Natural history of Ashkenazi intelligence

Journal of Biosocial Science

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 659-693

  Cochran, Gregory ^a   Hardy, Jason ^a   Harpending, Henry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SPHINGOLIPID;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; DEMOGRAPHY; DNA REPAIR; EUROPE; FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS; GENE FLOW; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; INTELLIGENCE; JEW; MUTATION; NATURAL SELECTION; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POPULATION GENETICS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIOLOGY;

BRAIN; COGNITION; COMMERCE; EUROPE; GENES, BRCA1; HISTORY, 15TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 16TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 17TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; JEWS; MUCOLIPIDOSES; POINT MUTATION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SPACE PERCEPTION;

EID: 33749069074     PISSN: 00219320     EISSN: 14697599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021932005027069     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Aksentijevich, I., Torosyan, Y., Samuels, J., Centola, M., Pras, E., Chae, J. J. et al. (1999) Mutation and haplotype studies of Familial Mediterranean Fever reveal new ancestral relationships and evidence for a high carrier frequency with reduced penetrance in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. American Journal of Human Genetics 64, 949-962.
2. Ankori, Z. (1979) Origins and history of Ashkenazi Jewery (8th to 18th century). In Goodman, R. M. & Motulsky, A. G. (eds) Genetic Diseases among Ashkenazi Jews. Raven Press, New York, pp. 19-46.
3. Arkin, M. (ed.) (1975) Aspects of Jewish Economic History. The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia.
4. Auerbach, A. D. (1997) Fanconi anemia: genetic testing in Ashkenazi Jews. Genetic Testing 1, 27-33.
5. Bach, G., Tomczak, J., Risch, N. & Ekstrein, J. (2001) Tay-Sachs screening in the Jewish Ashkenazi population: DNA testing is the preferred procedure. American Journal of Medical Genetics 99, 70-75.
6. Backman, M. E. (1972) Patterns of mental abilities: ethnic, socioeconomic, and sex differences. American Educational Research Journal 9, 1-12.
7. Bargal, R., Avidan, N., Olender, T., Ben Asher, E., Zeigler, M., Raas-Rothschild, A. et al. (2001) Mucolipidosis type IV: novel MCOLN1 mutations in Jewish and non-Jewish patients and the frequency of the disease in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Human Mutation 17, 397-402.
8. Barnavi, E. (ed.) (1992) A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
9. Ben-Sasson, H. (1976) A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
10. Beutler, E. & Grabowski, G. A. (2001) Gaucher disease. In Scriver, C. R., Beaudet, A. L., Sly, W. S. & Vialle, D. (eds) The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 3635-3668.
11. Botticini, M. & Eckstein, Z. (2002) From Farmers to Merchants: A Human Capital Interpretation of Jewish Economic History. URL: http//www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP3718.asp.
12. Boyle, E., Weng, S., Gollub, J., Jin, H., Botstein, D., Cherry, J. & Sherlock, G. (2004) GO::TermFinder - open source software for accessing gene ontology information and finding significantly enriched gene ontology terms associated with a list of genes. Bioinformatics 20, 3710-3715.
13. Burg, B. & Belmont, I. (1990) Mental abilities of children from different cultural backgrounds in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21, 90-108.
14. Camon, E., Magrane, M., Barrell, D., Lee, V., Dimmer, E., Maslen, J. et al. (2004) The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) Database: sharing knowledge in Uniprot with Gene Ontology. Nucleic Acids Research 32, D262-266.
15. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1979) The Ashkenazi gene pool: interpretations. In Goodman, R. M. & Motulsky, A. G. (eds) Genetic Diseases among Ashkenazi Jews. Raven Press, New York, pp. 93-104.
16. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P. & Piazza, A. (1994) The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
17. Chakravarti, A. & Chakraborty, R. (1978) Elevated frequency of Tay-Sachs disease among Ashkenazic Jews unlikely by genetic drift alone. American Journal of Human Genetics 30, 256-261.
18. Chase, G. A. & McKusick, V. A. (1972) Controversy in human genetics: founder effect in Tay-Sachs disease. American Journal of Human Genetics 24, 339-340.
19. Clark, G. & Hamilton, G. (2003) Survival of the Fittest? Capital, Human Capital and Selection in the Malthusian Economy. Working paper, UC-Davis Department of Economics.
20. Crow, J. (2002) Unequal by nature: a geneticist's perspective on human differences. Daedalus, Winter, 81-88.
21. Crowe, D. M. & Kolsti, J. (1991) The Gypsies of Eastern Europe. ME Sharpe Inc, Armonk, New York.
22. Devlin, B., Daniels, M. & Roeder, K. (1997) The heritability of IQ. Nature 388, 468-471.
23. Diamond, J. M. (1994) Jewish lysosomes. Nature 368, 291-292.
24. Dong, J., Edelmann, L., Bajwa, A. M., Kornreich, R. & Desnick, R. J. (2002) Familial dysautonomia: Detection of the IKBKAPIVS20+6TC and R696P mutations and frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews. American Journal of Medical Genetics 110, 253-257.
25. Edelmann, L., Dong, J., Desnick, R. J. & Kornreich, R. (2002) Carrier screening for mucolipidosis type IV in the American Ashkenazi Jewish population. American Journal of Human Genetics 70, 1023-1027.
26. Eldridge, R. (1970) Torsion dystonias: genetic and clinical studies. Neurology 11, 1-78.
27. Eldridge, R. (1976) Edward Flatau, Wladyslaw Sterling, torsion spasm in Jewish children, and the early history of human genetics. Advances in Neurology 14, 105-114.
28. Eldridge, R. (1979) Torsion dystonia: autosomal recessive form. In Goodman, R. M. & Motulsky, A. G. (eds) Genetic Diseases among Ashkenazi Jews. Raven Press, New York.
29. Evans, P., Anderson, J., Vallender, E., Choi, S. & Lahn, B. (2004) Reconstructing the evolutionary history of microcephalin, a gene controlling human brain size. Human Molecular Genetics 13, 1139-1145.
30. Eysenck, H. (1995) Review of A People That Shall Dwell Alone by Kevin MacDonald. Personality and Individual Differences 19, 121.
31. Falconer, D. (1981) Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 2nd edition. Longman, London.
32. Flynn, J. (1987) Massive gains in 14 nations: what IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin 101, 171-191.
33. Frisch, A., Colombo, R., Michaelovsky, E., Karpati, M., Godkman, B. & Pele, L. (2004) Origin and spread of the 1278insTATC mutation causing Tay-Sachs disease in Ashkenazi Jews: genetic drift as a robust and parsimonious hypothesis. Human Genetics 114, 366-376.
34. Galloway, S. M., McNatty, K. P., Cambridge, L. M., Laitinen, M. P., Juengel, J. L., Jokirata, T. S. et al. (2000) Mutations in an oocyte-derived growth factor gene (BMP15) cause increased ovulation rate and infertility in a dosage-sensitive manner. Nature Genetics 25, 279-283.
35. GO-EBI & EMBL-EBI (2003) The gene ontology (GO) database and informatics resource. Nucleic Acids Research 32, D258-261.
36. Goddard, H. (1917) Mental tests and the immigrant. Journal of Delinquency 2, 243-277.
37. Gottfredson, L. (2003) g, jobs, and life. In Nyborg, H. (ed.) The Scientific Study of General Intelligence. Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 293-342.
38. Gottfredson, L. (2004) Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists' elusive 'fundamental cause' of social class inequalities in health? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86, 174-199.
39. Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence 24, 79-132.
40. Gottfredson, L. S. (2002) g: highly general and highly practical. In Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E. L. (eds.) The General Factor of Intelligence: How General Is It? Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 331-380.
41. Gray, J. & Thompson, P. (2004) Neurobiology of intelligence: science and ethics. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, 1-13.
42. Gregory of Tours (1982) The History of the Franks. Penguin Books, New York.
43. Gross, N. (1975) Economic History of the Jews. Schocken Books, New York.
44. Gryfe, R., DiNicola, N., Lal, G., Gallinger, S. & Redston, M. (1999) Inherited colorectal polyposis and cancer risk of the APC I1307K polymorphism. American Journal of Human Genetics 64, 378-384.
45. Haier, R. J. (2003) Positron emission tomography studies of intelligence: from psychometrics to neurobiology. In Nyborg, H. (ed.) The Scientific Study of General Intelligence. Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 41-51.
46. Hammer, M. F., Redd, A. J., Wood, E. T., Bonner, M. R., Jarjanazi, H., Karafet, T. et al. (2000) Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97, 6769-6774.
47. Hammerstein, P. (1996) Darwinian adaptation, population genetics, and the streetcar theory of evolution. Journal of Mathematical Biology 34, 511-532.
48. Hartge, P., Struewing, J. P., Wacholder, S., Brody, L. C. & Tucker, M. A. (1999) The prevalence of common BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among Ashkenazi Jews. American Journal of Human Genetics 64, 963-970.
49. Herrnstein, R. J. & Murray, C. (1994) The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. The Free Press, New York.
50. Holloway, R. L. (1966) Dendritic branching: some preliminary results of training and complexity in rat visual cortex. Brain Research 2, 393-396.
51. Howlett, N. G., Taniguchi, T., Olson, S., Cox, B., Waifisz, Q., deDie-Smulders, C. et al. (2002) Biallelic inactivation of BRCA2 in Fanconi Anemia. Science 297, 606-609.
52. Hughes, A. (1928) Jew and Gentiles: their intellectual and temperamental differences. Eugenics Review, July.
53. Hundert, G. D. (1992) The Jews in a Polish Private Town. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
54. Huttley, G. A., Easteal, S., Southey, M. C., Tesoriero, A., Giles, G. G., McCredie et al. (2000) Adaptive evolution of the tumour suppressor brca1 in humans and chimpanzees. Nature Genetics 25, 410-413.
55. Jensen, A. (1998) The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability. Praeger, Westport, CT.
56. Jorde, L. B. (1992) Genetic diseases in the Ashkenazi population: evolutionary considerations. In Bonne-Tamir, B. & Adam, A. (eds.) Genetic Diversity among Jews. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 305-318.
57. Kamin, L. (1974) The Science and Politics of IQ. Erlbaum, Potomac, MD.
58. Korhonen, L., Brnnvall, K., Skoglsa, Y. & Lindholm, D. (2003) Tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 is expressed by embryonic and adult neural stem cells and involved in cell proliferation. Journal of Neuroscience Research 71, 769-776.
59. Lande, R. (1976) Natural selection and random genetic drift in phenotypic evolution. Evolution 30, 314-334.
60. Latter, B. & Robertson, A. (1962) The effects of inbreeding and artificial selection on reproductive fitness. Genetical Research Cambridge 3, 110-138.
61. Leuner, B., Falduto, J. & Shors, T. J. (2003) Associative memory formation increases the observation of dendritic spines in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 659-665.
62. Levinson, B. (1959) A comparison of the performance of monolingual and bilingual native-born Jewish preschool children of traditional parentage on four intelligence tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology 15, 74-76.
63. Levinson, B. (1977) Cognitive style of Eastern European Jewish males. Perceptual and Motor Skills 45, 279-283.
64. Levinson, B. & Block, Z. (1977) Goodenough-Harris drawings of Jewish children of Orthodox background. Psychological Reports 41, 155-158.
65. Lewis, B. (1984) The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
66. Li, L., Eng, C., Desnick, R. J., German, J. & Ellis, N. (1998) Carrier frequency of the Bloom syndrome blmAsh mutation in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 64, 286-290.
67. Lynn, R. (2004) The intelligence of American Jews. Personality and Individual Differences 26, 201-206.
68. MacDonald, K. (1994) A People That Shall Dwell Alone. Praeger, New York.
69. Mackintosh, N. (1998) IQ and Human Intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
70. McNatty, K. P., Juengel, J. L., Wilson, T., Galloway, S. M. & Davis, G. H. (2001) Genetic mutations influencing ovulation rate in sheep. Reproduction Fertility and Development 13, 549-555.
71. Meetei, A. R., Sechi, S., Wallusch, M., Yang, D., Young, M. K., Joenje, H., Hoatlin, M. E. & Wang, W. (2003) A Multiprotein nuclear complex connects Fanconi anemia and Bloom syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, 3417-3426.
72. Meyer, C. G., Amedofu, G. K., Brandner, J. M., Pohland, D., Timmann, C. & Horstmann, R. D. (2002) Selection for deafness? Nature Medicine 8, 1332-1333.
73. Motulsky, A. G. (1979) Possible selective effects of urbanization on Ashkenazi Jewish populations. In Goodman, R. M. & Motulsky, A. G. (eds) Genetic Diseases among Ashkenazi Jews. Raven Press, New York, pp. 301-312.
74. Nass, R. & Baker, S. (1991) Androgen effects on cognition: congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16, 189-201.
75. New, M. I. & Wilson, R. C. (1999) Steroid disorders in children: congenital adrenal hyperplasia and apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 12790-12797.
76. Niell, B., Long, J., Rennert, G. & Gruber, S. (2003) Genetic anthropology of the colorectal cancer susceptibility allele APC I1307K: evidence of genetic drift within the Ashkenazim. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 1250-1260.
77. Norio, R. (2003) The Finnish disease heritage iii: The individual diseases. Human Genetics 112, 470-526.
78. Ortar, G. (1967) Educational achievement of primary school graduates in Israel as related to their socio-cultural background. Comparative Education 4, 23-35.
79. Ostrer, H. (2001) A genetic profile of contemporary Jewish populations. Nature Reviews Genetics 2, 891-898.
80. Patai, R. (1977) The Jewish Mind. Charles Scribners Sons, New York.
81. Peretz, H., Mulai, A., Usher, A., Zivelin, A., Segal, A., Weisman, Z. et al. (1997) The two common mutations causing Factor XI deficiency in Jews stem from distinct founders: one of ancient Middle Eastern origin and another of more recent European origin. Blood 90, 2654-2659.
82. Riklan, M., Cullinan, T. & Cooper, I. W. (1976) Psychological studies in Dystonia Musculorum Deformans. Advances in Neurology 14, 189-200.
83. Risch, N., deLeon, D., Ozelius, L., Kramer, P., Almasy, L., Singer, B. et al. (1995) Genetic analysis of idiopathic torsion dystonia in Ashkenazi Jews and their recent descent from a small founder population. Nature Genetics 9, 152-159.
84. Risch, N., Tang, H., Katzenstein, H. & Ekstein, J. (2003) Geographic distribution of disease mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish population supports genetic drift over selection. American Journal of Human Genetics 72, 812-822.
85. Romanoff, J. S. (1976) Birth Order, Family Size, and Sibling Spacing as Influences on Intelligence and Academic Abilities of Jewish Adolescents. Department of Psychology, Temple University.
86. Roth, N. (2002) Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages V.7. Routledge, London.
87. Routtenberg, A., Cantallops, I., Zaffuto, S., Serrano, P. & Namgung, U. (2000) Enhanced learning after genetic overexpression of a brain growth protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97, 7657-7662.
88. Rowe, D. (1993) The Limits of Family Influence: Genes, Environment, and Behavior. Guilford, New York.
89. Rund, D., Filon, D., Jackson, N., Asher, N., Oron-Karni, V., Sacha, T., Czekalska, S. & Oppenheim, A. (2004) An unexpectedly high frequency of heterozygosity for alpha-thalassemia in Ashkenazi Jews. Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases 33, 1-3.
90. Russell, C. & Lewis, H. (1900) The Jew in London. Harper-Collins, London.
91. Schuchman, E. H. & Miranda, S. R. (1997) Niemann-Pick disease: mutation update, genotype/phenotype correlations, and prospects for genetic testing. Genetic Testing 1, 13-19.
92. Schwartz, A., Rapaport, E., Hirschberg, K. & Futerman, A. H. (1995) A regulatory role for sphingolipids in neuronal growth: inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis and degradation have opposite effects on axonal branching. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 10990-10998.
93. Scriver, C. R. (2001) Human genetics: lessons from Quebec populations. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 2, 69-101.
94. Seligman, D. (1992) A Question of Intelligence: The IQ Debate in America. Birch Lane Press, New York.
95. Slatkin, M. (2004) A population-genetic test of founder effects and implications for Ashkenazi Jewish diseases. American Journal of Human Genetics 75, 282-293.
96. Slatkin, M. & Rannala, B. (2000) Estimating allele age. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 1, 255-249.
97. Walkley, S. U. (2003) Neurobiology and cellular pathogenesis of glycolipid storage diseases. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 358, 893-904.
98. Walkley, S. U., Zervas, M. & Wiseman, S. (2000) Gangliosides as modulators of dendritogenesis in normal and storage disease-affected pyramidal neurons. Cerebral Cortex 10, 1028-1037.
99. Wang, Y. & Bing, S. (2004) Molecular evolution of micropcephalin, a gene determining human brain size. Human Molecular Genetics 13, 1131-1137.
100. Weinryb, B. D. (1972) The Jews of Poland, a Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100-1800. The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia.
101. Weyl, N. & Possony, S. (1963) The Geography of Intellect. Regnery, Chicago.
102. Wiener, P., Smith, J. A., Lewis, A. M., Woolliams, J. A. & Williams, J. L. (2002) Muscle-related traits in cattle: the role of the myostatin gene in the South Devon Breed. Genetic Selection and Evolution 34, 221-232.
103. Williams, M. (2002) The Jews among the Greeks and Romans. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
104. Zlotogora, J. & Bach, G. (2003) The possibility of a selection process in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 438-440.