The vestibulo-ocular and the vestibulospinal reflexes: Noradrenergic influences on the plastic changes which affect the cerebellar cortex during vestibular adaptation

Archives Italiennes de Biologie

Volumn 144, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 197-253

  Pompeiano, O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPA RECEPTOR; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; PROTEIN C FOS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1;

ADAPTATION; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CEREBELLUM CORTEX; CEREBELLUM NUCLEUS; CEREBELLUM VERMIS; DENDRITE; DESENSITIZATION; ENZYME INDUCTION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GRANULE CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INNER EAR; LOCUS CERULEUS; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; MONOSYNAPTIC PATHWAY; MOTONEURON; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PURKINJE CELL; RABBIT; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM; SPINAL REFLEX; SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; VESTIBULAR FUNCTION; VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS; VESTIBULOOCULAR REFLEX;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; CEREBELLAR CORTEX; GENES, IMMEDIATE-EARLY; HUMANS; LOCUS COERULEUS; MUSCULOSKELETAL EQUILIBRIUM; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; NOREPINEPHRINE; REFLEX, VESTIBULO-OCULAR; SPACE MOTION SICKNESS; VESTIBULAR NUCLEI;

ANIMALIA; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS;

EID: 33749069348     PISSN: 00039829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (299)

1. ABERCROMBIE, E.D. AND JACOBS, B.L. Single-unit response of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of freely moving cats. I. Acutely presented stressful and nonstressful stimuli. J. Neurosci., 7: 2837-2843, 1987.
2. AHN, S., GINTY, D.D. AND LINDEN, D.J. A late phase cerebellar long-term depression requires activation of CaMKIV and CREB. Neuron., 23: 559-568, 1999.
3. ALBA, A., KANO, M., CHEN, C., STANTON, M.E., FOX, G.D., HERRUP, K., ZWINGMAN, T.A. AND TONEGAWA S. Deficient cerebellar long-term depression and impaired motor learning in mGluRl mutant mice. Cell, 79: 377-388, 1994.
4. AIBUS, JS. A theory of cerebellar function. Math. Biosci., 10: 25-61, 1971.
5. ANDRE, P., D'ASCANIO, P., MANZONI, D. AND POMPEIANO, O. Adaptive modification of the cat's vestibulospinal reflex during sustained vestibular and neck stimulation. Pflügers Arch., 425: 469-481, 1993.
6. ANDRE, P., D'ASCANIO, P., MANZONI, D. AND POMPEIANO, O. Depression of the vestibulospinal reflex by intravermal microinjection of GABA A and GABA B agonists in the decerebrate cat. J. Vest. Res., 4: 251-268, 1994.
7. ANDRE, P., MANZONI, D. AND POMPEIANO, O. Spatiotemporal response properties of cerebellar Purkinje cells to neck displacement. Neuroscience, 84: 1041-1058, 1998a.
8. ANDRE, P., POMPEIANO, O. AND MANZONI, D. Adaptive modification of the cat's vestibulospinal reflex during sustained and combined roll tilt of whole animal and forepaw rotation: cerebellar mechanisms. Neuroscience, 132: 811-822, 2005.
9. AOKI, C., JOH, T.H. AND PICKEL, V.M. Ultrastructural localization of beta-adrenergic receptor-like immunoreactivity in the cortex and neostriatum of rat brain. Brain Res., 437: 264-282, 1987.
10. ARDUINI, A. AND POMPEIANO, O. Microelecrode analysis of units of the rostral portion of the nucleus fastigii. Arch. Ital. Biol., 95: 56-70, 1957.
11. ASTON-JONES, G. AND BLOOM, P.E. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J. Neurosci., 1: 876-886, 1981.
12. ATLAS, D., THEICHBERG, V.I. AND CHANGEAUX, J.P. Direct evidence for beta-adrenoreceptors on the Purkinje cells of mouse cerebellum. Brain Res., 128: 532-536, 1977.
13. BABALIAN, A.L. AND VIDAL, P.P. Floccular modulation of vestibuloocular pathways and cerebellum-related plasticity: An in vitro whole brain study. J. Neurophysiol., 84: 2514-2528, 2000.
14. BALABAN, E., CENTINI, C. AND POMPEIANO, O. Tonic gravity changes alter gene expression in the efferent vestibular nucleus. NeuroReport, 13: 187-190, 2002.
15. BARNES, C.D., MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O., STAMPACCHIA, G. AND D'ASCANIO, P. Responses of locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus neurons to sinusoidal neck rotation in decerebrate cat. Neuroscience, 31: 371-392, 1989.
16. BARNES, C.D. AND POMPEIANO, O. (Eds.) Neurobiology of the Locus Coeruleus. Progr. Brain Res., 88: XIV-642, 1991.
17. BEAVER, C.J., JI, Q., FISHER, Q.S. AND DAW, N.W. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase mediates ocular dominance shifts in cat visual cortex. Nat. Neurosci., 4: 159-163, 2001.
18. BERRIDGE, C.W. AND FOOTE, S.L. Effects of locus coeruleus-activation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus. J. Neurosci., 11: 3135-3145, 1991.
19. BERRIDGE, C.W. AND WATERHOUSE, B.D. The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res. Rev., 42: 33-84, 2003.
20. BERTHOZ, A. AND ANDERSON, J.H. Frequency analysis of vestibular influence on extensor motoneurons. III. Neck and forelimb motor unit activity after hemilabyrinthectomy. Brain Res., 45: 236-240, 1972.
21. BING, G.Y., FILER, D., MILLER J.C. AND STONE E.A. Noradrenergic activation of immediate early genes in rat cerebrai cortex. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 11: 43-46, 1991.
22. BING, G., STONE, E.A., ZHANG, Y. AND FILER, D. Immunohistochemical studies of noradrenergic-induced expression of c-fos in the rat CNS. Brain Res., 592: 57-62, 1992.
23. BOXALL, A.R. AND GARTHWAITE, J. Long-term depression in rat cerebellum requires both NO, synthase and NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase. Eur. J. Neurosci., 8: 2209-2212, 1996.
24. BOYLE, R., MENSINGER, A.F., YOSHIDA, K., USUI, S., INTRAVAIA, A., TRIOCAS, T. AND HIGHSTEIN, S.M. Neural readaptation to earth's gravity following from space. J. Neurophysiol., 86: 2118-2122, 2001.
25. BOYLE, R. AND POMPEIANO, O. Reciprocal responses to sinusoidal tilt of neurons in Deiters' nucleus and their dynamic characteristics. Arch. Ital. Biol., 118: 1-32, 1980.
26. BOYLE, R. AND POMPEIANO, O. Convergence and interaction of neck and macular vestibular inputs on vestibulospinal neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 45: 852-868, 1981a.
27. BOYLE, R. AND POMPEIANO, O. Relation between cell size and response characteristics of vestibulospinal neurons to labyrinth and neck inputs. J. Neurosci., 1: 1052-1066, 1981b.
28. BRAMHAM, C.R., BACHER-SVENDSEN, K. AND SARVEY, J.M. LTP in the lateral perforant path is beta-adrenergic receptor-dependent. NeuroReport, 8: 719-724, 1997.
29. BRAUNEWELL, K.H. AND MANAHAN-VAUGHAN, D. Long-term depression: a cellular basis for learning? Rev. Neurosci., 12: 121-140, 2001.
30. BREMER, F. Contribution à l'étude de la physiologie du cervelet: La function inhibitrice du paléocerebellum. Arch. int. Physiol., 19: 189-226, 1922.
31. BRINDLEY, G.S. The use made by the cerebellum of the information that it receives from sense organs. IBRO Bull., 3: 80, 1964.
32. BROCHER, S., ARTOLA, A. AND SINGER, W. Agonists of cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors facilitate synergistically the induction of long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex. Brain Res., 573: 27-36, 1992.
33. BRODAL, A. AND POMPEIANO, O. The vestibular nuclei in cat. J. Anat., Lond., 91: 438-454, 1957.
34. BRODAL, A., POMPEIANO, O. AND WALBERG F. The Vestibular Nuclei and their Connections. Anatomy and Functional Correlations. Edinburgh, Olivier and Boyd, 1962.
35. BRUSCHINI, L., ANDRE, P., POMPEIANO, O. AND MANZONI, D. Responses of P-cells of the cerebellar anterior vermis to stimulation of vestibular and somatosensory receptors. Neuroscience, 2006, in press.
36. BRUSCHINI, L., MANZONI, D. AND POMPEIANO, O. Responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells to forepaw rotation in decerebrate cat. Pflügers Arch., 440: R31, 2000.
37. BRUSCHINI, L., MANZONI, D. AND POMPEIANO, O. Postural responses of forelimb extensors to somatosensory signals elicited during wrist rotation: interaction with vestibular reflexses. Pflügers Arch., 443: 548-557, 2001.
38. CARETTA, A., CEVOLANI, D., LUPPINO, G., MALELLI, M. AND TIRINDELLI, R. Characterization and regional distribution of a class of synapses with highly concentrated cAMP binding sites in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci., 3: 669-687, 1991.
39. CENTINI, C., POMPEIANO, M. AND POMPEIANO, O. Sleep research in space: expression of immediate early genes in forebrain structures of rat leading to adaptive changes during the STS-90 Neurolab mission. 2006 in preparation.
40. CHEN, X. AND HERBERT, J. Regional changes in c-fos expression in the basal forebrain and brainstem during adaptation to repeated stress: correlations with cardiovascular, hypothermic and endocrine responses. Neuroscience, 64: 675-685, 1995.
41. CIRELLI, C., GUTIERREZ, M. AND TONONI, G. Extensive and divergent effects of sleep and wakefulness in brain gene expression. Neuron., 41: 35-43, 2004.
42. GIRELLI, C., POMPEIANO, M. AND ARRIGHI, P. Sleep-waking changes after c-fos antisense injections in the medial preoptic area. NeuroReport, 6: 801-805, 1995.
43. CIRELLI, C., POMPEIANO, M., D'ASCANIO, P., ARRIGHI, P. AND POMPEIANO, O. c-fos expression in the rat brain after unilateral labyrinthectomy and its relation to the uncompensated and compensated stages. Neuroscience, 70: 515-546, 1996a.
44. CIRELLI, C., POMPEIANO, M. AND TONONI, G. Neuronal gene expression in the waking state: a role for the locus coeruleus. Science, 274: 1211-1215, 1996b.
45. CIRELLI, C. AND TONONI, G. Differential expression of plasticity-related genes in waking and sleep and their regulation by the noradrenergic system. J. Neurosci., 20: 9187-9194, 2000.
46. CIRELLI, C. AND TONONI, G. Locus coeruleus control of state-dependent gene expression. J. Neurosci., 24: 5410-5419, 2004.
47. CLAYTON, D.F. The genomic action potential. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 74: 185-216, 2000.
48. COESMANS, M., WEBER, J.I., DE ZEEUW, C.I. AND HANSEL, C. Bidirectional parallel fiber plasticity in the cerebellum under climbing fiber control. Neuron., 44: 691-700, 2004.
49. COHEN, P. The structure and regulation of protein phosphatases. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 58: 453-508, 1989.
50. COLLEWJIN, H. AND GROOTENDORST, A.F. Adaptation of the rabbit's vestibulo-ocular reflex to modified visual inputs: importance of stimulus conditions. Arch. Ital. Biol., 116: 273-280, 1978.
51. CONQUET, F., BASHIR, Z.I., DAVIES, C.H., DANIEL, H., FERRAGUTI, F., BORDI, F., FRANZ-BACON, K., REGGIANI, A., MATARESE, V., CONDE, F., COLLINGRIDGE, G.L. AND CRÉPEL, F. Motor deficit and impairment of synaptic plasticity in mice lacking mGIu R1. Nature, 372: 237-243, 1994.
52. CORVAJA, N. AND POMPEIANO, O. Identification of cerebellar corticovestibular neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Neuroscience, 4: 507-515, 1979.
53. CRÉPEL, F. AND JAILLARD, D. Proteinkinases, nitric oxide and long-term depression of synapses in the cerebellum. NeuroReport, 1: 133-136, 1990.
54. CREPEL, F. AND JAILLARD, D. Pairing of pre-and postsynaptic activities in cerebellar Purkinje cells induces long-term changes in synaptic efficacy in vitro. J. Physiol., Lond., 432: 123-141, 1991.
55. CRÉPEL, F. AND KRUPA, M. Activation of protein kinase C induces a long-term depression of glutamate sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. An in vitro study. Brain Res., 458: 397-401, 1988.
56. DAHL, D. AND SARVEY, J.M. Norepinephrine induces pathway-specific long-lasting potentiation and depression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86: 4776-4780, 1989.
57. D'ANGELO, E. Synaptic plasticity at the cerebellum input stage: mechanisms and functional implications. Arch. Ital. Biol., 143:143-156, 2005.
58. D'ANGELO, E., ROSSI, P., ARMANO, S. AND TAGLIETTI, V. Evidence for NMDA and mGlu receptor-dependent long-term potentiation of mossy fiber-granule cell transmission in rat cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol., 81: 277-287, 1999.
59. D'ASCANIO, P., ARRIGHI, P., FASCETTI, F. AND POMPEIANO, O. Effects of unilateral labyrinthectomy on the norepinephrine content in forebrain and cerebellar structures of albino rats. Arch. Ital. Biol., 138: 241-270, 2000.
60. D'ASCANIO, P., ARRIGHI, P. AND POMPEIANO, O. Fos-protein expression in noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons after unilateral labyrinthectomy in the rat. Arch. Ital. Biol., 136: 83-102, 1998a.
61. D'ASCANIO, P., ARRIGHI, P. AND POMPEIANO, O. The locus coeruleus and Fos-protein expression in vestibular compensation. Neurol. Psych. Brain. Res., 5: 171-180, 1998 b.
62. D'ASCANIO, P., BALABAN, E., POMPEIANO, M., CENTINI, C. AND POMPEIANO, O. Fos and FRA protein expression in rat precerebellar structures during the Neurolab Space Mission. Brain Res. Bull., 62: 203-221, 2003.
63. D'ASCANIO, P., BATINI, C., CORVAJA, N. AND POMPEIANO, O. Metabolic effects of sinusoidal roll tilt on the inferior olive of cat. Arch. Ital. Biol., 119: 341-356, 1981.
64. D'ASCANIO, P. BETTINI, E., POMPEIANO, O. AND STAMPACCHIA, G. Effects of passive flexion of the forepaw on the response gain of limb extensor to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors. Arch. Ital. Biol., 123: 195-221, 1985.
65. D'ASCANIO, P., CENTINI, C., POMPEIANO, M., POMPEIANO, O. AND BALABAN E. Fos and FRA protein expression in rat nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis during different space flight conditions. Brain Res. Bull., 89: 65-74, 2002.
66. DANIEL, H., HEMART, N., JAILLARD, O. AND CRÉPEL, F. Long-term depression requires nitric oxide and guanosine 3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate production in rat cerebeilar Purkinje ceils. Eur. J. Neurosci., 5: 1079-1082, 1993.
67. DENOTH, F., MAGHERINI, P.C., POMPEIANO, O. AND STANOJEVIC, M. Responses of Purkinje cells of cerebellar vermis to neck and macular vestibular inputs. Pflugers Arch., 381: 87-98, 1979.
68. DENOTH, F., MAGHERINI, P.C., POMPEIANO, O. AND STANOJEVIC, M. Responses of Purkinje cells of the cerebellar vermis to sinusoidal rotation of neck. J. Neurophysiol., 43: 46-59, 1980.
69. DE VITO, R.V., BRUSA, A. AND ARDUINI, A. Cerebellar and vestibular influences on Deitersian units. J. Neurophysiol., 19: 241-253, 1956.
70. DE ZEEUW, C.I., HANSEI, O., BIAN, F.S. KOEKKOEK, K., VAN ALPHEN, A. M., LINDEN, D.J. AND OBERDICK, J. Expression of a protein kinase C inhibitor in Purkinje cells blocks cerebellar LTD and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Neuron., 20: 495-508, 1998.
71. DOW, R.S. AND MORUZZI, G. The Physiology and Pathology of the Cerebellum. The University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1978, VII-675 pp.
72. DRAGUNOW, M., CURRIE, R.W., FAULL, R.L., ROBERTSON, H.A. AND JANSEN, K. Immediate-early genes, kindling and long-term potentiation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 13: 301-313, 1989.
73. DUFOSSÉ, M., ITO, M., JASTREBOFF, P.J. AND MIYASHITA, Y. A neuronal correlate in rabbit's cerebellum to adaptive modification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Brain Res., 150: 611-616, 1978.
74. ECCLES, J.C., LLINAS, R. AND SASAKI, K. Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Exp. Brain Res., 1:17-39, 1966.
75. EKEROT, C.-F. AND KANO, M. Climbing fibre induced depression of Purkinje cell responses to parallel fibre stimulation. Proc. IUPS Sydney, 15: 393-470, 1983.
76. EKEROT, C.-F. AND KANO, M. Long-term depression of parallel fibre synapses following stimulation of climbing fibres. Brain Res., 342: 357-360, 1985.
77. EKEROT, C.-F. AND OSCARSSON, O. Prolonged depolarization elicited in Purkinje cell dendrites by climbing fibre impulses in the cat. J. Physiol., Lond., 318: 207-221, 1981.
78. EZURE, K. AND WILSON, V.J. Dynamics of neck-to-forelimb reflexes in the decerebrate cat. J. Neurophysiol., 50: 688-695, 1983.
79. FEIL, R., HARTMANN, J., LUO, C., WOLFSGRUBER, W., SHILLING, K., FEIL, S., BARSKI, J.J., MEYER, M., KONNERTH, A., DE ZEEUW, C.J. AND HOFMANN, F. Impairment of LTD and cerebellar learning by Purkinje cell-specific ablation of cGMP-dependent protein Kinase I. J. Cell Biol., 163: 295-302, 2003.
80. FOOTE, S.L., ASTON-JONES, G. AND BLOOM, FE. Impulse activity of locus coeruleus neurons in awake rats and monkeys is a function of sensory stimulation and arousal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 77: 3033-3037, 1980.
81. FOOTE, S.L., BLOOM, F.E. AND ASTON-JONES, G. Nucleus locus coeruleus: New evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiol. Rev., 93: 844-914, 1983.
82. FROEHRING, R.C., SCHWINDT, P.C. AND CRILL, W.E. Norepinephrine selectively reduces slow Ca2+- and Na+-mediated K+ currents in cat neocortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 61: 245-256, 1989.
83. FUNG, S.J., REDDY, V.K., BOWKER, R.M. AND BARNES, C.D. Differential labelling of the vestibular complex following unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase into the cat and rat locus coeruleus. Brain Res., 401: 347-352, 1987.
84. GALL, D., PRESTORI, F., SOLA, E., O'ERRICO, A., ROUSSEL, C., FORTI, L., ROSSI, P. AND D'ANGELO, E. Intracellular calcium regulation by burst discharge determines bidirectional long-term synaptic plasticity at the cerebellum input stage. J. Neurosci., 25:4813-4822, 2005.
85. GAO, W., DUNBAR, R.L., CHEN, G., REINERT, K.C., OBERDICK, J. AND EBNER, T.J. Optical imaging of long-term depression in the mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo. J. Neurosci., 23: 1859-1866, 2003.
86. GHELARDUCCI, B., ITO, M. AND YAGI, N. Impulse discharge from flocculus Purkinje cells of alert rabbits during visual stimulation combined with horizontal head rotation. Brain Res., 87: 66-72, 1975.
87. GIZANG-GINSBERG, E. AND ZIFF, E.B. Nerve growth factor regulates tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription through a nucleoprotein complex that contains c-Fos. Genes Dev., 4: 477-491, 1990.
88. GOLDBERG, J.M., BRICHTA, A.M. AND WACKYM, P.H. Efferent vestibular system: anatomy, physiology and neurochemistry. Pp. 61-94. In: BEITZ A.J. AND ANDERSON, J.H. (Eds.), Neurochemistry of the vestibular System. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2000.
89. GONSHOR, A. AND MELVILL JONES, G. Plasticity in the adult vestibulo-ocular reflex arc. Proc. Can. Fed. Biol. Soc., 14: 11, 1971.
90. GRAF W., SIMPSON, J.I. AND LEONARD, C.S. Spatial organization of visual messages of the rabbit's cerebellar flocculus. II. Complex and simple spike responses of Purkinje cells. J. Neurophysiol., 60: 2091-2121, 1988.
91. GRASSI, S., FRONDAROLI, A. AND PETTOROSSI, V.E. Different metabotropic glutamate receptors play opposite roles in synaptic plasticity of the rat medial vestibular nuclei. J. Physiol., Lond., 543: 795-806, 2002.
92. GU, Q. Neuromodulatory transmitter systems on the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity. Neuroscience, 111: 815-835, 2002.
93. GUBITS, R. M., SMITH, T. M., FAIRHURST, J. L. AND YU, H. Adrenergic receptors mediate changes in c-fos mRNA levels in brain. Brain Res, Mol. Brain Res., 6: 39-45, 1989.
94. GUZOWSKI, I.F., SETLOW, B., WAGNER, E.K. AND MCGAUGH, J.L. Experience-dependent gene expression in the rat hippocampus after spatiai learning: a comparison of the immediate-early genes Arc, c-fos, and zif268. J. Neurosci., 21: 5089-5098, 2001.
95. HADDAD, G.M., DEMER, J.L. AND ROBINSON, D.A. The effect of lesions of the dorsal cap of the inferior olive on the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic systems of the cat. Brain Res., 185: 265-275, 1980.
96. HANSEL, C., LINDEN, D.J. AND D'ANGELO, E. Beyond parallel fiber LTD: the diversity of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum. Nature Neurosci., 4: 467-475, 2001.
97. HARTELL, N.A. Induction of cerebellar long-term depression requires activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors. NeuroReport, 5: 913-916, 1994a.
98. HARTELL, N.A. cGMP acts within cerebellar Purkinje cells to produce long term depression via mechanisms involving PKC and PKG. NeuroReport, 5: 833-836, 1994b.
99. HARTELL, N.A. Inhibition of cGMP breakdown promotes the induction of cerebellar long-term depression. J. Neurosci., 16: 2881-2890, 1996.
100. HARTELL, N.A., FURUYA, S., JACOBY, S. AND OKADA, D. Intercellular action of nitric oxide increases cGMP in cerebellar Purkinje cells. NeuroReport, 12: 25-28, 2001.
101. α11 for Purkinje cell signaling and motor behavior. J. Neurosci., 24: 5119-5130, 2004.
102. HASSUL, M., DANIELS, P.A. AND KIMM, J. Effects of bilateral flocculectomy on vestibule-ocular reflex in the chinchilla. Brain Res., 118: 339-343, 1976.
103. HAUSDORFF, W.P., CARON, M.G. AND LEPKOWITZ, R.J. Turning off the signal. Desensitization of β-adrenergic receptor function. FASEB J., 4: 2881-2889, 1990.
104. HEBB, D. The organization of behavior. New York: John Wiley, 1949.
105. HERDEGEN, T. AND LEAH, J.D. Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATP proteins. Brain Res., Brain Res Rev., 28: 370-490, 1998.
106. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV/Gr-deficient mice. J. Neurosci., 20: 6459-6472, 2000.
107. HOBSON, J.A., MCCARLEY, R.W. AND WYZINSKI, P.W. Sleep cycle oscillation: reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science. 189: 55-58, 1975.
108. HOBSON, J.A. AND STERIADE, M. Neuronal basis of behavioural state control. Pp. 701-823. In: BLOOM, F.E. (Ed.), Intrinsic Regulatory System of the Brain. Section I. The Nervous System. Vol. IV. Bethesda, Md., Am. Physiol. Soc., 1986.
109. HOFMANN, F. AND SOID, G. A protein kinase activity from rat cerebellum stimulated by guanosine-3′:5′-monophosphate. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun, 49: 1100-1107, 1972.
110. HOPKINS, W.F. AND JOHNSTON, D. Frequency-dependent noradrenergic modulation of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Science, 226:350-352, 1984.
111. HOPKINS, W.F. AND JOHNSTON, D. Noradrenergic enhancement of long-term potentiation at mossy fiber synapses in the hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol., 59: 667-687, 1988.
112. HUANG Y.-Y. AND KANDEL E.R. Recruitment of long-lasting and protein kinase A-dependent long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of hippocampus requires repeated tetanization. Learning Memory, 1: 74-81, 1994.
113. HUANG, Y.-Y. AND KANDEL, E.R. Modulation of both the early and the late phase of mossy fiber LTP by the activation of β-adrenergic receptors. Neuron., 16: 611-617, 1996.
114. HUGANIR, R.L. AND GREENGARD, P. Regulation of neurotransmitter receptor desensitization by protein phosphorilation. Neuron., 5: 555-567, 1990.
115. HUGHES, P. AND DRAGUNOW, M. Introduction of immediate-early genes and the control of neurotransmitter-regulated gene expression within nervous system. Pharmachol. Rev., 47: 133-178, 1995.
116. ICHISE, T., KANO, M., HASHIMOTO, K., YANAGIHARA, D., NAKAO, K., SHIGEMOTO, R., KATSUKI, M. AND AIBA, A. mGlu R1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells essential for long-term depression, synapse elimination, and motor coordination. Science, 288: 1832-1835, 2000.
117. IMAMURA, K. AND KASAMATSU, T. Acute induced shift in ocular dominance during brief monocular exposure: effects of corticai noradrenaline infusion. Neurosci. Lett., 88: 57-62, 1988.
118. IMAMURA, K. AND KASAMATSU, T. Ocular dominance plasticity restored by NA infusion to aplastic visual cortex of anesthetized and paralyzed kittens. Exp. Brain Res., 87: 309-318, 1991.
119. ITO, M. Cerebellar control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex-around the flocculus hypothesis. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 5: 275-296, 1982.
120. ITO, M. The Cerebellum and Neural Control. New York, Raven Press, XVII-580, 1984.
121. ITO, M. Long-term depression. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 13: 85-102, 1989.
122. ITO, M. Cerebellar long-term depression-characterization, signal transduction and functional order. Physiol. Rev., 81: 1143-1195, 2001.
123. ITO, M. The molecular organization of cerebellar long-term depression. Nature Rev. Neuroscience, 3: 896-902, 2002.
124. ITO, M., JASTREBOFF, P.J. AND MIYASHITA, Y. Adaptive modification of the rabbit's horizontal vestibule-ocular reflex during sustained vestibular and optokinetic stimulation. Exp. Brain Res., 37: 17-30, 1979.
125. ITO, M. AND KANO, M. Long-lasting depression of parallel fiber-Purkinje celitransmission induced by conjunctive stimulation of parallel fibers and climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex. Neurosci. Lett., 33: 253-258, 1982.
126. ITO, M. AND KARACHOT, L. Long-term desensitization of quisqualate-specific glutamate receptors in Purkinje cells investigated with wedge recording from cat cerebellar slice. Neurosci. Res., 7: 168-171, 1989.
127. ITO, M. AND KARACHOT, L. Receptor subtype involved in, and time course of the long-term desensitization of glutamate receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neurosci. Res., 8: 303-307, 1990a.
128. ITO M. AND KARACHOT L. Messengers mediating long-term desensitization in cerebellar Purkinje cells. NeuroReport, 1. 129-132, 1990b.
129. ITO, M. AND KARACHOT, L. Proteinkinases and phosphatase inhibitors mediating long-term desensitization of glutamate receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neurosci. Res., 14: 27-38, 1992.
130. ITO, M., LISBERGER, S.G. AND SEINOWSKI, T.J. Cerebellar flocculus hypothesis. Nature, 363: 24-25, 1993.
131. ITO, M. AND MIYASHITA, Y. The effects of chronic destruction of inferior olive upon visual modification of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in rabbits. Proc. Jap. Acad., 51: 716-720, 1975.
132. ITO, M., SAKURAI, M. AND TONGROACH, P. Climbing fibre induced depression of both mossy fibre responsiveness and glutamate sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. J. Physiol., Lond., 324: 113-134, 1982.
133. ITO, M., SHIIDA, T., YAGI, N. AND YAMAMOTO, M. Visual influence on rabbit's horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex presumably effected via the cerebellar flocculus. Brain Res., 65: 170-174, 1974.
134. ITO, M., SHIIDA, T., YAGI, N. AND YAMAMOTO, M. Specific patterns of neuronal connections involved in the control of the rabbit's vestibulo-ocular reflexes by the cerebellar flocculus. J. Physiol., Lond., 265: 833-854, 1977.
135. ITO, M. AND YOSHIDA, M. The origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiters neurones. I Monosynaptic initiation of the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Exp. Brain Res., 2: 330-349, 1966.
136. ITO, M., YOSHIDA, M., OBATA, K. KAWAI, N. AND UDO, M. Inhibitory control of intracerebellar nuclei by the Purkinje cell axons. Exp. Brain Res., 10: 64-80, 1970.
137. IZUMI, Y. AND ZORUMSKI, C.F. Norepinephrine promotes long-term potentiation in the adult rat hippocampus in vitro. Synapse, 31: 196-202, 1999.
138. JANKOWSKA, E., LUND, S., LUNDBERG, A. AND POMPEIANO, O. Postsynaptic inhibition in motoneurons evoked from the lower reticular formation. Experientia, 20: 701-702, 1964.
139. JANKOWSKA, E., LUND, S., LUNDBERG, A. AND POMPEIANO, O. Inhibitory effects evoked through ventral reticulospinal pathways. Arch. Ital. Biol., 106: 124-140, 1968.
140. JÖRNTELL, H. AND EKEROT, C.F. Reciprocal bidirectional plasticity of parallel fiber receptive fields in cerebellar Purkinje cells and their afferent interneurons. Neuron, 34: 797-806, 2002.
141. KANG, D., MARIASH, E. AND KIM, D. Functional expression of TRESK-2, a new member of the tandem-pore K+ channel family. J. Biol. Chem., 279: 28063-28070, 2004.
142. KANO, M., REXHAUSEN, U., DREESSEN, J. AND KONNERTH, A. Synaptic excitation produces a long-lasting rebound potentiation of inhibitory synaptic signals in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Nature, 356: 601-604, 1992.
143. KARACHOT, L., KADO, R.T. AND ITO, M. Stimulus parameters for induction of long-term depression in in vitro rat Purkinje cells. Neurosci. Res., 21: 161-168, 1994.
144. KASAMATSU, T. AND PETTIGREW, J.D. Depletion of brain catecholamines: failure of ocular dominance shift after monocular occlusion in kittens. Science, 194: 206-209, 1976.
145. KASAMATSU, T. AND PETTIGREW, J.D. Preservation of binocularity after monocular deprivation in the striate cortex of kittens treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. J. Comp. Neural., 185: 139-161, 1979.
146. KASAMATSU T., PETTIGREW J.D. AND ARY, M. Cortical recovery from effects of monocular deprivation. Acceleration with norepinephrine and suppression with 6-hydroxydopamine. J. Neurophysiol.,45: 254-261, 1981.
147. KASAMATSU, T. AND SHIROKAWA, T. Involvement of beta-adenoreceptors in the shift of ocular dominance after monocular deprivation. Exp. Brain Res., 59: 507-514, 1985.
148. KASAMATSU, T. AND SHIROKAWA, T. Concentration-dependent suppression by β-adrenergic antagonists of the shift in ocular dominance following monocular deprivation in kitten visual cortex. Neuroscience, 18: 1035-1046, 1986.
149. KATO, N. Mechanisms of beta-adrenergic facilitation in rat visual cortex. NeuroReport. 4: 1087-1090, 1993.
150. KATOH, A., KITAZAWA, H., LTOHARA, S. AND NAGAO, S. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and gene knockout of neuronai nitric oxide synthase impaired adaptation of mouse optokinetic response eye movements. Learn Mem, 7:220-226, 2000.
151. KATSUKI, H., IZUMI, Y. AND ZORUMSKI, CF. Noradrenergic regulation of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CAI region. J. Neurophysiol., 77: 3013-3020, 1997.
152. KATSUKI, M. AND AIBA, A. mGluRl in cerebellar Purkinje cells essential far long-term depression, synapse elimination, and motor coordination. Science, 288: 1832-1835, 2000.
153. KELLER, E.L. AND PRECHT, W. Visual-vestibular responses in vestibular nuclear neurons in the intact and cerebellectomized, alert cat. Neuroscience 4: 1599-1613, 1979.
154. KETCHUM, K.A., JOINER, W.J., SELLERS, A.J., KACZMAREK, L.K. AND GOLDSTEIN, S.A. A new family of outwardly rectifying potassium channel proteins with two pore domains in tandem. Nature, 376: 690-695, 1995.
155. KIRKWOOD, A., ROZAS, C., KIRKWOOD, J., PEREZ, F. AND BEAR, MF. Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine. J. Neurosci., 19:1599-1609, 1999.
156. KLEIN, W.L., SULLIVAN, J., SKORUPA, A. AND AGIULAS, J.S. Plasticity of neuronal receptors. FASEB J., 3: 2132-2140, 1989.
157. KNIERIM, J.J., MCNAUGTON, B.L. AND POE, G.R. Three-dimensional spatial selectively of hippocampal neurons during space flight. Nat. Neurosci., 3:
158. KOLB, F.P., RUBIA, F.J. AND BAUSWEIN, E. Comparative analysis of cerebellar unit discharge patterns in the decerebrate cat during passive movements. Exp. Brain Res., 68: 219-233, 1987.
159. KOSE, A., SAITO, N., ITO, M., KIKKAWA, U., NISHIZUKA, Y. AND TANAKA, C. Electron microscopic localization of type I proteinkinase C in rats Purkinje cells. J. Neurosci., 8: 4262-4268, 1988.
160. KUPPERMANN, B.D. AND KASAMATSU, T. Enhanced binocular interaction in the visual cortex of normai kittens subjected to intracorticai norepinephrine perfusion. Brain Res., 302: 91-99, 1984.
161. LEVIN, B.E., CRAIK, R.L. AND HAND, P.J. The role of norepinephrine in adult rat somatosensory (SmI) cortical metabolism and plasticity. Brain Res., 443: 261-271, 1988.
162. 2+ in the induction of cerebellar long-term depression. Neuron, 18: 1025-1038, 1997a.
163. + transients. Neuron, 15: 407-415, 1995.
164. LEV-RAM, V., NEBYELUL, Z., ELLISMAN, M.H., HUANG, P.L. AND TSIEN, R.Y. Absence of cerebellar long-term depression in mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Learn Mem, 4: 169-177, 1997b.
165. LEV-RAM, V., WONG, S.T., STORM, D.R. AND TSIEN, R. Y. A new form of cerebellar long-term potentiation is postsynaptic and depends on nitric oxide but not cAMP. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci, USA, 99: 8389-8393, 2002.
166. LIN, R.Z., CHEN, J., HU, Z.W. AND HOFFMAN, B.B. Phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein and activation of transcription by alpha,-adrenergic receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 30033-30038, 1998.
167. LIN, Y.W., MIN, M.Y., CHIU, T.H. AND YANG, H.W. Enhancement of associative long-term potentiation by activation of beta-adrenergic receptors at CAI synapses in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurosci., 23: 4173-4181, 2003.
168. LINDEN, D.J. AND CONNOR, J. A. Participation of postsynaptic PKC in cerebellar long-term depression in culture. Science, 254: 1656-1659, 1991.
169. LINDEN, D.J., DICKINSON, M.H., SMEYNE, M. AND CONNOR, J.A. A long-term depression of AMPA currents in cultured cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Neuron, 7: 81-89, 1991.
170. LINDSAY, K.W., ROBERTS, T.D.M. AND ROSENBERG, J.R. Asymmetric tonic labyrinth reflexes and their interaction with neck reflexes in the decerebrate cat. J. Physiol., Lond., 261: 583-601, 1976.
171. LINDSAY, K. W. AND ROSENBERG, J.R. Tonic labyrinth reflexes in the forelimb of the acute and chronic hemylabyrinthectomized cat. J. Physiol., Lond., 275: 43-44P., 1977.
172. LLINÁS, R. Mechanisms of supraspinal actions upon spinal cord activities. Differences between reticular and cerebellar inhibitory actions upon alpha extensor motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol., 27: 1117-1126, 1964.
173. LLINÁS, R. AND TERZUOLO, C.A. Mechanisms of supraspinal actions upon spinal cord activities. Reticular inhibitory mechanisms on alpha extensor motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol., 27: 579-591, 1964.
174. LISBERGER, S.G. The neural basis for learning of simple motor skills. Science, 242: 728-735, 1988.
175. LISBERGER, S.G., MILES, F.A. AND ZEE, D.S. Signals used to compute errors in monkey vestibuloocular reflex: possible role of flocculus. J. Neurophysiol., 52: 1140-1153, 1984.
176. LOHMANN, S.M., WALTER, U., MILLER, P.E. GREENGARD, P. AND CAMILLI, P.D. Immunohistochemical localization of ciclic GMP-dependent proteinkinase in mammalian brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 78: 653-657, 1981.
177. LORENTE DE NÓ, R. Vestibulo-ocular reflex arc. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 30: 245-291, 1933.
178. LUEBKE, A.E. AND ROBINSON, D. A. Gain changes of the cat's vestibulo-ocular reflex after flocculus deactivation. Exp. Brain Res., 98: 379-390, 1994.
179. LUND, S. AND POMPEIANO, O. Monosynaptic excitation of alpha motoneurones from supraspinal structures in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand., 73: 1-21, 1968.
180. MAGOUN, H-W. AND RHINES, R. Spasticity. The Stretch Reflex and Extrapyramidal System. Springfield, C.C. Thomas, 1947.
181. MALENKA, R.C. AND NICOLL, R. A. Long-term potentiation a decade of progress? Science, 285: 1870-1875, 1999.
182. MANAHAN-VAUGHAN, D. AND BRAUNEWELL, K.H. Novelty acquisition is associated with induction of hippocampal long-term depression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 8739-8744, 1999.
183. MANZONI, D., ANDRE, P., D'ASCANIO, P. AND POMPEIANO, O. Depression of the vestibulospinal reflex adaptation by intravermal microinjection of GABA-A and GABA-B agonists in the cat. Arch. Ital. Biol., 132: 243-268, 1994.
184. MANZONI, D., ANDRE, P. AND POMPEIANO, O. Changes in gain and spatiotemporal properties of vestibulospinal reflex after injection of a GABA-A agonist in the cerebellar anterior vermis. J. Vest. Res., 7: 7-20, 1997.
185. MANZONI, D., ANDRE, P. AND POMPEIANO, O. Proprioceptive neck influences modify the information about tilt direction coded by the cerebellar anterior vermis. Acta Otolaryngol., 124: 475-480, 2004.
186. MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O. AND ANDRE, P. Convergence of directional vestibular and neck signals on cerebellar Purkinje cells. Pflügers Arch., 435: 617-630, 1998.
187. MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O. AND ANDRE, P. Adaptive modification of the cat's vestibulospinal reflex during sustained and combined roll tilt of whole animal and forepaw rotation: cerebellar mechanisms. Neuroscience, 132: 811-822, 2005.
188. MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O., BARNES, C.D., STAMPACCHIA, G. AND D'ASCANIO, P. Convergence and interaction of neck and macular vestibular inputs on locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus neurons. Pflügers Arch., 413: 580-598, 1989.
189. MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O., BRUSCHINI, L. AND ANDRE, P. Neck input modifies the reference frame for coding labyrinthine signals in the cerebellar vermis: a cellular analysis. Neuroscience, 93: 1095-1107, 1999.
190. MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O., SRIVASTAVA, U.C. AND STAMPACCHIA, G. Responses of forelimb extensors to sinusoidal stimulation of macular labyrinth and neck receptors. Arch. Ital. Biol., 121: 205-214, 1983a.
191. MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O., STAMPACCHIA, G. AND SRIVASTAVA, U.C. Responses of medullary reticulospinal neurons to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors in decerebrate cat. J. Neurophysiol., 50: 1059-1079, 1983b.
192. MARCHAND, A.R., MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O. AND STAMPACCHIA, G. Effects of stimulation of vestibular and neck receptors on Deiters neurons projecting to the lumbosacral cord. Pflügers Arch., 409: 13-23, 1987.
193. MARR, D. A theory of cerebellar cortex. J. Physiol., Lond., 202: 437-470, 1969.
194. MASU, M., TANABE, Y., TSUCHIDA, K., SHIGEMOTO, R. AND NAKANISHI, S. Sequence and expression of a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Nature, 349: 76O-765, 1991.
195. MATSUDA, S., LAUNEY, T., MIKAWA, S. AND HIRAI, H. Disruption of AMPA receptor Glu R2 clausters following long-term depression of induction in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. EMBO J., 19: 2765-2774, 2000.
196. MCELLIGOTT, J.G., BEETON, P. AND POLK, J. Effects of cerebellar inactivation by lidocaine microdyalisis on the vestibulo-ocular reflex in goldfish. J. Neurophysiol., 79: 1186-1194, 1998.
197. MELVILL JONES, G., BERTHOZ, H. AND SEGAL, B. Adaptive modulation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by mental efforts in darkness. Exp. Brain Res., 56: 149-153, 1984.
198. MELVILL JONES, G. AND MANDEL, G. Effects of strobe light on adaptation of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) to vision reversal. Brain Res., 164: 300-303, 1979.
199. MEUTHW, S.G., BUDDE, T., KANYSHKOVA, T., BROICHER, T., MUNSCH, T. AND PAPE, H.C. Contribution of TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel 1 (TASK1) and TASK3 channels to the control of activity modes in thalamocortical neurons. J. Neurosci., 23: 6460-6469, 2003.
200. MILEDI, R. Intracellular calcium and desensitization of acetylcholine receptors. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., 209: 447-452, 1980.
201. MILES, F.A. AND LISBERGER, S.G. Plasticity in the vestibulo-ocular reflex: a new hypothesis. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 4: 273-299, 1981.
202. MILLAR, J.A., BARRATT, L., SOUTHAN, A.P., PAGE, K.M., FYFFE, R.E., ROBERTSON, B. AND MATHIE, A. A functional role for the two-pore domain potassium channel TASK-1 in cerebellar granule neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 3614-3618, 2000.
203. MORGAN, J.I. AND CURRAN, T. Stimulus-transcription coupling in neurons: role of cellular immediate-early genes. Trends Neurosci., 12: 459-462, 1989.
204. MORGAN, J.I. AND CURRAN, T. Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: involvement of inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 14: 421-451, 1991.
205. MORUZZI, G. Effects of different frequencies of cerebellar stimulations upon postural tonus and myotatic reflexes. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., 2: 463-469, 1950.
206. MORUZZI, G. AND POMPEIANO, O. Effects of vermal stimulation after fastigial lesions. Arch. Ital. Biol., 95: 31-55, 1957.
207. NAGAO, S. Effects of vestibulocerebellar lesions upon dynamic characteristics and adaptation vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic responses in pigmented rabbits. Exp. Brain Res., 53: 36-46, 1983.
208. NAGAO, S. AND ITO, M. Subdural application of hemoglobin to the cerebellum blocks vestibuloocular reflex adaptation. NeuroReport, 2:193-196, 1991.
209. NAGAO, S. AND KITAZAWA, H. Effects of reversible shutdown of the monkey flocculus on the retention of adaptation of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex. Neuroscience, 118: 563-570, 2003.
210. NAIRN, A.C., HEMMINGS, H.C. AND GREENGARD, P. Proteinkinases in the brain. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 54: 931-976, 1985.
211. NAKAO, K., IKEGAYA, Y., YAMADA, M.K., NISHIYAMA, N. AND MATSUKI, N. Hippocampal long-term depression as an index of spatial working memory. Eur. J. Neurosci., 16: 970-974, 2002.
212. NAKAZAWA, K., KARACHOT, L., NAKABEPPU, Y. AND YAMAMORI, T. The conjunctive stimuli that cause long-term desensitization also predominantly induce c-fos and Jun-B in cerebellar Purkinje cells. NeuroReport., 4: 1275-1278, 1993.
213. NAKAZAWA, K., MIKAWA, S., NASHIKAWA, T. AND ITO, M. Transient and persistent phosphorylation of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuron, 15: 697-709, 1995.
214. NELSON, S.B., SCHWARTZ, M.A. AND DANIELS, J.D. Clonidine and cortical plasticity: possible evidence for noradrenergic involvement. Brain Res., 355: 39-50, 1985.
215. NESTLER, E.J., KELZ, M.B. AND CHEN, J. ΔfosB: a molecular mediator of long-term neural and behavioral plasticity. Brain Res., 835: 10-17, 1999.
216. PALACIOS, J.M., YOUNG III, W.S. AND KUHAR, M.J. Autoradiographic localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the rat cerebellum. Science 208: 1378, 1980.
217. PARTSALIS, A.M., ZHANG, Y. AND HIGHSTEIN, S.M. Dorsal Y group in the squirrel monkey. II. Contribution of the cerebellar flocculus to neuronal responses in normal and adapted animals. J. Neurophysiol., 73: 632-650, 1995.
218. PELLETIER, M.R., KIRKBY, R.D., JONES, S.J. AND CORCORAN, M.E. Pathway specificity of noradrenergic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampus, 4:181-188, 1994.
219. PERKINS, J.P., HAUSDORFF, W.P. AND LEFKOWITZ, R.J. Machanisms of ligand-induced desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors. In: PERKINS J.P. (Ed.), The β-adrenergic receptor. New York, Human Press, 1990 (in press-quoted Housdorff et al. 1990).
220. POMPEIANO M., CIRELLI C. AND TONONI G. Immediate early genes in wakefulness and sleep: c-fos and NGFI-A mRNA and protein. J. Sleep Res., 3: 80-96, 1994.
221. POMPEIANO, M., D'ASCANIO, P., CENTINI, C., POMPEIANO, O. AND BALABAN E. Short-term (FOS) and long-term (FRA) protein expression in rat locus coeruleus neurons during the Neurolab mission: contribution of altered gravitational fields, stress and other factors. Neuroscience, 115: 111-123, 2002.
222. POMPEIANO, O. Functional organization of the cerebellar projections to the spinal cord. In: FOX, C.A. AND SNIDER, R.S. (Eds.), The Cerebellum. Progr. Brain Res., 25: 340-357, 1969.
223. POMPEIANO, O. Cerebello-vestibular interrelations. Pp. 417-476. In: KORNHUBER, H.H. (Ed.), Hadbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol VI/1. Vestibular System. Part 1: Basic Mechanisms. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1974.
224. POMPEIANO, O. Vestibulospinal relationships. Pp. 147-180. In: NAUNTON, R.F. (Ed.), The Vestibular System. New York, San Francisco, London, Academic Press, 1975a.
225. POMPEIANO, O. Macular input to neurons of the spinoreticulocerebellar pathway. Brain Res., 95: 351-368, 1975b.
226. POMPEIANO, O. Recurrent inhibition. Pp. 461-557. In: DAVIDOFF, R.A. (Ed.), Handbook of the Spinal Cord. Vols. 2 and 3, Anatomy and Physiology. New York, Basal, Marcell Dekker Inc., 1984.
227. POMPEIANO, O. Excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms involved in the dynamic control of posture during the vestibulospinal reflexes. Pp. 107-123. In: DEECKER, L., ECCLES, J.C. AND MOUNTCASTLE, V.B. (Eds.), From Neuron to Action. Berlin, Springer, 1990.
228. POMPEIANO, O. Excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms involved in the dynamic control of posture during the cervicospinal reflexes. Pp. 179-187. In: BERTHOZ, A., GRAF, W. AND VIDAL, P.P. (Eds.), The Head-Neck Sensory Motor System. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992a.
229. POMPEIANO, O. The role of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in the dynamic control of posture during the vestibulospinal reflexes. Pp. 91-110. In: SHIMAZU, H. AND SHINODA, Y. (Eds.), Vestibular and Brain Stem Control of Eye, Head and Body Movements. Tokyo, Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Basel, S. Karger, 1992b.
230. POMPEIANO, O. Noradrenergic control of cerebello-vestibular functions: modulation, adaptation, compensation. In: BLOOM, F.E. (Ed.), Neuroscience: from the Molecular to the Cognitive. Progr. Brain Res., 100: 105-114, 1994.
231. POMPEIANO, O. Noradrenergic influences on the cerebellar cortex: effects on vestibular reflexes under basic and adaptive conditions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., 119: 93-105, 1998.
232. POMPEIANO, O. Control of vestibulospinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes by noradrenergic and ACh systems. Pp. 223-267. In: BEITZ, A.J. AND ANDERSON, J.H. (Eds.), Neurochemistry of the Vestibular System. London, New York, Washington D.C., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000.
233. POMPEIANO, O., ANDRE, P. AND MANZONI, D. Spatiotemporal response properties of cerebellar Purkinje cells to animal displacement: a population analysis. Neuroscience, 81: 609-626, 1997.
234. POMPEIANO, O. AND COTTI E. Analisi microelettronica delle proiezioni cerebello-deitersiane. Arch. Sci. Biol., 43: 57-101, 1959.
235. POMPEIANO, O., D'ASCANIO, P., BALABAN, E., CENTINI, C. AND POMPEIANO, M. Gene expression in autonomic areas of the medulla and the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats during and after space flight. Neuroscience, 124: 53-69, 2004.
236. POMPEIANO, O., D'ASCANIO, P., CENTINI, C., POMPEIANO, M. AND BALABAN, E. Gene expression in rat vestibular and reticular structures during and after space flight. Neuroscience, 114. 135-155, 2002.
237. POMPEIANO, O., D'ASCANIO, P., CENTINI, C., POMPEIANO, M., GIRELLI, C. AND TONONI, G. Gene expression in the rat brain during space flight. In: BUCKEY, J.C. JR. AND HOMICK, J.L. (Eds.), The Neurolab Spacelab Mission: Neuroscience Research in Space. NASA SP 535: 27-37, 2003.
238. POMPEIANO, O. AND HOSHINO, K. Tonic inhibition of dorsal pontine neurons durino the postural atonia produced by an anticholinesterase in the decerebrate cat. Arch. Ital. Biol., 114: 310-340, 1976.
239. POMPEIANO, O., HORN, E. AND D'ASCANIO, P. Locus coeruleus and dorsal pontine reticular influences on the gain of vestibulospinal reflexes. In: BARNES, C.D. AND POMPEIANO, O. (Eds.), Neurobiology of the Locus Coeruleus. Progr. Brain Res., 88: 435-462, 1991.
240. POMPEIANO, O., MANZONI, D., BARNES, C.D., STAMPACCHIA, G. AND D'ASCANIO, P. Responses of locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus neurons to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors. Neuroscience, 35: 227-248, 1990.
241. POMPEIANO, O., MANZONI, D., D'ASCANIO, P. AND ANDRE, P. Noradrenergic agents in the cerebellar vermis affect adaptation of the vestibulospinal reflex gain. Brain Res. Bull., 35: 433-444, 1994a.
242. POMPEIANO, O., MANZONI, D., D'ASCANIO, P. AND ANDRE, P. Injections of beta-noradrenergic substances in the cerebellar anterior vermis of cats affect adaptation of the vestibulospinal reflex gain. Arch. Ital. Biol., 132: 117-145, 1994b.
243. POMPEIANO, O., MANZONI, D., SRIVASTAVA, U.C. AND STAMPACCHIA, G. Relation between cell size and response characteristics of medullary reticulospinal neurons to labyrinth and neck inputs. Pflügers Arch., 398: 298-309, 1983.
244. POMPEIANO, O., MANZONI, D., SRIVASTAVA, U.C. AND STAMPACCHIA, G. Covergence and interaction of neck and macular vestibular inputs on reticulospinal neurons. Neuroscience, 12: 111-128, 1984.
245. PUYAL, J., GRASSI, S., DIENI, C., FRONDAROLI, A., DEMÉMES, D., RAYMOND, J. AND PETTOROSSI, V.E. Developmental shift from long-term depression to long-term potentiation in the rat medial vestibular nuclei: role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. J. Physiol., Lond., 553: 427-443, 2003.
246. RAINBOW, T. C. AND BIEGON, A. Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]prazosin binding sites in rat forebrain. Neurosci. Lett., 40: 221-226, 1983.
247. RAINBOW, T.C., PARSONS, B. AND WOLFE, B.B. Quantitative autoradiography of beta 1 - and beta 2-adrenergic receptors in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:1585-1589, 1984.
248. RAMBOLD, H., CHURCHLAND, A., SELIG, Y., JASMIN, L. AND LISBERGER, S.G. Partial ablations of the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus in monkeys cause linked deficits in smooth pursuit eye movements and adaptive modification of the VOR. J. Neurophysiol., 87: 912-924, 2002.
249. 2+/calmodulinkinase IV-deficient mice. J. Neurosci., 20: RC107, 2000.
250. ROBERTSON, L.T. Topographic features of climbing fiber input in the rostral vermal cortex of the cat cerebellum. Exp. Brain Res., 55: 445-454, 1984.
251. ROBERTSON, L.T., LAXER, K.D. AND RUSHMER, D.S. Organization of climbing fiber input from mechanoreceptors to lobule V vermal cortex of the cat. Exp. Brain Res., 46: 281-291, 1982.
252. ROBINSON, D.A. Adaptive gain control of vestibulo-ocular reflex by the cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol., 39: 954-969, 1976.
253. ROSS, M.D. Morphological changes in rat vestibular system following weightlessness. J. Vest. Res., 3: 241-251, 1993.
254. ROSS, M.D. A space flight study of synaptic plasticity in adult rat vestibular maculas. Acta Otolaryngol., Stock., Suppl., 516: 1-14, 1994.
255. ROSS, M.D. Changes in ribbon synapses and rough endoplastic reticulum of rat utricular macular hair cells in weight-lessness. Acta Otolaryngol., Stock. 120: 490-499, 2000.
256. ROSS, M.D. AND VARELAS, J. Ribbon synaptic plasticity in gravity sensors of rats flown in Neurolab. In: BUCKEY, J.C. JR. AND HOMICK, J.L. (Eds.), The Neurolab Spacelab Mission: Neuroscience Research in Space. NASA SP-535: 39-44, 2003.
257. RUSHMER, D.S., ROBERTS, W.J. AND AUGTER, G.K. Climbing fiber responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells to passive movement of the cat forepaw. Brain Res., 106: 1-20, 1976.
258. 2+/calmodulin-dependent proteinkinase IV and its expression confined to the nature cerebellar granule cells. Mol. Brain Res., 19: 215-218, 1993.
259. SALIN, P.A., MALENKA, R.C. AND NICOLL, R.A. Cyclic AMP mediates a presynaptic form of LTP at cerebellar parallel fiber synapses. Neuron, 16: 797-803, 1996.
260. SCHAEFER, K.-P. AND MEYER, D.L. Aspects of vestibular compensation in guines pigs. Pp. 197-207. In: FLOHR, H. AND PRECHT, W. (Eds. ), Lesion-induced Neuronal Plasticity in Sensorimotor Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York, Springer, 1981.
261. 1-adrenergic receptors. J. Neurophysiol., 91: 1071-1077, 2004.
262. SCHOR, R.H. AND MILLER, A.D. Vestibular reflexes in neck and forelimb muscles evoked by roll tilt. J. Neurophysiol., 46: 167-178, 1981.
263. SHERRINGTON, C.S. Decerebrate rigidity, and reflex co-ordination of movements. J. Physiol., Lond., 22: 319-332, 1898.
264. SHIBUKI, K. AND OKADA, D. Endogenous nitric oxide release required for long-term synaptic depression in the cerebellum. Nature, 349: 326-328, 1991.
265. SHINDER, M.E., PURCELL, J.M., KAUFMAN, G.D. AND PERACHIO, A.A. Vestibular efferent neurons project to the flocculus. Brain Res., 889: 288-294, 2001.
266. SHIROKAWA, T. AND KASAMATSU, T. Concentration-dependent suppression by β-adrenergic antagonists of the shift in ocular dominance following monocular deprivation in kitten visual cortex. Neuroscience, 18: 1035-1046, 1986.
267. SHIROKAWA, T. AND KASAMATSU, T. Reemergence of ocular dominance plasticity during recovery from the effects of propranolol infused in kitten visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 68: 466-476, 1987.
268. SHIROKAWA, T., KASAMATSU, T., KUPPERMANN, B.D. AND RAMACHANDRAN, V.S. Noradrenergic control of ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex of dark-reared cats. Brain Res. Dev., Brain Res., 47: 303-308, 1989.
269. SRIVASTAVA, U.C., MANZONI, D., POMPEIANO, O. AND STAMPACCHIA, G. Responses of medullary reticulospinal neurons to sinusoidal rotation of neck in the decerebrate cat. Neuroscience, 11: 473-486, 1981.
270. STERIADE, M., ANZICA, F. AND NUNEZ, A. Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of the slow (approximately 0.3 Hz) oscillation in neocortical cells. J. Neurophysiol., 70: 1385-1400, 1993.
271. STÖCKLE, H. AND TEN BRUGGENCATE, G. Fluctuation of extracellular potassium and calcium in the cerebellar cortex related to climbing fiber activity. Neuroscience, 5: 893-901, 1980.
272. STONE, E.A. AND ZHANG, Y. Adrenoceptor antagonists block c-fos response to stress in the mouse brain. Brain Res., 694: 279-286, 1995.
273. STONE, E.A., ZHANG, Y., HIIIER, J.M., SIMON, E.J. AND HILLMAN, D.E. Activation of fos in mouse amygdala by locai infusion of norepinephrine or atipamezole. Brain Res., 778: 1-5, 1997.
274. STONE, E.A., ZHANG, Y., JOHN, S., FILER, D. AND BING, G. Effect of locus coeruleus lesion on c-fos expression in the cerebral cortex caused by yohimbine injection or stress. Brain Res., 603: 181-185, 1993.
275. STONE, L.S. AND LISBERGER, S.J. Visual responses of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus during smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys. I. Simple spikes. J. Neurophysiol., 63: 1241-1261, 1990.
276. SUMMERS, R.J. AND MCMARTIN, L.R. Adrenoceptors and their second messenger systems. J. Neurochem., 60: 10-23, 1993.
277. SUGIYAMA, H., ITO, I. AND HIRONO, C. A new type of glutamate receptor linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism. Nature, 325: 531-533, 1987.
278. TALLEY, E.M., LEI, Q., SIROIS, J.E. AND BAYLISS, D.A. TASK-1, a two-pore domain K+ channel, is modulated by multiple neurotransmitters in motoneurons. Neuron, 25: 399-410, 2000.
279. TAN, H.S., VAN NEERVEN, J., COLLEWIJN, H. AND POMPEIANO, O. Effects of alpha-noradrenergic substances on the optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular responses in the rabbit: a study with systemic and intrafloccular injections. Brain Res., 562: 207-215, 1991.
280. TEN BRUGGENCATE, G., NICHOLSON, C. AND STÖCKLE, H. Climbing fiber evoked potassium release in cat cerebellum. Pflügers Arch., 367: 107-109, 1976.
281. TERZUOLO, C. A. Cerebellar inhibitory and excitatory action upon spinal extensor motoneurons. Arch. Ital. Biol., 97: 316-339, 1959.
282. THOMAS, M. J., MOODY, T.D., MAKHINSON, M. AND O'DELL, T.J. Activity-dependent beta-adrenergic modulation of low frequency stimuiation induced LTP in the hippocampal CAI region. Neuron, 17: 475-482, 1996.
283. THOME, J., SAKAI, N., SHIN, K.-H., STEFFEN, C., ZHANG, Y.J., INSPEY, S., STORM, D. AND DUMAN, R.S. cAMP response element-mediated gene transcription is upregulated by chronic antidepressant treatment. J. Neurosci., 20: 4030-4036, 2000.
284. TONEGAWA, S., TSIEN, J.Z., MCHUGH, T.J., HUERTA, P., BLUM, K.I. AND WILSON, M.A. Hippocampal CAI-region-restricted knockout of NMDA R1 gene disrupts synaptic plasticity, place fields and spatial learning. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 61: 225-238, 1996.
285. TSIEN, J.Z., HUERTA, P.T. AND TONEGAWA, S. The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory. Cell, 87: 1327-1338, 1996.
286. VANDERWOLF, C.H. AND ROBINSON, T.E. Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: a critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis. Behav. Brain Sci., 4: 459-514, 1981.
287. VAN NEERVEN, J., POMPEIANO, O. AND COLLEWIJN, H. Depression of the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic responses by intrafloccular microinjection of GABA-A and GABA-B agonists in the rabbit. Arch. Ital. Biol., 127: 243-263, 1989.
288. VAN NEERVEN, J., POMPEIANO, O., COLLEWIJN, H. AND VAN DER STEEN, J. Injections of beta-noradrenergic substances in the flocculus of rabbits affect adaptation of the VOR gain. Exp. Brain Res., 79: 249-260, 1990.
289. VOOGD, I. Parasagittal zones and compartments of the anterior vermis of the cat cerebellum. Exp. Brain Res., 17: 3-19, 1986.
290. 2+ signals in cerebellar Purkinje cells. NeuroReport, 2: 759-762, 1991.
291. WALBERG, F. AND JANSEN, J.J. Cerebellar corticovestibuular fibers in the cat. Exp. Neurol., 3: 32-52, 1961.
292. WANG, Y.T. AND LINDEN, D.J. Expression of cerebellar long-term depression requires postsynaptic clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Neuron, 25: 635-647, 2000.
293. WEISSKOPF, M.G., CASTILLO, P.E., ZALUTSKY, R. A. AND NICOLL, R.A. Mediation of hippocampal mossy fiber long-term potentiation by cyclic AMP. Science 265: 1878-1882, 1994.
294. WERSÄLL, J. Morphology the vestibular receptors in mammals. Progr. Brain Res., 37: 3-17, 1972.
295. WILSON, M.A. AND MCNAUGTON, B.L. Dynamics of hippocampal ensemble code for space. Science, 261: 1055-1058, 1993.
296. YAMAMORI, T., MIKAWA, S. AND KADO, R. Jun-B expression in Purkinje cells by conjunctive stimulation of climbing fibre and AMPA. NeuroReport., 6: 793-796, 1995.
297. YANO, R., NAHAZAWA, K., KADO, R.T., KARACHOT, L., ITO, M., MIKAWA, S., KOMINE, Y. AND YAMAMORI, T. Cerebellar long-term plasticity and gene expression. Pp. 35-44. In: ITO, M. AND MIYASHITA, Y. (Eds.), Integrative and Molecular Approach to Brain Function. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1996.
298. ZEE, D.S., YAMAZAKI, A., BUTLER, P.H. AND GUCER, G. Effects of ablation of flocculus and paraflocculus of eye movements in primate. J. Neurophysiol., 46: 878-899, 1981.
299. 2+ channel-mutant mouse, tottering. J. Physiol., Lond., 547: 497-507, 2003.