메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 98-110

Potential factors influencing nest defense in diurnal North American raptors

Author keywords

Aggressive behavior; Breeding behavior; Nest defense; Predation risk; Reproductive effort

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSE; DEFENSE BEHAVIOR; NEST GUARDING; PREDATION RISK; RAPTOR; REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR;

EID: 33749059423     PISSN: 08921016     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[98:PFINDI]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (123)
  • 1
    • 4043124786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest crypsis, reproductive value of a clutch, and escape decisions in incubating female mallards Anas platyrhynchos
    • Albrecht, T. and P. Klvana. 2004. Nest crypsis, reproductive value of a clutch, and escape decisions in incubating female mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Ethology 110:603-613.
    • (2004) Ethology , vol.110 , pp. 603-613
    • Albrecht, T.1    Klvana, P.2
  • 2
    • 0001309432 scopus 로고
    • Nest-defense behavior of Red-tailed Hawks
    • Andersen, D.E. 1990. Nest-defense behavior of Red-tailed Hawks. Condor 92:991-997.
    • (1990) Condor , vol.92 , pp. 991-997
    • Andersen, D.E.1
  • 3
    • 0001257902 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism and role partitioning among predatory birds, with a size scaling of flight performance
    • Andersson, M. and R. Norberg. 1981. Evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism and role partitioning among predatory birds, with a size scaling of flight performance. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 15:105-130.
    • (1981) Biol. J. Linnean Soc. , vol.15 , pp. 105-130
    • Andersson, M.1    Norberg, R.2
  • 4
    • 58149409960 scopus 로고
    • Parental defense of offspring: A model and an example
    • Andersson, M., C.G. Wiklund and H. Rundgren. 1980. Parental defense of offspring: a model and an example. Anim. Behav. 28:536-542.
    • (1980) Anim. Behav. , vol.28 , pp. 536-542
    • Andersson, M.1    Wiklund, C.G.2    Rundgren, H.3
  • 5
    • 0024484281 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of Bald Eagle nest sites in Oregon
    • Anthony, R.G. and F.B. Isaacs. 1989. Characteristics of Bald Eagle nest sites in Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:148-159.
    • (1989) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.53 , pp. 148-159
    • Anthony, R.G.1    Isaacs, F.B.2
  • 6
    • 0020867858 scopus 로고
    • Habitat usage of two woodland Buteo species in central Ontario
    • Armstrong, E. and D. Euler. 1983. Habitat usage of two woodland Buteo species in central Ontario. Can. Field-Nat. 97:200-207.
    • (1983) Can. Field-Nat. , vol.97 , pp. 200-207
    • Armstrong, E.1    Euler, D.2
  • 7
    • 0000721204 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary aspects of parental behavior: Distraction behavior of the Alpine Accentor
    • Barash, D.P. 1975. Evolutionary aspects of parental behavior: distraction behavior of the Alpine Accentor. Wilson Bull. 87:367-373.
    • (1975) Wilson Bull. , vol.87 , pp. 367-373
    • Barash, D.P.1
  • 8
    • 0002373242 scopus 로고
    • Ferruginous Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Bechard, M.J. and J.K. Schmutz. 1995. Ferruginous Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 172. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1995) The Birds of North America, No. 172
    • Bechard, M.J.1    Schmutz, J.K.2
  • 9
    • 33749076782 scopus 로고
    • Harris' Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Bednarz, J.C. 1995. Harris' Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 146. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1995) The Birds of North America, No. 146
    • Bednarz, J.C.1
  • 10
    • 0003167661 scopus 로고
    • Life histories of North American birds of prey
    • Bent, A.C. 1937. Life histories of North American birds of prey. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 167.
    • (1937) U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. , pp. 167
    • Bent, A.C.1
  • 11
    • 0000703781 scopus 로고
    • An increase in parental investment during the breeding season
    • Biermann, G.C. and R.J. Robertson. 1981. An increase in parental investment during the breeding season. Anim. Behav. 29:487-489.
    • (1981) Anim. Behav. , vol.29 , pp. 487-489
    • Biermann, G.C.1    Robertson, R.J.2
  • 12
    • 18544371382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks
    • Boal, C.W. 2001. Agonistic behavior of Cooper's Hawks. J. Raptor Res. 35:253-256.
    • (2001) J. Raptor Res. , vol.35 , pp. 253-256
    • Boal, C.W.1
  • 13
    • 0002922061 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in defence of eggs and nestlings by Northern Mockingbirds, Mimus polyglottos
    • Breitwisch, R. 1988. Sex differences in defence of eggs and nestlings by Northern Mockingbirds, Mimus polyglottos. Anim. Behav. 36:62-72.
    • (1988) Anim. Behav. , vol.36 , pp. 62-72
    • Breitwisch, R.1
  • 14
    • 0025205434 scopus 로고
    • The effects of nesting stage, sex, and type of predator on parental defense by Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus): Testing models of avian parental defense
    • Brunton, D.H. 1990. The effects of nesting stage, sex, and type of predator on parental defense by Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus): testing models of avian parental defense. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26:181-190.
    • (1990) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.26 , pp. 181-190
    • Brunton, D.H.1
  • 15
    • 33749048420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bald Eagle
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Buehler, D.A. 2000. Bald Eagle. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 506. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (2000) The Birds of North America, No. 506
    • Buehler, D.A.1
  • 16
    • 0037350381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do birds behave in order to avoid disclosing their nest site?
    • Bures, S. and V. Pavel. 2003. Do birds behave in order to avoid disclosing their nest site? Bird Study 50:73-77.
    • (2003) Bird Study , vol.50 , pp. 73-77
    • Bures, S.1    Pavel, V.2
  • 17
    • 0009570811 scopus 로고
    • A monograph of the Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus)
    • Burns, F.L. 1911. A monograph of the Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). Wilson Bull. 23:139-320.
    • (1911) Wilson Bull. , vol.23 , pp. 139-320
    • Burns, F.L.1
  • 18
    • 0000071386 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of Peregrine Falcon and Gyrfalcon populations in Alaska
    • Cade, T.J. 1960. Ecology of Peregrine Falcon and Gyrfalcon populations in Alaska. Univ. CA Publ. Zool. 63:151-290.
    • (1960) Univ. CA Publ. Zool. , vol.63 , pp. 151-290
    • Cade, T.J.1
  • 20
    • 0034770721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest defense behaviour of the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) against human predators
    • Carillo, J. and J.M. Aparicio. 2001. Nest defense behaviour of the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) against human predators. Ethology 107:865-875.
    • (2001) Ethology , vol.107 , pp. 865-875
    • Carillo, J.1    Aparicio, J.M.2
  • 21
    • 77749332471 scopus 로고
    • Gyrfalcon
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Clum, N.J. and T.J. Cade. 1994. Gyrfalcon. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 114. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1994) The Birds of North America, No. 114
    • Clum, N.J.1    Cade, T.J.2
  • 22
    • 33749063879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
    • Fall
    • Collier, J. 1996. The Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii). Wildl. Rehabil. Today, Fall, 14-16.
    • (1996) Wildl. Rehabil. Today , pp. 14-16
    • Collier, J.1
  • 23
    • 0041362686 scopus 로고
    • Resource partitioning and reproductive success of three species of hawks (Buteo spp.) in an Oregon prairie
    • M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR U.S.A
    • Cottrell, M.J. 1982. Resource partitioning and reproductive success of three species of hawks (Buteo spp.) in an Oregon prairie. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR U.S.A.
    • (1982)
    • Cottrell, M.J.1
  • 24
    • 11944257907 scopus 로고
    • Aerial talon-grappling in Northern Harriers
    • Craig, T.H., E.H. Craig, and J.S. Marks. 1982. Aerial talon-grappling in Northern Harriers. Condor 84:239.
    • (1982) Condor , vol.84 , pp. 239
    • Craig, T.H.1    Craig, E.H.2    Marks, J.S.3
  • 25
    • 0012849967 scopus 로고
    • Red-Shouldered Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Crocoll, S.T. 1994. Red-Shouldered Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 107. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1994) The Birds of North America, No. 107
    • Crocoll, S.T.1
  • 26
    • 0000944143 scopus 로고
    • Brood defence in the Great Tit (Parus major): The influence of life-history and habitat
    • Curio, E., K. Regelmann, and U. Zimmermann. 1985. Brood defence in the Great Tit (Parus major): the influence of life-history and habitat. Behav. Ecol. Socio-biol. 16:273-283.
    • (1985) Behav. Ecol. Socio-Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 273-283
    • Curio, E.1    Regelmann, K.2    Zimmermann, U.3
  • 27
    • 33749045135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • About the cover: Northern Goshawk
    • Davis, W.E., Jr. 1996. About the cover: Northern Goshawk. Bird Observ. 24:231-232.
    • (1996) Bird Observ. , vol.24 , pp. 231-232
    • Davis Jr., W.E.1
  • 28
    • 0345426465 scopus 로고
    • The role of territoriality in the social organization of Harris' Hawks
    • Dawson, J.W. and R.W. Mannan. 1991. The role of territoriality in the social organization of Harris' Hawks. Auk 108:661-672.
    • (1991) Auk , vol.108 , pp. 661-672
    • Dawson, J.W.1    Mannan, R.W.2
  • 29
    • 0000119604 scopus 로고
    • Red imported fire ant predation on Crested Caracara nestlings in south Texas
    • Dickinson, V.M. 1995. Red imported fire ant predation on Crested Caracara nestlings in south Texas. Wilson Bull. 107:761-762.
    • (1995) Wilson Bull. , vol.107 , pp. 761-762
    • Dickinson, V.M.1
  • 30
    • 33749044709 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific nest defense by Prairie Falcons
    • Didonato, J.E. 1992. Intraspecific nest defense by Prairie Falcons. J. Raptor Res. 26:40.
    • (1992) J. Raptor Res. , vol.26 , pp. 40
    • Didonato, J.E.1
  • 31
    • 33749044708 scopus 로고
    • Fisher seen climbing Bald Eagle nest-tree
    • Dykstra, C. 1992. Fisher seen climbing Bald Eagle nest-tree. Passenger Pigeon 54:237-238.
    • (1992) Passenger Pigeon , vol.54 , pp. 237-238
    • Dykstra, C.1
  • 32
    • 0003217089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swainson's Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • England, A.S., M.J. Bechard, and C.S. Houston. 1997. Swainson's Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 265. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1997) The Birds of North America, No. 265
    • England, A.S.1    Bechard, M.J.2    Houston, C.S.3
  • 33
    • 33646514059 scopus 로고
    • White-tailed Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Farquhar, C.C. 1992. White-tailed Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 30. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1992) The Birds of North America, No. 30
    • Farquhar, C.C.1
  • 34
    • 0000435564 scopus 로고
    • Individual and intersexual variation in alarm calls of the White-Tailed Hawk
    • Farquhar, C.C. 1993. Individual and intersexual variation in alarm calls of the White-Tailed Hawk. Condor 95:234-239.
    • (1993) Condor , vol.95 , pp. 234-239
    • Farquhar, C.C.1
  • 35
    • 0025627407 scopus 로고
    • Long-term changes in nest defense intensity of the Spanish Imperial Eagle
    • Ferrer, M., L. Garcia, and R. Cadenas. 1990. Long-term changes in nest defense intensity of the Spanish Imperial Eagle. Ardea 78:395-404.
    • (1990) Ardea , vol.78 , pp. 395-404
    • Ferrer, M.1    Garcia, L.2    Cadenas, R.3
  • 36
    • 0001325624 scopus 로고
    • Behavior and food habits of the Red-tailed. Hawk
    • Fitch, H.S., F. Swenson, and D.F. Tillotson. 1946. Behavior and food habits of the Red-tailed. Hawk. Condor 48:205-257.
    • (1946) Condor , vol.48 , pp. 205-257
    • Fitch, H.S.1    Swenson, F.2    Tillotson, D.F.3
  • 37
    • 0002439842 scopus 로고
    • Organochlorine pollutants, nest-defense behavior, and reproductive success in Merlins
    • Fox, G.A. and T. Donald. 1980. Organochlorine pollutants, nest-defense behavior, and reproductive success in Merlins. Condor 82:81-84.
    • (1980) Condor , vol.82 , pp. 81-84
    • Fox, G.A.1    Donald, T.2
  • 38
    • 0034077784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic tests of ecological and evolutionary hypotheses: Checking for phylogenetic independence
    • Freckleton, R.P. 2000. Phylogenetic tests of ecological and evolutionary hypotheses: checking for phylogenetic independence. Funct. Ecol. 14:129-134.
    • (2000) Funct. Ecol. , vol.14 , pp. 129-134
    • Freckleton, R.P.1
  • 39
    • 0034496236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental defense in Long-eared Owls Asio otus: Effects of breeding stage, parent sex, and human persecution
    • Galeotti, P., G. Tavecchia, and A. Bonetti. 2000. Parental defense in Long-eared Owls Asio otus: effects of breeding stage, parent sex, and human persecution. J. Avian Biol. 31:431-440.
    • (2000) J. Avian Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 431-440
    • Galeotti, P.1    Tavecchia, G.2    Bonetti, A.3
  • 40
    • 0002780710 scopus 로고
    • Responses of breeding American Kestrels to live and mounted Great Horned Owls
    • Gard, N.W., D.M. Bird, R. Densmore, and M. Hamel. 1989. Responses of breeding American Kestrels to live and mounted Great Horned Owls. J. Raptor Res. 23:99-102.
    • (1989) J. Raptor Res. , vol.23 , pp. 99-102
    • Gard, N.W.1    Bird, D.M.2    Densmore, R.3    Hamel, M.4
  • 41
    • 7744223538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The raptors of Arizona
    • Glinski, R.L. [Ed.] The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ U.S.A
    • Glinski, R.L. [Ed.] 1998. The raptors of Arizona. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ U.S.A.
    • (1998)
  • 42
    • 0004910057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broad-winged Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Goodrich, L.J., S.C. Crocoll, and S.E. Senner. 1996. Broad-winged Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 218. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1996) The Birds of North America, No. 218
    • Goodrich, L.J.1    Crocoll, S.C.2    Senner, S.E.3
  • 43
    • 0038208424 scopus 로고
    • Breeding Robins and nest predators: Effect of predator type and defense strategy on initial vocalization patterns
    • Gottfried, B.M., K. Andrews, and M. Haug. 1985. Breeding Robins and nest predators: effect of predator type and defense strategy on initial vocalization patterns. Wilson Bull. 97:183-190.
    • (1985) Wilson Bull. , vol.97 , pp. 183-190
    • Gottfried, B.M.1    Andrews, K.2    Haug, M.3
  • 44
    • 0001683556 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment in nest defense by Stonechats (Saxicola torquata)
    • Grieg-Smith, P.W. 1980. Parental investment in nest defense by Stonechats (Saxicola torquata). Anim. Behav. 28: 604-619.
    • (1980) Anim. Behav. , vol.28 , pp. 604-619
    • Grieg-Smith, P.W.1
  • 45
    • 0032966654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data
    • Griffiths, C.S. 1999. Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data. Auk 116: 116-130.
    • (1999) Auk , vol.116 , pp. 116-130
    • Griffiths, C.S.1
  • 46
    • 3042703129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of the Falconidae (Aves): A comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data
    • Griffiths, C.S., G.F. Barrowclough, J.G. Groth, and L. Mertz. 2004. Phylogeny of the Falconidae (Aves): a comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 32:101-109.
    • (2004) Mol. Phyl. Evol. , vol.32 , pp. 101-109
    • Griffiths, C.S.1    Barrowclough, G.F.2    Groth, J.G.3    Mertz, L.4
  • 47
    • 33749060116 scopus 로고
    • Nesting Bald Eagles attack researcher
    • Grubb, T.C., Jr. 1976. Nesting Bald Eagles attack researcher. Auk 93:842-843.
    • (1976) Auk , vol.93 , pp. 842-843
    • Grubb Jr., T.C.1
  • 48
    • 33749049268 scopus 로고
    • Bald Eagle interferes with an active Osprey nest
    • Grubb, T.C., Jr. and W.M. Shields. 1977. Bald Eagle interferes with an active Osprey nest. Auk 94:140.
    • (1977) Auk , vol.94 , pp. 140
    • Grubb Jr., T.C.1    Shields, W.M.2
  • 49
    • 0036276063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in nest defense in ducks: Methodological and biological insights
    • Gunness, M.A. and P.J. Weatherhead. 2002. Variation in nest defense in ducks: methodological and biological insights. J. Avian Biol. 33:191-198.
    • (2002) J. Avian Biol. , vol.33 , pp. 191-198
    • Gunness, M.A.1    Weatherhead, P.J.2
  • 50
    • 0033278484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest defence in an altricial bird with uniparental care: The influence of offspring age, brood size, stage of the breeding season, and predator type
    • Halupka, L. 1999. Nest defence in an altricial bird with uniparental care: the influence of offspring age, brood size, stage of the breeding season, and predator type. Ornis Fenn. 76:97-105.
    • (1999) Ornis Fenn. , vol.76 , pp. 97-105
    • Halupka, L.1
  • 52
    • 33749044112 scopus 로고
    • Peregrine Falcon nest defense against a Golden Eagle
    • Hays, L.L. 1987. Peregrine Falcon nest defense against a Golden Eagle. J. Raptor Res. 21:67.
    • (1987) J. Raptor Res. , vol.21 , pp. 67
    • Hays, L.L.1
  • 53
    • 0012669259 scopus 로고
    • Territorial behavior, pesticides, and the population ecology of Red-shouldered Hawks in central Maryland, 1943-1971
    • Henny, C.J., F.C. Schmid, E.M. Martin, and L.L. Hood. 1973. Territorial behavior, pesticides, and the population ecology of Red-shouldered Hawks in central Maryland, 1943-1971. Ecology 54:545-554.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 545-554
    • Henny, C.J.1    Schmid, F.C.2    Martin, E.M.3    Hood, L.L.4
  • 54
    • 0002843889 scopus 로고
    • Practical methods of estimating volume and fresh weight of bird eggs
    • Hoyt, D.F. 1979. Practical methods of estimating volume and fresh weight of bird eggs. Auk 96:73-77.
    • (1979) Auk , vol.96 , pp. 73-77
    • Hoyt, D.F.1
  • 55
    • 0025693399 scopus 로고
    • Brood defence in a precocial species: Variations in the distraction displays of red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scoticus
    • Hudson, P.J. and D. Newborn. 1990. Brood defence in a precocial species: variations in the distraction displays of red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scoticus. Anim. Behav. 40:254-261.
    • (1990) Anim. Behav. , vol.40 , pp. 254-261
    • Hudson, P.J.1    Newborn, D.2
  • 56
    • 33749053747 scopus 로고
    • Female Merlin kills American Crow in nest defense
    • James, P.C. 1988. Female Merlin kills American Crow in nest defense. Blue Jay 46:50.
    • (1988) Blue Jay , vol.46 , pp. 50
    • James, P.C.1
  • 57
    • 0010453409 scopus 로고
    • Inter- and intraspecific agonistic behavior of Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) near their nests
    • Jamieson, I.G. and N.R. Seymour. 1983. Inter- and intraspecific agonistic behavior of Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) near their nests. Can. J. Zool. 61:2199-2202.
    • (1983) Can. J. Zool. , vol.61 , pp. 2199-2202
    • Jamieson, I.G.1    Seymour, N.R.2
  • 58
    • 0000850126 scopus 로고
    • Responses of nesting ravens to people in areas of different human densities
    • Knight, R.L. 1984. Responses of nesting ravens to people in areas of different human densities. Condor 90: 193-200.
    • (1984) Condor , vol.90 , pp. 193-200
    • Knight, R.L.1
  • 59
    • 0024570783 scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation in nest-defense behaviour of the Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis
    • Knight, R.L., D.E. Andersen, M.J. Bechard, and N.V. Marr. 1989. Geographic variation in nest-defense behaviour of the Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis. Ibis 131:22-26.
    • (1989) Ibis , vol.131 , pp. 22-26
    • Knight, R.L.1    Andersen, D.E.2    Bechard, M.J.3    Marr, N.V.4
  • 60
    • 0006496469 scopus 로고
    • Nest defense behavior of the American Crow in urban and rural areas
    • Knight, R.L., D.J. Grout, and S.A. Temple. 1987. Nest defense behavior of the American Crow in urban and rural areas. Condor 89:175-177.
    • (1987) Condor , vol.89 , pp. 175-177
    • Knight, R.L.1    Grout, D.J.2    Temple, S.A.3
  • 61
    • 0041771858 scopus 로고
    • Methodological problems in studies of avian nest defence
    • Knight, R.L. and S.A. Temple. 1986. Methodological problems in studies of avian nest defence. Anim. Behav. 34:561-566.
    • (1986) Anim. Behav. , vol.34 , pp. 561-566
    • Knight, R.L.1    Temple, S.A.2
  • 62
    • 0041644033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Golden Eagle
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Kochert, M., K. Steenhof, C. McIntyre, and E. Craig. 2002. Golden Eagle. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 684. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (2002) The Birds of North America, No. 684
    • Kochert, M.1    Steenhof, K.2    McIntyre, C.3    Craig, E.4
  • 63
    • 0031711732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat deterioration and efficiency of anti-predator strategy in a meadow-breeding wader, Temminck's Stint (Calidris temminckii)
    • Koivula, K. and A. Rönkä. 1998. Habitat deterioration and efficiency of anti-predator strategy in a meadow-breeding wader, Temminck's Stint (Calidris temminckii). Oecologia 116:348-355.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.116 , pp. 348-355
    • Koivula, K.1    Rönkä, A.2
  • 64
    • 0000128624 scopus 로고
    • Nesting productivity, food habits, and nest sites of Bald Eagles in Colorado and southeastern Wyoming
    • Kralovec, M.L., R.L. Knight, G.R. Craig, and R.G. McLean. 1992. Nesting productivity, food habits, and nest sites of Bald Eagles in Colorado and southeastern Wyoming. Southwest. Nat. 37:356-361.
    • (1992) Southwest. Nat. , vol.37 , pp. 356-361
    • Kralovec, M.L.1    Knight, R.L.2    Craig, G.R.3    McLean, R.G.4
  • 66
    • 0036222695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between common buzzard Buteo buteo and goshawk Accipiter gentilis: Trade-offs revealed by a field experiment
    • Krüger, O. 2002. Interactions between common buzzard Buteo buteo and goshawk Accipiter gentilis: trade-offs revealed by a field experiment. Oikos 96:441-452.
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.96 , pp. 441-452
    • Krüger, O.1
  • 67
    • 0029999940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors related to aggressive nest protection behaviour: A comparative study of Holarctic waders
    • Larsen, T., T.X. Sordahl, and I. Byrkjedal. 1996. Factors related to aggressive nest protection behaviour: a comparative study of Holarctic waders. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 58:409-439.
    • (1996) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.58 , pp. 409-439
    • Larsen, T.1    Sordahl, T.X.2    Byrkjedal, I.3
  • 68
    • 0003341801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Harrier
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • MacWhirter, R.B. and K.L. Bildstein. 1996. Northern Harrier. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 210. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1996) The Birds of North America, No. 210
    • MacWhirter, R.B.1    Bildstein, K.L.2
  • 69
    • 0023556865 scopus 로고
    • Elicited territorial responses of northern Bald Eagles near active nests
    • Mahaffy, M.S. and L.D. Frenzel. 1987. Elicited territorial responses of northern Bald Eagles near active nests. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:551-554.
    • (1987) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.51 , pp. 551-554
    • Mahaffy, M.S.1    Frenzel, L.D.2
  • 70
    • 17144387015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Territory and nest defence in polyandrous pale chanting goshawks: Do cobreeders help?
    • Malan, G. and A.R. Jenkins. 1996. Territory and nest defence in polyandrous pale chanting goshawks: do cobreeders help? S. Afr. J. Zool. 31:170-176.
    • (1996) S. Afr. J. Zool. , vol.31 , pp. 170-176
    • Malan, G.1    Jenkins, A.R.2
  • 71
    • 33749042703 scopus 로고
    • Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus)
    • Marks, J.B. 1992. Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus). Passenger Pigeon 54:238.
    • (1992) Passenger Pigeon , vol.54 , pp. 238
    • Marks, J.B.1
  • 72
    • 0028976972 scopus 로고
    • Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, predation, and food
    • Martin, T.E. 1995. Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, predation, and food. Ecol. Monogr. 65: 101-127.
    • (1995) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.65 , pp. 101-127
    • Martin, T.E.1
  • 73
    • 33749074614 scopus 로고
    • Nest site selection by Bald Eagles on the Chippewa National Forest
    • in D.M. Bird [Ed.], Harpell Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
    • Mathisen, J.E. 1983. Nest site selection by Bald Eagles on the Chippewa National Forest. Pages 95-100 in D.M. Bird [Ed.], Biology and management of Bald Eagles and Ospreys. Harpell Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
    • (1983) Biology and Management of Bald Eagles and Ospreys , pp. 95-100
    • Mathisen, J.E.1
  • 74
    • 33749072623 scopus 로고
    • A Black Bear in a Bald Eagle nest
    • Winter
    • McKelvey, R.W. 1979. A Black Bear in a Bald Eagle nest. Murrelet, Winter, 106-107.
    • (1979) Murrelet , pp. 106-107
    • McKelvey, R.W.1
  • 75
    • 0030668041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predation, nesting characteristics and nest defence behaviour of fieldfares and redwings
    • Meilvang, D., A. Moksnes, and E. Roskaft. 1997. Nest predation, nesting characteristics and nest defence behaviour of fieldfares and redwings. J. Avian Biol. 28:331-337.
    • (1997) J. Avian Biol. , vol.28 , pp. 331-337
    • Meilvang, D.1    Moksnes, A.2    Roskaft, E.3
  • 76
    • 0024197481 scopus 로고
    • Risks and rewards of nest defense by parent birds
    • Montgomerie, R.D. and P.J. Weatherhead. 1988. Risks and rewards of nest defense by parent birds. Quart. Rev. Biol. 63:167-187.
    • (1988) Quart. Rev. Biol. , vol.63 , pp. 167-187
    • Montgomerie, R.D.1    Weatherhead, P.J.2
  • 77
    • 0004735479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crested Caracara
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Morrison, J.L. 1996. Crested Caracara. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 249. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1996) The Birds of North America, No. 249
    • Morrison, J.L.1
  • 79
    • 0033940657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of nest defense in the Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens
    • Olendorf, R. and S.K. Robinson. 2000. Effectiveness of nest defense in the Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens. Ibis 142:365-371.
    • (2000) Ibis , vol.142 , pp. 365-371
    • Olendorf, R.1    Robinson, S.K.2
  • 80
    • 33749065471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive success of Ospreys at two sites in Connecticut
    • O'Neill, D.C. and R.A. Askins. 1998. Reproductive success of Ospreys at two sites in Connecticut. Conn. Warbler 18:120-132.
    • (1998) Conn. Warbler , vol.18 , pp. 120-132
    • O'Neill, D.C.1    Askins, R.A.2
  • 81
    • 33749043147 scopus 로고
    • Palmer, R.S. [Ed.] Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT U.S.A
    • Palmer, R.S. [Ed.] 1988. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 5. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT U.S.A.
    • (1988) Handbook of North American Birds , vol.5
  • 82
    • 0001051954 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive value and appropriateness of response to predators by White-crowned Sparrows
    • Patterson, T.L., L. Petrinovich, and D.K. James. 1980. Reproductive value and appropriateness of response to predators by White-crowned Sparrows. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7:227-231.
    • (1980) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.7 , pp. 227-231
    • Patterson, T.L.1    Petrinovich, L.2    James, D.K.3
  • 83
    • 33749053748 scopus 로고
    • Courtship feeding, clutch size, and egg size in Ospreys: A preliminary report
    • in D.M. Bird [Ed.], Harpell Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
    • Poole, A.F. 1983. Courtship feeding, clutch size, and egg size in Ospreys: a preliminary report. Pages 243-256 in D.M. Bird [Ed.], Biology and management of Bald Eagles and Ospreys. Harpell Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
    • (1983) Biology and Management of Bald Eagles and Ospreys , pp. 243-256
    • Poole, A.F.1
  • 85
    • 33749042477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osprey
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Poole, A.F., R.O. Bierregard, and M.S. Martel. 2002. Osprey. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 683. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (2002) The Birds of North America, No. 683
    • Poole, A.F.1    Bierregard, R.O.2    Martel, M.S.3
  • 86
    • 0003696367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poole A.F. F. Gill [Eds.] The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Poole, A.F. and F. Gill [Eds.] 2002. The birds of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (2002) The Birds of North America
  • 87
    • 33749060784 scopus 로고
    • Nesting behavior of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis)
    • Powers, L.R. 1981. Nesting behavior of the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis). J. Raptor Res. 17:94-95.
    • (1981) J. Raptor Res. , vol.17 , pp. 94-95
    • Powers, L.R.1
  • 88
    • 2642652608 scopus 로고
    • Nest defense by Northern Harriers against the coyote in southwestern Idaho
    • Powers, L.R., T.H. Craig, and J. Martin. 1984. Nest defense by Northern Harriers against the coyote in southwestern Idaho. J. Raptor Res. 18:78-79.
    • (1984) J. Raptor Res. , vol.18 , pp. 78-79
    • Powers, L.R.1    Craig, T.H.2    Martin, J.3
  • 89
    • 0003341917 scopus 로고
    • Red-tailed Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Preston, C.R. and R.D. Beane. 1993. Red-tailed Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 52. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1993) The Birds of North America, No. 52
    • Preston, C.R.1    Beane, R.D.2
  • 90
    • 0000903565 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between parental age and reproductive effort in the California Gull (Larus californicus)
    • Pugesek, B.H. 1983. The relationship between parental age and reproductive effort in the California Gull (Larus californicus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 13:161-171.
    • (1983) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.13 , pp. 161-171
    • Pugesek, B.H.1
  • 91
    • 0027833561 scopus 로고
    • Nesting ecology of Ferruginous Hawk in northwestern New Mexico
    • Ramakka, J.M. and R.T. Woyewodzic. 1993. Nesting ecology of Ferruginous Hawk in northwestern New Mexico. J. Raptor Res. 27:97-101.
    • (1993) J. Raptor Res. , vol.27 , pp. 97-101
    • Ramakka, J.M.1    Woyewodzic, R.T.2
  • 92
    • 0024899850 scopus 로고
    • Avian nest defense: Theoretical models and evidence
    • Redondo, T. 1989. Avian nest defense: theoretical models and evidence. Behaviour 111:161-195.
    • (1989) Behaviour , vol.111 , pp. 161-195
    • Redondo, T.1
  • 93
    • 0000365992 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of brood defence in the Great Tit Parus major
    • Regelmann, K. and E. Curio. 1983. Determinants of brood defence in the Great Tit Parus major. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 13:131-145.
    • (1983) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.13 , pp. 131-145
    • Regelmann, K.1    Curio, E.2
  • 94
    • 0000827609 scopus 로고
    • Why do Great Tit (Parus major) males defend their brood more than females do?
    • Regelmann, K. and E. Curio. 1986. Why do Great Tit (Parus major) males defend their brood more than females do? Anim. Behav. 34:1206-1214.
    • (1986) Anim. Behav. , vol.34 , pp. 1206-1214
    • Regelmann, K.1    Curio, E.2
  • 95
    • 0037407838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogeny of the genus Buteo (Aves: Accipitridae) based on mitochondrial marker sequences
    • Riesing, M.J., L. Kruckenhauser, A. Gamauf, and E. Haring. 2003. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Buteo (Aves: Accipitridae) based on mitochondrial marker sequences. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 27:328-342.
    • (2003) Mol. Phylogen. Evol. , vol.27 , pp. 328-342
    • Riesing, M.J.1    Kruckenhauser, L.2    Gamauf, A.3    Haring, E.4
  • 96
    • 33749070495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of a rock by an Osprey in an agonistic encounter
    • Roche, J.P. 1996. The use of a rock by an Osprey in an agonistic encounter. J. Raptor Res. 30:42-43.
    • (1996) J. Raptor Res. , vol.30 , pp. 42-43
    • Roche, J.P.1
  • 97
    • 0002883133 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of nest defense by Jackdaws, Rooks, Magpies, and Crows
    • Roell, A. and I. Bossema. 1982. A comparison of nest defense by Jackdaws, Rooks, Magpies, and Crows. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11:1-6.
    • (1982) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.11 , pp. 1-6
    • Roell, A.1    Bossema, I.2
  • 98
    • 0026330333 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive investment and anti-predator behavior in Cooper's Hawks during the pre-laying period
    • Rosenfield, R.N. and J. Bielefeldt. 1991. Reproductive investment and anti-predator behavior in Cooper's Hawks during the pre-laying period. J. Raptor Res. 25:113-115.
    • (1991) J. Raptor Res. , vol.25 , pp. 113-115
    • Rosenfield, R.N.1    Bielefeldt, J.2
  • 99
    • 0003314456 scopus 로고
    • Cooper's Hawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Rosenfield, R.N. and J. Bielefeldt. 1993. Cooper's Hawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 75. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1993) The Birds of North America, No. 75
    • Rosenfield, R.N.1    Bielefeldt, J.2
  • 100
    • 33749053326 scopus 로고
    • Territorial dispute between female American Kestrels
    • Saenger, P.G. 1984. Territorial dispute between female American Kestrels. J. Field Ornithol. 55:387-388.
    • (1984) J. Field Ornithol. , vol.55 , pp. 387-388
    • Saenger, P.G.1
  • 101
    • 33749055832 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific agonistic behavior of Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus)
    • Schroeder, G.J. and W.E. Melquist. 1975. Intraspecific agonistic behavior of Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus). Condor 77:99-100.
    • (1975) Condor , vol.77 , pp. 99-100
    • Schroeder, G.J.1    Melquist, W.E.2
  • 102
    • 0043146861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Kestrel
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Smallwood, J.A. and D.M. Bird. 2002. American Kestrel. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 602. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (2002) The Birds of North America, No. 602
    • Smallwood, J.A.1    Bird, D.M.2
  • 103
    • 33749046956 scopus 로고
    • Ferruginous Hawk. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 13
    • Technical Note T-N-255. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO U.S.A
    • Snow, C. 1974a. Ferruginous Hawk. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 13. Technical Note T-N-255. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO U.S.A.
    • (1974)
    • Snow, C.1
  • 104
    • 33749080455 scopus 로고
    • Gyrfalcon. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 9
    • Technical Note T-N-241. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Denver, CO U.S.A
    • Snow, C. 1974b. Gyrfalcon. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 9. Technical Note T-N-241. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Denver, CO U.S.A.
    • (1974)
    • Snow, C.1
  • 105
    • 33749075894 scopus 로고
    • Prairie Falcon. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 8
    • Technical Note T-N-240. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Denver, CO U.S.A
    • Snow, C. 1974c. Prairie Falcon. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 8. Technical Note T-N-240. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Denver, CO U.S.A.
    • (1974)
    • Snow, C.1
  • 106
    • 0003236644 scopus 로고
    • Merlin
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Sodhi, N.S., L.W. Oliphant, P.C. James, and I.G. Warkentin. 1993. Merlin. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 44. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1993) The Birds of North America, No. 44
    • Sodhi, N.S.1    Oliphant, L.W.2    James, P.C.3    Warkentin, I.G.4
  • 107
    • 0026351665 scopus 로고
    • Nesting phenology, site fidelity, and defense behavior of Northern Goshawks in New York and New Jersey
    • Speiser, R. and T. Bosakowski. 1991. Nesting phenology, site fidelity, and defense behavior of Northern Goshawks in New York and New Jersey. J. Raptor Res. 25:132-135.
    • (1991) J. Raptor Res. , vol.25 , pp. 132-135
    • Speiser, R.1    Bosakowski, T.2
  • 108
    • 0002054982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Goshawk
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Squires, J.R. and R.T. Reynolds. 1997. Northern Goshawk. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 298. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1997) The Birds of North America, No. 298
    • Squires, J.R.1    Reynolds, R.T.2
  • 109
    • 33749053051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prairie Falcon
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • Steenhof, K. 1998. Prairie Falcon. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 346. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (1998) The Birds of North America, No. 346
    • Steenhof, K.1
  • 110
    • 33646506961 scopus 로고
    • Behavior and food habits of Sennett's White-tailed Hawk in Texas
    • Stevenson, J.O. and L.H. Meitzen. 1946. Behavior and food habits of Sennett's White-tailed Hawk in Texas. Wilson Bull. 58:198-205.
    • (1946) Wilson Bull. , vol.58 , pp. 198-205
    • Stevenson, J.O.1    Meitzen, L.H.2
  • 111
    • 84981875115 scopus 로고
    • Attacks on a human by a nesting American Kestrel
    • Toland, B. 1984. Attacks on a human by a nesting American Kestrel. J. Field Ornithol. 55:386-387.
    • (1984) J. Field Ornithol. , vol.55 , pp. 386-387
    • Toland, B.1
  • 112
    • 0028995558 scopus 로고
    • Parental effort of kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in nest defense: Effects of laying time, brood size, and varying survival prospects of offspring
    • Tolonen, P. and E. Korpimäki. 1995. Parental effort of kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in nest defense: effects of laying time, brood size, and varying survival prospects of offspring. Behav. Ecol. 6:435-441.
    • (1995) Behav. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 435-441
    • Tolonen, P.1    Korpimäki, E.2
  • 113
    • 33749049051 scopus 로고
    • Merlin. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 15
    • Technical Note T-N-271. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Denver, CO U.S.A
    • Trimble, S.A. 1975. Merlin. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 15. Technical Note T-N-271. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Denver, CO U.S.A.
    • (1975)
    • Trimble, S.A.1
  • 114
    • 0021057041 scopus 로고
    • The role of nest-site availability and territorial behavior in limiting the breeding density of Kestrels
    • Village, A. 1983. The role of nest-site availability and territorial behavior in limiting the breeding density of Kestrels. J. Anim. Ecol. 52:635-645.
    • (1983) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.52 , pp. 635-645
    • Village, A.1
  • 115
    • 26444434895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest sites, nest depredation, and productivity of avian broods in a primeval temperate forest: Do the generalizations hold?
    • Wesolowski, T. and L. Tomialojć 2005. Nest sites, nest depredation, and productivity of avian broods in a primeval temperate forest: do the generalizations hold? J. Avian Biol. 36:361-367.
    • (2005) J. Avian Biol. , vol.36 , pp. 361-367
    • Wesolowski, T.1    Tomialojć, L.2
  • 116
    • 77954284956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peregrine Falcon
    • In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A
    • White, C.M., N.J. Clum, T.J. Cade, and W.G. Hunt. 2002. Peregrine Falcon. In A. Poole and F. Gill [Eds.], The birds of North America, No. 660. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC U.S.A.
    • (2002) The Birds of North America, No. 660
    • White, C.M.1    Clum, N.J.2    Cade, T.J.3    Hunt, W.G.4
  • 117
    • 0025595056 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of nest defense by Merlin, Falco columbarius, males
    • Wiklund, C.G. 1990a. The adaptive significance of nest defense by Merlin, Falco columbarius, males. Anim. Behav. 40:244-253.
    • (1990) Anim. Behav. , vol.40 , pp. 244-253
    • Wiklund, C.G.1
  • 118
    • 0025205884 scopus 로고
    • Offspring protection by Merlin Falco columbarius females; the importance of brood size and expected offspring survival for defense of young
    • Wiklund, C.G. 1990b. Offspring protection by Merlin Falco columbarius females; the importance of brood size and expected offspring survival for defense of young. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26:217-223.
    • (1990) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.26 , pp. 217-223
    • Wiklund, C.G.1
  • 119
    • 0021055677 scopus 로고
    • Nest defence and evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism in Snowy Owls Nyctea scandiaca
    • Wiklund, C.G. and J. Stigh. 1983. Nest defence and evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism in Snowy Owls Nyctea scandiaca. Ornis Scand. 14:58-62.
    • (1983) Ornis Scand. , vol.14 , pp. 58-62
    • Wiklund, C.G.1    Stigh, J.2
  • 120
    • 33749063880 scopus 로고
    • Four Kestrels defend nest box containing eyasses
    • Wilmers, T.J. 1983. Four Kestrels defend nest box containing eyasses. J. Raptor Res. 17:94-95.
    • (1983) J. Raptor Res. , vol.17 , pp. 94-95
    • Wilmers, T.J.1
  • 121
    • 0000800670 scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of variation in parental defense behavior by Tree Swallows
    • Winkler, D.W. 1992. Causes and consequences of variation in parental defense behavior by Tree Swallows. Condor 94:502-520.
    • (1992) Condor , vol.94 , pp. 502-520
    • Winkler, D.W.1
  • 122
    • 0008237145 scopus 로고
    • Ground nesting and aggressive behavior by the Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni)
    • Woffinden, N.D. and J.A. Mosher. 1979. Ground nesting and aggressive behavior by the Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni). Great Basin Nat. 39:253-254.
    • (1979) Great Basin Nat. , vol.39 , pp. 253-254
    • Woffinden, N.D.1    Mosher, J.A.2
  • 123
    • 0030873340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest success and productivity of Ferruginous Hawks in northern Montana
    • Zelenak, J.R. and J.J. Rotella. 1997. Nest success and productivity of Ferruginous Hawks in northern Montana. Can. J. Zool. 75:1035-1041.
    • (1997) Can. J. Zool. , vol.75 , pp. 1035-1041
    • Zelenak, J.R.1    Rotella, J.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.