Platelet-rich plasma and platelet gel: A review

Journal of Extra-Corporeal Technology

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 174-187

  Everts, Peter A M ^a   Knape, Johannes T A ^b   Weibrich, Gernot ^b   Schönberger, Jacques P A M ^a   Hoffmann, Johannes ^a   Overdevest, Eddy P ^a   Box, Henk A M ^a   Van Zundert, André ^c  

^a CATHARINA HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Platelet gel; Platelet growth factors; Platelet rich plasma; Platelets; Thrombin

Indexed keywords

BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; COLLAGEN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FIBRIN GLUE; GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; THROMBIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN;

BLOOD AUTOTRANSFUSION; COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; DEGRANULATION; EPITHELIZATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FRACTURE HEALING; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SAFETY; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE POOR PLASMA; THROMBOCYTE RICH PLASMA; THROMBOCYTE STRUCTURE; WOUND HEALING; ANIMAL; GEL; METHODOLOGY; NETHERLANDS; PLASMA; THROMBOCYTE;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PLATELETS; BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS; FIBRIN TISSUE ADHESIVE; GELS; HUMANS; NETHERLANDS; PLASMA;

EID: 33749077160     PISSN: 00221058     EISSN: 29698960     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Froum SJ, Wallace SS, Tarnow DP, et al. Effect of platelet rich plasma on bone growth and osseointegration in human maxillary sinus grafts: Three bilateral case reports. Int J Periodont Restor Dent. 2002;22:45-49.
2. Aghaloo TL, Moy PK, Freymiller EG. Investigations of platelet rich plasma in rabbit cranial defects. A pilot study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:1176-81.
3. Shanaman R, Filstein MR, Danesh-Meyer MJ. Localized ridge augmentation using GBR and platelet rich plasma: Three case reports. Int J Periodont Restor Dent. 2001;21:343-55.
4. Weiner BK, Walker M. Efficacy of autologous growth factors in lumbar intertransverse fusions. Spine. 2003;28:1968-71.
5. Carreon LY, Glassman SD, Anekstein Y, Puno RM. Platelet gel (AGF) fails to increase fusion rates in instrumented posterolateral fusions. Spine. 2005;30:243-7.
6. Zucker-Franklin C. Megakaryocytes and platelets. In: Zucker-Franklin D, Greaves MF, Grossi CE, Marmont AM, eds. Atlas of Blood Cells. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1998; 621
7. Sixma JJ, Sakariassen KS, Beeser-Visser NH, et al. Adhesion of platelets to human artery subendothelium: Effects of factor VIII-von Willebrand factor of various multimerc composition. Blood. 1984;63:128-39.
8. Fox JEB. The platelet cytoskeleton. In: Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J, eds. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press; 1987; 175.
9. Dhall TZ, Shah GA, Ferguson IA, et al. Fibrin network structure: modification by platelets. Thromb Haemostas. 1983;49:42-6.
10. Stover EP, Siegel LC, Hood PA, et al. Intraoperatively prepared platelet gel as an alternative to fibrin glue in dermal wound repair. Transfusion. 1996;36(suppl):S46.
11. McGrath MH. Peptide growth factors and wound healing. Clin Plast Surg. 1990;17:421-32.
12. Hunt TK. Basic principles of wound healing. J Trauma. 1990;30:S122-8.
13. Robson MC. Growth factors as wound healing agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1991;2:863-7.
14. McNeil PL. Cell wounding and healing. Am Sci. 1991;79:222-35.
15. Cromack DT, Pierce GF, Mustoe TA. TGF-β and PDGF medicated tissue repair: Identifying mechanisms of action using impaired and normal models of wound healing. In: Barbul A, Caldwell M, Eaglstein W, Hunt T, Marshall D, Pines E, Skower G, eds. Clinical and Experimental Approaches to Dermal and Epidermal Repair: Normal and Chronic Wounds. New York: Wiley Liss; 1991; 359-73.
16. Pierce GF, Mustoe TA, Altrock BW, Deuel TF, Thomason A. Role of platelet-derived growth factor in wound healing. J Cell Biochem. 1991;45:319-26.
17. Mustoe TA, Pierce GF, Morisima C, Deuel TF. Growth factor induced acceleration of tissue repair through direct and inductive activities in a rabbit dermal ulcer model. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:694-703.
18. Cromack DT, Porras-Reyes B, Mustoe TA. Current concepts in wound healing: growth factor and macrophage interaction. J Trauma. 1990;30:S129-33.
19. Nanney LB. epidermal and dermal effects of epidermal growth factor during wound repair. J Invest Dermatol. 1990;94:624-9.
20. Antoniades HN, Galanopoulos T, Neville-Golden J, Kiritsy CP, Lynch SE. Injury induces in vivo expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor mRNAs in skin epidermal cells and PDGF mRNA in connective tissue fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:565-9.
21. Stenberg BD, Phillips LG, Hokanson JA, Heggers JF, Robson MC. Effects of bFGF on the inhibition of contraction caused by bacteria. J Surg Res. 1991;50:47-50.
22. Sprugel KH, Greenhalgh DG, Murray MJ, Ross R. Platelet derived growth factor and impaired wound healing. In: Barbul A, Caldwell M, Eaglstein W, Hunt T, Marshall D, Pines E, Skower G, eds. Clinical and Experimental Approaches to Dermal and Epidermal Repair: Normal and Chronic Wounds. New York: Wiley Liss; 1991;327-40.
23. Lynch SE, Nixon JC, Colvin RB, Antoniades HN. Role of platelet-derived growth factor in wound healing: synergistic effects with other growth factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:7696-700.
24. Brown RL, Breeden MP, Greenhalg DG. PDGF and TGF-alpha act synergistically to improve wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. J Surg Res. 1994;56:562-70.
25. Kells AF, Coats SR, Schwartz HS, Hoover RL. TGF-beta and PDGF act synergistically in affecting the growth of human osteoblast-enriched cultures. Connect Tissue Res. 1995;31:117-24.
26. Mazzuco L, Medici D, Serra M, et al. The use of autologous platelet gel to treat difficult-to-heal wounds: a pilot study. Transfusion. 2004;44:1013-8.
27. Henderson JL, Cupp CL, Ross EV, et al. The effects of autologous platelet gel on wound healing. Ear Nose Throat J. 2003;82:598-602.
28. Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Santanna J, Strom BL, Berlin JA. Effectiveness of platelet releasate for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:483-8.
29. Crovetti G, Martinelli G, Issi M, et al. Platelet gel for healing cutaneous chronic wounds. Transfus Apher Sci. 2004;30:145-51.
30. Canalis E, McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Growth factorsand cytokines in bone cell metabolism. Annu Rev Med. 1991;42:17-24.
31. Slater M, Patava J, Kingham K, Mason RS. Involvement of platelets in stimulating osteogenic activity. J Orthop Res. 1995;13:655-63.
32. Bolander ME. Regulation of fracture repair by growth factors. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1992;200:165-70.
33. Thiede MA, Smock SL, Petersen DN, Grasser WA, Nishimoto SK, Thompson DD. Production of osteocalcin by platelets: a potentially important link of platelet action in bone turnover. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8:S147-51.
34. Robey PG, Young KC, Flanders KC, et al. Osteoblasts synthesize and respond to transforming growth factor-type beta (TGF-beta) in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1987;105:457-63.
35. Bourquie WT, Gross M, Hall BK. Expression of four growth factors during frcture repair. Int J Dev Biol. 1993;37:573-9.
36. Kasperk CH, Wergedal JE, Mohan S, Long DL, Lau KH, Baylink DJ. Interaction of growth factors present in bone matrix with bone cells: effects on DNA synthesis and alkaline phosphatise. Growth Factors. 1990;3:147-58.
37. Katagiri T, Lee T, Takeshima H, Suda H, Omura S. Transforming growth factor-beta modiulates proliferation and differentiation of mouse clonal osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells depending on their maturation stages. Bone Miner. 1990;11:285-93.
38. Piche JE, Graves DT. Study of the growth factor requirements of human bone-derived cells: a comparison with human fibroblasts. Bone. 1989;10:131-8.
39. Kalfas IH. Principles of bone healing. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;10:1-8.
40. Solheim E. Growth factors in bone. Int. Orthop. 1998;22:410-416.
41. Helm GA. Bone graft substitutes for the promotion of spinal arthrodesis. Clin Neurosurg. 2005;52:250-255.
42. Gandhi A, Dumas C, O'Conner JP, Parsons JR, Lin SS. The effects of local platelet delivery on diabetic fracture healing. Bone. 2006;38:540-6.
43. Lacoste E, Martineau I, Gagnon G. Platelet concentrates: effects of calcium and thrombin on endothelial cell proliferation and growth factor release. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1498-507.
44. Chouhan VD, De La Cadena RA, Nagaswani C, Weisel JW, Kajani M, Rao AK. Simultaneous occurrence of human antibodies directed against fibrinogen, thrombin, and factor V following exposure to bovine thrombin: effects on blood coagulation, protein C activation and platelet function. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:343-9.
45. Zehnder JL, Leung LLK. Development of antibodies to thrombin and factor V with recurrent bleeding in a patient exposed to topical bovine thrombin. Blood. 1990;76:2011-6.
46. Tsay RC, Burke A, Eisig SB, Lu HH, Landesberger R. Differential growth factor retention by platelet-rich plasma composites. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63:521-8.
47. Giannoble WV. Periodontal tissue engineering by growth factors. Bone. 1996;S19:S23-37. 48. Giannoble WV, Hernandez RA, Finkelman RA, et al. Comparitive effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB and insulin-like growth factor I, individually and in combination, on periodontal regeneration in Macaca fascicularis. J Periodontal Res. 1996;31:301-12.
48. Hock JM, Canalis E. Platelet-derived growth factor enhances bone cell replication, but not differentiated function of osteoblasts. Endocrinology. 1994;134:301-12.
49. Schliephake H. Bone growth factors in maxillofacial skeletal reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31:469-84.
50. Antoniades HN, Williams LT. Human platelet-derived growth factor: structure and functions. Fed Proc. 1983;81:2396-400.
51. Trippel SB, Coutts RD, Einhorn TA, Mundy GR, Rosenfeld RG. Growth factors as theurapeutic agents. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:1272-86.
52. Bames GL, Kostenuik PJ, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA. Growth factor regulation of fracture repair. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14:1805-15.
53. Rosier RN, O'Keefe RJ, Hicks DG. The potential role of transforming growth factor beta in fracture healing. Clin Orthop. 1998;(355 Suppl):S294-300.
54. Wang JS. Basic fibroblastic growth factor for stimulation of bone formation in osteoinductive or conductive implants. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;269:1-33.
55. Friesel RE, Maciag T. Molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis: fibroblast growth factor signal transduction. FASEB J. 1995;9:919-25.
56. Canalis E, McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Effects of platelet-derived growth factor on bone formation in vitro. J Cell Physiol. 1989;140:530-7.
57. Steenfos HH. Growth factors and wound healing. Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg. 1994;28:95-105.
58. Martin P, Hopkinson-Woolley J, McClusky J. Growth factors and cutaneous wound repair. Prog Growth Factor Res. 1992;4:25-44.
59. Rhee JS, Black M, Schubert U, et al. The functional role of blood platelet components in angiogenesis. Thromb Haemost. 2004;92:394-402.
60. Hom DB, Maisel RH. Angiogenic growth factors: Their effects and potential in soft tissue wound healing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1992;101:349-54.
61. Kubota S, Kawata K, Yanagita T, Doi H, Kitoh T, Takigawa M. Abundant retention and release of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) by platelets. J Biochem (Tokyo). 2004;136:279-82.
62. Cicha I, Garlichs CD, Daniel WG, Goppelt-Struebe M. Activated human platelets release connective tissue growth factor. Thromb Haemost. 2004;91:755-60.
63. Lieberman JR, Daluiski A, Einhorn TA. The role of growth factors in the repair of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:1032-44.
64. Heldin CH, Miyazono K, ten Dijke P. TGF-beta signalling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins. Nature. 1997;390:465-71.
65. Bowen-Pope DF, Vogel A, Ross R. Production of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecules reduced expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors accompany transformation by a wide spectrum of agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984;81:2396-400.
66. Gao J, Symons AL, Bartold PM. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the developing periodontium of rats. J Dent Res. 1998;77:1708-16.
67. Roberts AB, Spron MB. Physiological actions and clinical applications of transforming growth factor -beta (TGF-beta). Growth Factors. 1993;8:1-9.
68. Miyazono K, ten Dijke P, Ichiyo H, Heldin CH. Receptors for transforming growth factor-bata. Adv Immunol. 1994;55:181-220.
69. Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Bone growth factors. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1991;263:30-43.
70. Beck LS, De Guzman L, Lee WP, Yvette XU, Siegel MW, Amento EP. One systemic administration of transforming growth factor-beta 1 reverses age or glucocorticoid-impaired wound healing. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:2841-9.
71. Dieudonne SC, Foo P, van Zoeken EJ, Burger EH. Inhibiting and stimulating effects of TGF-β1 on osteoclastic bone resorption in fetal mouse bone organ cultures. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6:479-87.
72. Kim ES, Park EJ, Choung PH. Platelet concentration and its effect on bone formation in calvarial defects: an experimental study in rabbits. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86:428-33.
73. Kim SG, Chung CH, Kim YK, Park JC, Lim SC. Use of particulate dentin-plaster of Paris combination with/without platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of bone defect around implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;17:86-94.
74. Fennis JP, Stoelinga PJ. Jansen. JA. Mandibular reconstruction: a clinical and radiographic animal study on the use of autogenous scaffolds and platelet-rich plasma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002;31:281-6.
75. Kim SG, Kim WK, Park JC, Kim HJ. A comparative study of osseointegration of Avana implants in demineralised freeze-dried bone alone or with platelet-rich plasma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:1018-25.
76. Furst G, Gruber R, Tangl S, et al. Sinus grafting with autogenous platelet-rich plasma and bovine hydroxyapetite. A histomorphometric study in minipigs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;14:500-8.
77. Jakse N, Tangl S, Gilli R, et al. Influence of PRP on autogenous sinus grafts. An experimental study on sheep. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;14:578-83.
78. Schegel KA, Kloss FR, Kessler P, Schultze-Mosgau S, Nkenke E, Wiltfang J. Bone conditioning to enhance implant osseointegration: an experimental study in pigs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003;18:505-11.
79. Zechner W, Tangl S, Tepper G, et al. Influence of platelet-rich plasma on osseous healing of dental implants: a histologic and histomorphometric study in minipigs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003;18:15-22.
80. Aghaloo TL, Moy PK, Freymiller EG. Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma in combination with anorganic bovine bone in the rabbit cranium: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004;19:59-65.
81. Choi BH, Im CJ, Huh JY, Suh JJ, Lee SH. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on bone regeneration in autogenous bone graft. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:56-9.
82. Fennis JP, Stoelinga PJ, Jansen JA. Mandibular reconstruction: a histological and histomorphometric study on the use of autogenous scaffolds, particulate cortico-cancellous bone grafts and platelet rich plasma in goats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:48-55.
83. Li H, Zou X, Xue Q, Egund N, Lind M, Bunger C. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion with carbon fiber cage loaded with bioceramics and platelet-rich plasma. An experimental study on pigs. Eur Spine J. 2004;13:354-8.
84. Yazawa M, Ogata H, Kimura A, Nakajima T, Mori T, Watanabe N. Basic studies on the bone formation ability by platelet rich plasma in rabbits. J Craniofac Surg. 2004;15:439-46.
85. Weibrich G, Hansen T, Kleis W, Buch R, Hitzler WE. Effect of platelet concentration in platelet-rich plasma on peri-implant bone regeneration. Bone. 2004;34:665-71.
86. Aghaloo TL, Moy PK, Freymiller EG. Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma in combination with freeze-dried bone in the rabbit cranium. A pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005;16:250-7.
87. Butterfield KJ, Bennett J, Gronowicz G, Adams D. Effects of platelet-rich plasma with autogenous bone graft for maxillary sinus augmentation in a rabbit model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63:370-6.
88. Fennis JP, Stoelinga PJ, Merkx MA, Jansen JA. Reconstruction of the mandible with a poly (D,L-lactide) scaffold, autogenous corticocancellous bone graft, and autogenous platelet-rich plasma: An animal experiment. Tissue Eng. 2005;11:1045-53.
89. Grageda E, Lozada JL, Boyne PJ, Caplanis N, McMillan PJ. Bone formation the maxillary sinus by using platelet-rich plasma: an experimental study in sheep. J Oral Implantol. 2005;31:2-17.
90. Kovacs K, Velich N, Huszar T, Fenyves B, Suba Z, Szabo G. Histomorphometric and densitometric evaluation of the effects of platelet-rich plasma on the remodeling of beta-tricalcium phosphate in beagle dogs. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;6:150-4.
91. Pryor ME, Polimeni G, Koo KT, et al. Analysis of rat calvaria defects implanted with a platelet-rich plasma preparation: histologic and histometric observations. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:966-72.
92. Ranly DM, McMillan J, Keller T, et al. Platelet-derived growth factors inhibits demineralized bone matrix-induced intramuscular cartilage and bone formation. A study of immunocompromised mice. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:2052-64.
93. Sclafani AP, Romo T III, Ukrainsky G, et al. Modulation of wound response and soft tissue ingrowth in synthetic and allogeneic implants with platelet concentrate. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2005;7:163-9.
94. Ferrari M, Zia S, Valbonesi M, et al. A new technique for hemodilution, preparation of autologous platelet-rich plasma and intraoperative blood salvage in cardiac surgery. Int J Artif Org. 1987;10:47-50.
95. Tawes RL, Sydorak GR, DuVall TB. Autologous fibrin glue: The last step in operative hemostasis. Am J Surg. 1994;168:120-2.
96. Oz MC, Jeevanandam V, Smith CR, et al. Autologous fibrin glue from intraoperatively collected platelet-rich plasma. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;53:530-1.
97. Anitua E. The use of plasma-rich growth factors (PRGF) in oral surgery. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2001;13:487-93.
98. Marx RE, Carlson ER, Eichstaedt RM, et al. Platelet-rich-plasma: growth factor enhancement for bone grafts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85:638-46.
99. Man D, Plosker H, Winland-Brown JE. The use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (platelet gel) and autologous platelet-poor plasma (fibrin glue) in cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:229-37.
100. Valbonesi M, Giannini G, Migliori F, Dalla Costa R, Galli A. The role of autologous fibrin-platelet glue in plastic surgery: a preliminary report. Int J Artif Organs. 2002;25:334-8.
101. Robiony M, Polini F, Costa F, Politi M. Osteogenesis distraction and platelet-rich plasma for bone restoration of the severely atrophic mandible: preliminary results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:630-5.
102. Englert SJ, Estep TH, Ellis-Stoll CC. Autologous platelet gel applications during cardiovascular surgery: effect on wound healing. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2005;37:148-52.
103. Everts PAM, Devilee RJJ, Brown-Mahoney CH. Platelet gel and fibrin sealant reduce allogenic blood transfusions and in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesth Scand. 2006;50:539-599.
104. Knighton DR, Cirisi K, Fiegel VD, Schumerth S, Butler E, Cerra F. Stimulation of repair in chronic, non healing, cutaneous ulcers using platelet-derived wound healing formula. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1990;170:56-60.
105. Anitua E. Plasma rich in growth factors: preliminary results of use in the preparation of future sites for implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:529-35.
106. Lowery GL, Kulkarni S, Pennisi AE. Use of autologous growth factors in lumbal spinal fusion. Bone. 1999;(25 Suppl):S47-50.
107. Blumenkranz MS, Ohana E, Shaikh S, et al. Adjuvant methods in macular hole surgery: intraoperative plasma-thrombin mixture and postoperative fluid-gas exchange. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2001;32:198-207.
108. Pertrungaro PS. Using platelet-rich plasma to accelerate soft tissue maturation in esthetic periodontal surgery. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2001;22:729-34.
109. Powell DM, Chang E, Farrior EH. Recovery from deep-plane rhytidectomy following unilateral wound treatment with autologous platelet gel: a pilot study. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2001;3:245-50.
110. Adler SC, Kent KJ. Enhancing wound healing with growth factors. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2002;10:129-46.
111. Castro FP Jr. Role of activated growth factors in lumbar spinal fusions. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2004;17:380-4.
112. Giannini G, Mauro V, Agostino T, Gianfranco B. Use of autologous fibrin-platelet glue and bone fragments in maxillofacial surgery. Transfus Apher Sci. 2004;30:139-44.
113. Camargo PM, Lekovic V, Weinlaender M, Vasilic N, Madzarevic M, Kenney EB. A reentry study on the use of bovine porous bone mineral, GTR, and platelet-rich plasma in the regenerative treatment of intrabony defects in humans. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2005;25:49-59.
114. Merkx MA, Fennis JP, Verhagen CM, Stoelinga PJ. Reconstruction of the mandible using preshaped 2.3 mm titanium plates, autogenous particulate cortico-cancellous bone grafts and platelet rich plasma: a report on eight patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:733-9.
115. Kassolis JD, Reynolds MA. Evaluation of the adjunctive benefits of platelet-rich plasma in subantral sinus augmentation. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:280-7.
116. Savarino L, Cenni E, Tarabusi C, et al. Evaluation of bone healing enhancement by lyophilized bone grafts supplemented with platelet gel: A standardized methodology in patients with tibial osteotomy for genu varus. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2006;76:364-72.
117. Steigmann M, Garg AK. A comparative study of bilateral sinus lifts performed with platelet-rich plasma alone versus alloplastic graft material reconstituted with blood. Implant Dent. 2005;14:261-6.
118. Kevy SV, Jacobson MS. Comparison of methods for point of care preparation of autologous platelet gel. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2004;36:28-35.
119. Freymiller EG, Aghaloo TL. Platelet rich plasma: ready or not? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:484-8.
120. Sanchez AR, Sheridan PJ, Kupp LI. Is platelet rich plasma the perfect enhancement factor? A current review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;18:93-103.
121. Marx RE. Platelet rich plasma: evidence to support its use. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:489-96.
122. Haynesworth SE, Kadiyala S, Liang LN, et al. Mitogenic stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells by platelet release suggest a mechanism for enhancement of bone repair by platelet concentrates. Presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Society, Dallas, TX, February 2002.
123. Nakagawa H, Akita S, Fukui M, Fujii T, Akino K. Human mesenchymal stem cells successfully improve skin-substitute wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:29-36.
124. Caplan AI. Review: mesenchymal stem cells: cell-based reconstructive therapy in orthopedics. Tissue Eng. 2005;7:1198-211.
125. Liu Y, Kalem A, Risto O, Wahlstrom O. Fibroblast proliferation due to exposure to a platelet concentrate in vitro is pH dependent. Wound Repair Regen. 2002;5:336-340.
126. De Somer F, De Brauwer V, Vandekerckhove M, Ducatelle R, Uyttendaele D, Van Nooten G. Can autologous thrombin with a rest fraction of ethanol be used safely for activation of concentrated autologous platelets applied on nerves? Eur Spine J. 2006;15:501-505.
127. Landesberger R, Moses M, Karpatkin M. Risks of using platelet rich plasma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;56:1116-7.
128. Martinez-Gonzales JM, Cano-Sanchez J, Gonzalo-Lafuente JC, Campo-Trapero J, Esparza-Gomez G, Seoane J. Do ambulatory-use platelet-rich plasma (PRP) concentrates present risks? Med Oral. 2002;7:375-90.
129. Scott JD, Pawson T. Cell communication: The inside story. Sci Am. 2000;282:72.