1986) Sorption and desorption of cobalt by soils and soil components. Soil Sciences, 37:413-426.
283. Meachim G, Pedley RB, Williams DF (1982) A study of sarcogenicity associated with Co-Cr-Mo particles implanted in animal muscle. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 16:407-416.
284. Mejstrik V, Svacha J (1988) Concentrations of Co, Cd, Ni, and Zn in crop plants cultivated in the vicinity of coal-fired power plants. Science of the Total Environment, 72:57-67.
285. Memoli VA, Urban RM, Alroy J, Galante JO (1986) Malignant neoplasms associated with orthopedic implant materials in rats. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 4: 346-355.
286. Meranger JC, Subramanian KS, Chalifoux C (1981) Metals and other elements: Survey for cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in Canadian drinking water supplies. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 64(1):44-53.
287. Merian E (1985) Introduction on environmental chemistry and global cycles of chromium, nickel, cobalt, beryllium, arsenic, cadmium and selenium, and their derivatives. Current Topics in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 8:3-32.
288. Mermut AR, Jain JC, Song L, Kerrich R, Kozak L, Jana S (1996) Trace element concentrations of selected soils and fertilizers in Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25:845-853.
289. Milford JB, Davidson CI (1985) The size of particulate trace elements in the atmosphere - a review. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 35(12):1249-1260.
290. Misra J, Pandey V, Singh N (1994) Effects of some heavy metals on root growth of germinating seeds of Vicia faba. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29(10):2229-2234.
291. Mitchell DF, Shankwalker GB, Shazer S (1960) Determining the tumorigenicity of dental materials. Journal of Dental Research, 39:1023-1028.
292. Moger WH (1983) Effects of the calcium-channel blockers cobalt, verapamil, and D600 on Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Biology of Reproduction, 28:528-535.
293. Mollenhauer HH, Corrier DE, Clark DE, Hare MF, Elissalde MH (1985) Effects of dietary cobalt on testicular structure. Virchows Archiv B: Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology, 49:241-248.
294. Moorhouse CP, Halliwell B, Grootveld M, Gutteridge JM (1985) Cobalt(II) ion as a promoter of hydroxyl radical and possible "crypto-hydroxyl" radical formation under physiological conditions. Differential effects of hydroxyl radical scavengers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 843(3):261-268.
295. Morelli L, Di Giulio C, Iezzi M, Data PG (1994) Effect of acute and chronic cobalt administration on carotid body chemoreceptors responses. Science of the Total Environment, 150:215-216.
296. Morin Y, Daniel P (1967) Quebec beer-drinkers' cardiomyopathy: etiological considerations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 97:926-928.
297. Morin Y, Tetu A, Mercier G (1971) Cobalt cardiomyopathy: Clinical aspects. British Heart Journal, 33:175-178.
298. Morrison RS, Brooks RR, Reeves RDM, Malaisse F (1979) Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaire [short communication]. Plant and Soil, 53:535-539.
299. Morvai V, Szakmary E, Tatrai E, Ungvary G, Folly G (1993) The effects of simultaneous alcohol and cobalt chloride administration on the cardiovascular system of rats. Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 81(3):253-261.
300. Mosconi G, Bacis M, Vitali MT, Leghissa P, Sabbioni E (1.994) Cobalt excretion in urine: Results of a study on workers, producing diamond grinding tools and on a control group. Science of the Total Environment, 150:133-139.
301. Moulin A Wild P, Mur JM, Fournier-Betz M, Mercier-Gallay M (1993) A mortality study of cobalt production workers: An extension of the follow-up. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 23:281-288.
302. Moulin JJ, Wild P, Romazini S, Lasfargues G, Peltier A, Bozec C, Deguerry P, Pellet F, Perdrix A (1998) Lung cancer risk in hard-metal workers. Ametican Journal of Epidemiology, 148(3):241-248.
303. Munita CS, Mazzilli BP (1986) Determination of trace elements in Brazilian cigarette tobacco by neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, 108(4):217-227.
304. Mur JM, Moulin JJ, Charruyer-Seinerra MP, Lafitte J (1987) A cohort mortality study among cobalt and sodium workers in an electrochemical plant. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 11:75-81.
305. Muramatsu Y, Parr RM (1988) Concentrations of some trace elements in hair, liver and kidney from autopsy subjects - relationship between hair and internal organs. Science of the Total Environment, 76:29-40.
306. Murdock HR (1959) Studies on the pharmacology of cobalt chloride. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 48:140-142.
307. Nackerdien Z, Kasprak KS, Rao G, Halliwell B, Dizdaroglu M (1991) NickIe(II)- and cobalt(Il)-dependent damage by hydrogen peroxide to the DNA bases in isolated human chromatin. Cancer Research, 51:5837-5842.
308. Nagpal NK (2004) Technical report - water quality guidelines for cobalt. Victoria, British Columbia, Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection, Water, Air and Climate Change Branch, Water Protection Section (http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/cobalt/cobalt-tech.pdf).
309. Nakashima S, Sturgeon RE, Willie SN, Berman SS (1988) Determination of trace metals in seawater by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with preconcentration on silica-immobilized 8-hydroxyquinoline in a flow-system. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 330(7):592-595.
310. Nalecz-Jawecki G, Sawicki J (1998) Toxicity of inorganic compounds in the spirotox test: A miniaturized version of the Spirostomum ambiguum test. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 34(1):1-5.
311. NAS (1977) Drinking water and health. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 209-211, 247.
312. NAS (1980) Mineral tolerance of domestic animals. A publication by the National Reseach Council's Subcommittee on Mineral Toxicity in Animals. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences.
313. NAS/NAE (1973) Water quality criteria 1972. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering; funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (Report No. EPA-R3-73-033).
314. Nation JR, Bourgeois AE, Clark DE, Hare MF (1983) The effects of chronic cobalt exposure on behavior and metallothionein levels in the adult rat. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 5:9-15.
315. Naylor GPL, Harrison JD (1995) Gastrointestinal iron and cobalt absorption and iron status in young rats and guinea pigs. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 14:949-954.
316. Neal C, Smith CJ, Jeffery HA, Jarvie HP, Robson AJ (1996) Trace element concentrations in the major rivers entering the Humber estuary, NE England. Journal of Hydrology, 182:37-64.
317. Neal C, Robson AJ, Wass P, Wade AJ, Ryland GP, Leach DV, Leeks GJL (1998) Major, minor, trace element and suspended sediment variations in the River Derwent. Science of the Total Environment, 210/211:163-172.
318. Neal C, Jarvie HP, Whitton BA, Gemmell J (2000) The water quality of the River Wear, north-east England. Science of the Total Environment, 251/ 252:153-172.
319. Nemery B, Casier P, Roosels D, Lahaye D, Demedts M (1992) Survey of cobalt exposure and respiratory health in diamond polishers. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 145:610-616.
320. Nemery B, Bast A, Behr J, Borm PJA, Bourke SJ, Camus P, De Vuyst P, Jansen HM, Kinnula VL, Lison D, Pelkonen O, Saltini C (2001a) Interstitial lung disease induced by exogenous agents: factors governing susceptibility. European Respiratory Journal, 32(Suppl.):30S-42S.
321. Nemery B, Verbeken EK, Demedts M (2001b) Giant cell interstitial pneumonia (hard metal lung disease, cobalt lung). Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 22:435-447.
322. Neuhauser EF, Meyer JA, Malecki MR, Thomas JM (1984) Dietary cobalt supplements and the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 16:521-523.
323. Newman LS, Maier LA, Nemery B (1998) Interstitial lung disorders due to beryllium and cobalt. In: Schwartz MI, King TE Jr, eds. Interstitial lung disease. St Louis, MO, Mosby, pp. 367-392.
324. Newton D, Rundo J (1971) The long term retention of inhaled cobalt-60. Health Physics, 21(3):377-384.
325. Nielsen NH, Kristiansen J, Borg L, Christensen JM, Poulsen LK, Menne T (2000) Repeated exposures to cobalt or chromate on the hands of patients with hand eczema and contact allergy to that metal. Contact Dermatitis, 43(4):212-215.
326. Nimmo M, Chester R (1993) The chemical speciation of dissolved nickel and cobalt in Mediterranean rainwaters. Science of the Total Environment, 135:153-160.
327. Nimmo M, Fones GR (1997) The potential pool of Co, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cd organic complexing ligands in coastal and urban rain waters. Atmospheric Environment, 31(5):693-702.
328. NIOSH (1994a) Method 7027: Cobalt and cobalt compounds, as Co. In: NIOSH manual of analytical methods, 4th ed. Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdfs/ 7027.pdf).
329. NIOSH (1994b) Method 8005: Elements in blood or tissue. In: NIOSH manual of analytical methods, 4th ed. Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdfs/ 8005.pdf).
330. NIOSH (2003) Method 7300: Elements by ICP. In: NIOSH manual of analytical methods, 4th ed. Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdfs/ 7300.pdf).
331. Niyogi S, Wood CM (2004) Biotic ligand model, a flexible tool for developing site-specific water quality guidelines for metals. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(23):6177-6192.
332. Nojiri Y, Kawai T, Otsuki A, Fuwa K (1985) Simultaneous multielement determinations of trace metals in lake waters by ICP emission spectrometry with preconcentration and their background levels in Japan. Water Research, 19(4):503-509.
333. Nriagu JO (1989) A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature, 338:47-49.
334. Nriagu JO, Coker RD (1980) Trace metals in humic and fulvic acids from Lake Ontario sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, 14:443-446.
335. NTP (1991) Toxicity studies of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate (CAS No. 10026-24-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). Research Triangle Park, NC, United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Toxicology Program (NIH Publication No. 91-3124).
336. NTP (1998) Report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate (CAS No. 10026-24-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). Research Triangle Park, NC, United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Toxicology Program (NIH Publication No. 471).
337. 60Co par une algue planctonique, Scenedesmus obliquus. Influence du stade de développement de la culture sur la fixation du radionucléide. Acta Oecologica Oecologia Applicata, 9(2):111-125.
338. OECD (1992) Report of the OECD workshop on extrapolation of laboratory aquatic toxicity data to the real environment. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD Environment Monograph No. 59).
339. OECD (1995) Guidance document for aquatic effects assessment. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD Environment Monograph No. 92).
340. Ogawa HI, Sakata K, Inouye T, Jyosui S, Niyitani Y, Kakimoto K, Morishita M, Tsuruta S, Kato Y (1986) Combined mutagenicity of cobalt(II) salt and heteroaromatic compounds in Salmonella typhimutium. Mutation Research, 172:97-104.
341. Olivero S, Villani P, Botta A (1995) Genotoxic effects of cobalt chloride, sulfate and nitrate on cultured human lymphocytes. Medical Science Research, 23:339-341.
342. Ostapczuk P, Valenta P, Rutzel H, Nürnberg HW (1987) Application of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry to the determination of heavy metals in environmental samples. Science of the Total Environment, 60:1-16.
343. Outridge PM, Noller BN (1991) Accumulation of toxic trace elements by freshwater vascular plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 121:1-63.
344. Ozanne PG, Greenwood EAN, Shaw TC (1963) The cobalt requirement of subterranean clover in the field. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(1):39-50.
345. Painter RB, Howard R (1982) The hela DNA-synthesis inhibition test as a rapid screen for mutagenic carcinogens. Mutation Research, 92:427-437.
346. Paley KR, Sobel ES, Yalow RS (1958) Effect of oral and intravenous cobaltous chloride on thyroid function. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 18:850-859.
347. Paliouris G, Hutchinson TC (1991) Arsenic, cobalt and nickel tolerances in two populations of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke from Ontario, Canada. New Phytologist, 117:449-459.
348. Palit S, Ghosh AK, Sharma A, Talukder G (1991a) Modification of the clastogenic effects of cobalt by calcium in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Cytologia, 56:373-377.
349. Palit S, Sharma A, Talukder G (1991 b) Chromosomal aberrations induced by cobaltous chloride in mice in vivo. Biological Trace Element Research, 29:139-145.
350. Palit S, Sharma A, Talukder G (1991c) Cytotoxic effects of cobalt chloride on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo. Cytobios, 65:85-89.
351. Palit S, Sharma A, Talukder G (1991d) Protection by chlorophyllin against induction of chromosomal aberrations by cobalt in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Fitoterapia, 62(5):425-428.
352. Palko J, Yli-Halla M (1988) Solubility of Co, Ni, and Mn in some extractants in a Finnish acid sulphate soil area. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 38:153-158.
353. Palmes ED, Nelson N, Laskin S, Kuschner M (1959) Inhalation toxicity of cobalt hydrocarbonyl. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 20:453-468.
354. Patel PM, Wallace A, Mueller RT (1976) Some effects of copper, cobalt, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and chromium on growth and mineral element concentration in chrysanthemum. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 101 (5):553-556.
355. Paternain JL, Domingo JL, Corbella J (1988) Developmental toxicity of cobalt in the rat. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 24:193-200.
356. Patrick G, Batchelor AL, Stirling C (1989) An interspecies comparison of the lung clearance of inhaled monodisperse cobalt oxide particles - Part VI: Lung clearance of inhaled cobalt oxide particles in SPF Fischer rats. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20(2):249-255.
357. Patterson WA, Olsen JJ (1983) Effects of heavy metals on radicle growth of selected woody species germinated on filter paper, mineral and organic substrates. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13:233-238.
358. Pedigo NG, Vernon MW (1993) Embryonic losses after 10-week administration of cobalt to male mice. Reproductive Toxicology, 7:111-116.
359. Pedigo NG, George WJ, Anderson MB (1988) Effects of acute and chronic exposure to cobalt in male reproduction in mice. Reproductive Toxicology, 2:45-53.
360. Persson B, Carlenor E, Clyne N, Hultman E, Lins LE, Pehrsson SK, Rydstrom J (1992) Binding of dietary cobalt to sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 52:137-140.
361. Potolicchio I, Mosconi G, Forni A, Nemery B, Seghizzi P, Sorrentino R (1997) Susceptibility to hard metal lung disease is strongly associated with the presence of glutamate 69 in HLA-DP beta chain. European Journal of Immunology, 27:2741-2743.
362. Potolicchio I, Festucci A, Hausler P, Sorrentino R (1999) HLA-DP molecules bind cobalt: a possible explanation for the genetic association with hard metal disease. European Journal of Immunology, 29:2140-2147.
363. Prescott E, Netterstrom B, Faber J, Hegedus L, Suadicani P, Christensen JM (1992) Effect of occupational exposure to cobalt blue dyes on the thyroid volume and function of female plate painters. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 18:101-104.
364. Rachlin JW, Grosso A (1993) The growth response of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris to combined divalent cation exposure. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 24:16-20.
365. Rathore RS, Khangarot BS (2002) Effects of temperature on the sensitivity of sludge worm Tubifex tubifex Muller to selected heavy metals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 53(1):27-36.
366. Reimann C, De Caritat P, Halleraker JH, Volden T, Äyräs M, Niskavaara H, Chekushin VA, Pavlov VA (1997) Rainwater composition in eight Arctic catchments in northern Europe (Finland, Norway and Russia). Atmospheric Environment, 31(2):159-170.
367. Rengasamy A, Kommineni C, Jones JA, Fedan JS (1999) Effects of hard metal on nitric oxide pathways and airway reactivity to methacholine in rat lungs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 157:178-191.
368. Reuber S, Krcuzer M, Kirchgessner M (1994) Interactions of cobalt and iron in absorption and retention. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease, 8:151-158.
369. Richards JG, Playle RC (1998) Cobalt binding to gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An equilibrium model. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology, 119(2):185-197.
370. Rosenberg DW (1993) Pharmacokinetics of cobalt chloride and cobalt-protoporphyrin. Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 21(5):846-849.
371. Rosko JJ Rachlin JW (1975) The effect of copper, zinc, cobalt and manganese on the growth of the marine diatom Nitzschia closterium. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 102(3): 100-106.
372. 12 transporters. In: Amidon GL, Sadee W, eds. Pharmaceutical biotechnology. New York, NY, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 493-520.
373. Sarkar B (1995) Metal replacement in DNA-binding zinc finger proteins and its relevance to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity through free radical generation. Nutrition, 11 (5):646-649.
374. Sauvant MP, Pepin D, Bohatier J, Groliere CA (1995a) Microplate technique for screening and assessing cytotoxicity of xenobiotics with Tetrahymena pyriformis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 32(2):159-165.
375. Sauvant MP, Pepin D, Groliere CA, Bohatier J (1995b) Effects of organic and inorganic substances on the cell proliferation of L-929 fibroblasts and Tetrahymena pyriformis GL protozoa used for toxicological bioassays. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55(2):171-178.
376. Schade SG, Felsher BF, Bernier GM, Conrad ME (1970) Inter-relationship of cobalt and iron absorption. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 75:435-441.
377. Schinz HR, Uehlinger E (1942) Metals: A new principle of carcinogenesis. Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung, 52:425-437.
378. Schroeder WH, Dobson M, Kane DM, Johnson ND (1987) Toxic trace elements associated with airborne particulate matter: A review. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 37(11):1267-1285.
379. Schultz PN, Warren G, Kosso C, Rogers S (1982) Mutagenicity of a series of hexacoordinate cobalt(III) compounds. Mutation Research, 102:393-400.
380. Sedlet J, Robinson J, Fairman W (1958) A cobalt and a tritium incident at Argonne National Laboratory. In: Proceedings of the fourth annual meeting on bioassay and analytical chemistry. Washington, DC, Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Technical Services, pp. 101-106 (AEC Report No. WASH-1023).
381. Seghizzi P, D'Adda F, Borleri D, Barbic F, Mosconi G (1994) Cobalt myocardiopathy. A critical review of literature. Science of the Total Environment, 150:105-109.
382. Semenza GL, Roth PH, Fang H-M, Wang GL (1994) Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(38):23757-23763.
383. Sharma RM, Panigrahi S, Azeez PA (1987) Effect of cobalt on the primary productivity of Spirulina platensis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39(4):716-720.
384. Shedd KB (1993) The materials flow of cobalt in the United States. Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey, Bureau of Mines (Circular 9350).
385. Shedd KB (2002) Cobalt. In: USGS minerals yearbook. Vol. 1. Metals and minerals, 2002. Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cobalt/cobalmyb02.pdf).
386. Shedd KB (2004) Cobalt recyling in the United States in 1998. In: Shipley SF, ed. Flow studies for recycling metal commodities in the United States. Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey (Circular 11 96-A-M; http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1196am/c1196a-m.pdf).
387. Sheline GE, Chaikoff IL, Montgomery ML (1945) The elimination of administered cobalt in pancreatic juice and bile of the dog, as measured with its radioactive isotopes. American Journal of Physiology, 145:285-290.
388. Shine JP, Ika RV, Ford TE (1995) Multivariate statistical examination of spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal equipment in New Bedford Harbor marine sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, 29:1781-1788.
389. Shirakawa T, Kusaka Y, Fujimura N, Goto S, Morimoto K (1988) The existence of specific antibodies to cobalt in hard metal asthma. Clinical Allergy, 18:451-460.
390. Shirakawa T, Kusaka Y, Fujimura N, Goto S, Kato M, Heki S, Morimoto K (1989) Occupational asthma from cobalt sensitivity in workers exposed to hard metal dust. Chest, 95(1):29-37.
391. Simesen M (1939) The fate of cobalt after oral administration of metallic cobalt and subcutaneous injection of carbonato-tetraminecobalt chloride, with remarks on the quantitative estimation of cobalt in organic materials. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thërapie, 62:347-356.
392. Sinclair P, Gibbs AH, Sinclair JF, de Matteis F (1979) Formation of cobalt protoporphyrin in the liver of rats. Biochemical Journal, 178:529-538.
393. Singh I (1983) Induction of reverse mutation and mitotic gene conversion by some metal compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation Research, 117:149-152.
394. Singh PP, Junnarkar AY (1991) Behavioral and toxic profile of some essential trace metal salts in mice and rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 23:153-159.
395. Smith IC, Carson BL (1981) Trace metals in the environment. Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
396. Smith RJ, Fisher JW (1973) Effects of cobalt on the renal erythropoietic factor kidney hydrolase activity in the rat. Blood, 42(2):893-905.
397. Smith RM (1987) Cobalt. In: Mertz W, ed. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. San Diego, CA, Academic Press, pp.143-183.
398. Smith T, Edmonds CJ, Barnaby CF (1972) Absorption and retention of cobalt in man by whole-body counting. Health Physics, 22:359-367.
399. Sorbie J, Olatunbosun D, Corbett WE, Valberg LS (1971) Cobalt excretion test for the assessment of body iron stores. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 104(9):777-782.
400. Speijers GJA, Krajnc EI, Berkvens JM, van Logten MJ (1982) Acute oral toxicity of inorganic cobalt compounds in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 20:311-314.
401. Srivastava RN, Agrawal SJ (1979) Haematological anomalies in a fresh water teleost, Colisa fasciatus, on acute exposure to cobalt. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 44(3):197-199.
402. Stebbins Al, Horstman SW, Daniell WE, Atallah R (1992) Cobalt exposure in a carbide tip grinding process. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 53(3):186-192.
403. Steinhoff D, Mohr U (1991) On the question of a carcinogenic action of cobalt-containing compounds. Experimental Pathology, 41:169-174.
404. Sullivan JF, Egan JD, George RP (1969) A distinctive myocardiopathy occurring in Omaha, Nebraska: Clinical aspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 156:526-543.
405. Sunderman FW (1987) Metal induction of heme oxygenase. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 514:65-80.
406. 2-treated rats, evidenced by elevated concentrations of thiobarbituric acid chromogens. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 59(1):69-78.
407. Sunderman FW, Hopfer SM, Swift T, Rezuke WN, Ziebka L, Highman P, Edwards B, Folcik M, Gossling HR (1989) Cobalt, chromium, and nickel concentrations in body fluids of patients with porous-coated knee or hip prostheses. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 7(3):307-315.
408. Suttle NF, Bell J, Thornton I, Agyriaki A (2003) Predicting the risk of cobalt deprivation in grazing livestock from soil composition data. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 25:33-39.
409. Suzuki Y, Shimizu H, Nagae Y, Fukumoto M, Okonogi H, Kadokura M (1993) Micronucleus test and erythropoiesis: Effect of cobalt on the induction of micronuclei by mutagens. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 22:101-106.
410. Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR, Heath JC (1973) Laboratory tests on total joint replacement prostheses. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 5513:759-773.
411. Swennen B, Buchet J-P, Stanescu D, Lison D, Lauwerys R (1993) Epidemiological survey of workers exposed to cobalt oxides, cobalt salts, and cobalt metal. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50:835-842.
412. Szakmary E, Ungvary G, Hudak A, Tatrai E, Naray M, Morvai V (2001) Effects of cobalt sulfate on prenatal development of mice, rats, and rabbits, and on early postnatal development of rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A, 62:367-386.
413. Szefer P, Pempkowiak J, Skwarzec B, Bojanowski R, Holm E (1993) Concentration of selected metals in penguins and other representative fauna of the Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment, 138:281-288.
414. Szefer P, Szefer K, Glasby GP, Pempkowiak J, Kaliszan R (1996) Heavy-metal pollution in surficial sediments from the southern Baltic Sea off Poland. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 31(10):2723-2754.
415. Talbot RJ, Morgan A (1989) An interspecies comparison of the lung clearance of inhaled monodisperse cobalt oxide particles - Part VIII: Lung clearance of inhaled cobalt oxide particles in mice. Journal of Aerosol Science, 20(2):261-265.
416. Tatara CP, Newman MC, McCloskey JT, Williams PL (1998) Use of ion characteristics to predict relative toxicity of mono-, di-and trivalent metal ions: Caenorhabditis elegans LC50. Aquatic Toxicology, 42(4):255-269.
417. Taylor DM (1962) The absorption of cobalt from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 6:445-451.
418. Templeton D (1996) Cobalt. In: Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace. Vol. 2. Geneva, World Health Organization, pp. 35-50.
419. Teraoka H (1981) Distribution of 24 elements in the internal organs of normal males and the metallic workers in Japan. Archives of Environmental Health, 36(4):155-165.
420. Thomas RG, Furchner JE, London JE, Drake GA, Wilson JS, Richmond CR (1976) Comparative metabolism of radionuclides in mammals - X. Retention of tracer-level cobalt in the mouse, rat, monkey, and dog. Health Physics, 31:323-333.
421. Tipping E, Lofts S, Lawlor AJ (1998) Modelling the chemical speciation of trace metals in the surface waters of the Humber system. Science of the Total Environment, 210/211:63-77.
422. Tolle DA, Arthur MF, Van Voris P (1983) Microcosm/field comparison of trace element uptake in crops grown in fly ashamended soil. Science of the Total Environment, 31:243-261.
423. Toste AP, Kirby LJ, Pahl TR (1984) Role of organics in the subsurface migration of radionuclides in groundwater. In: Barney GS, Navratil J D, Schulz WW, eds. Geochemical behavior of disposed radioactive waste. Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, pp. 251-270.
424. Tso W-W, Fung W-P (1981) Mutagenicity of metallic cations. Toxicology Letters, 8:195-200.
425. Tüchsen F, Jensen MV, Villadsen E, Lynge E (1996) Incidence of lung cancer among cobalt-exposed women. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 22:444-450.
426. USDOE (1996) Evaluation of cobalt mobility in soils from the Nevada test site. Reno, NV, United States Department of Energy (DOE/NV/10845-58).
427. USEPA (1982) Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes: Method 219. 1. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency, December (EPA-600/4-82-055).
428. USEPA (1986) Method 7200: Cobalt (atomic absorption, direct aspiration). In: Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Publication SW-846; http://www.epa.gov/SW-846/pdfs/7200.pdf).
429. USEPA (2002) Toxics Release inventory report (TRI Explorer database). Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov/tri/tridata).
430. USEPA (2003) Benchmark dose software. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment (http://cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=20167).
431. USEPA (2005) Ecological soil screening levels for cobalt. Interim final report. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 57 pp. (OSWER Directive 9285.7-67; http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ecossl/pdf/eco-ssl-cobalt.pdf).
432. USGS (2004) Mineral commodity summaries 2004. Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2004/ mcs2OO4.pdf).
433. USGS (2005) Mineral industry surveys. Reston, VA, United States Geological Survey.
434. Valberg LS, Ludwig J, Olatunbosun D (1969) Alteration in cobalt absorption in patients with disorders of iron metabolism. Gastroenterology, 56(2):241-251.
435. Valer M, Somogyi Z, Racz I (1967) Studies concerning the sensitizing effect of cobalt. Dermatologica, 134:36-50.
436. 60CO in lactating dairy cows. Health Physics, 46(5):1069-1082.
437. van den Eeckhout A, Verbeken E, Demedts M (1988) [Pulmonary pathology due to cobalt and heavy metals.] Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, 5:201-207 (in French).
438. van Goethem F, Lison D, Kirsch-Volders M (1997) Comparative evaluation of the in vitro micronucleus test and the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay for the detection of DNA damaging agents: Genotoxic effects of cobalt powder, tungsten carbide and cobalt-tungsten carbide. Mutation Research, 392:31-43.
439. Vanselow AP (1966) Cobalt. In: Chaptarn HD, ed. Diagnostic criteria for plants and soils. Berkeley, CA, University of Berkeley, Division of Agricultural Sciences, pp. 141-156.
440. Van Vleet JF, Boon GD, Ferrans VJ (1981) Induction of lesions of selenium-vitamin E deficiency in ducklings fed silver, copper, cobalt, tellurium, cadmium, or zinc: protection by selenium or vitamin E supplements. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42(7):1206-1217.
441. Verougstraete V, Mallants; A, Buchet J, Swennen B, Lison D (2004) Lung function changes in workers exposed to cobalt compounds - a 13-year followup. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170:162-166.
442. Vollmann J (1938) [Animal experiments with intraosseous arsenic, chromium and cobalt implants.] Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pathologie und Bakteriologie, 1:440-443 (in German).
443. Vranken G, Vanderhaeghen R, Heip C (1991) Effects of pollutants on life-history parameters of the marine nematode Monhystera disjuncta. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 48(3):325-334.
444. Wallace A, Alexander G, Chaudhry FM (1977) Phytotoxicity of cobalt, vanadium, titanium, silver and chromium. Communications in Soil Science, 8(9):751-756.
445. Warnau M, Fowler SW, Teyssie J-L (1999) Biokinetics of radiocobalt in the asteroid Asterias rubens (Echinodermata): Sea water and food exposures. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39(1-12):159-164.
446. Warne MS (1998) Critical review of methods to derive water quality guidelines for toxicants and a proposal for a new framework. Canberra, Environment Australia (Supervising Scientist Report 135).
447. Warnick S, Bell H (1969) The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different species of aquatic insects. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 41(2):280-284.
448. Watabe T, Uchida S, Kamada H (1984) Transfer of radionuclides through soil-plant pathway. Journal of Radiation Research, 25:274-282.
449. Watling HR, Watling RJ (1982) Comparative effects of metals on the filtering rate of the brown mussel (Pema perna). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 29:651-657.
450. Weakly JN (1973) The action of cobalt ions on neuromuscular transmission in the frog. Journal of Physiology, 234:597-612.
451. Webb M (1962) The biological action of cobalt and other metals. III. Chelation of cations by dihydrolipoic acid. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 65:47-65.
452. Wehner AP, Craig DK (1972) Toxicology of inhaled NiO and CoO in Syrian golden hamsters. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 33:146-155.
453. Wehner AP, Busch RH, Olson RJ, Craig DK (1977) Chronic inhalation of cobalt oxide and cigarette smoke by hamsters. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 38:338-346.
454. Wiberg GS (1968) The effect of cobalt ions on energy metabolism in the rat. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, 46:549-554.
455. Wild P, Perdrix A, Romazini S, Moulin JJ, Pellet F (2000) Lung cancer mortality in a site producing hard metals. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57:568-573.
456. Windom HL, Schropp SJ, Calder FD, Ryan JD, Smith RG, Burney LC, Lewis FG, Rawlinson CH (1989) Natural trace metal concentrations in estuarine and coastal marine sediments of the southeastern United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 23(3):314-320.
457. Winger PV, Schultz DIP, Johnson WW (1990) Environmental contamination concentrations in biota from the lower Savannah River, Georgia and South Carolina. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19:101-117.
458. Yamagata N, Murata S, Torii T (1962) The cobalt content of human body. Journal of Radiation Research, 5:4-8.
459. Yamagata N, Kurioka W, Shimizu T (1963) Balance of cobalt in Japanese people and diet. Journal of Radiation Research, 4:8-15.
460. 2+-dependent mechanism in glucagon-induced glucose output from the liver. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 355(2):175-180.
461. Yasuda H, Uchida S, Muramatsu Y, Yoshida S (1995) Sorption of manganese, cobalt, zinc, strontium, and cesium onto agricultural soils: Statistical analysis on effects of soil properties. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 83:85-96.
462. Yasukochi Y, Nakamura M, Minakami S (1974) Effect of cobalt on the synthesis and degradation of hepatic catalase in vivo. Biochemical Journal, 144:455-464.
463. Ybarra J, Behrooz A, Gabriel A, Koseoglu MH, Ismail-Beigi F (1997) Glycemia-lowering effect of cobalt chloride in the diabetic rat: increased GLUT1 mRNA expression. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 133:151-160.
464. Yukawa M, Amano K, Suzuki-Yasumoto M, Terai M (1980) Distribution of trace elements in the human body determined by neutron activation analysis. Archives of Environmental Health, 35:36-44.
465. Zanetti G, Fubini B (1997) Surface interaction between metallic cobalt and tungsten carbide particles as a primary cause of hard metal lung disease. Chemistry of Materials, 7(8):1647-1654.
466. Zhang C, Cai W, Li Y, Huang WQ, Su HC (1998) Quantitative analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibers in mesenteric blood vessels of rats irradiated with cobalt-60 gamma rays. Radiation Research, 149:19-26.
467. Zhang H, Van Den Berg CMG, Wollast R (1990) The determination of interactions of cobalt (II) with organic compounds in seawater using cathodic stripping voltammetry. Marine Chemistry, 28:285-300.
468. Zou W, Yan M, Xu W, Huo H, Sun L, Zheng Z, Liu X (2001) Cobalt chloride induces PC12 cells apoptosis through reactive oxygen species and accompanied by AP-1 activation. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 64(6):646-653.