Brain-behaviour relationships in people at high genetic risk of schizophrenia

NeuroImage

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 275-285

  Lymer, G Katherine S ^a   Job, Dominic E ^a   William, T ^a   Moorhead, J ^a   McIntosh, Andrew M ^a   Owens, David G C ^a   Johnstone, Eve C ^a   Lawrie, Stephen M ^a  

^a ROYAL EDINBURGH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Magnetic resonance imaging; Schizophrenia; Schizotypy; Statistical parametric mapping; Voxel based morphometry; Working and verbal memory

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GENETIC RISK; GRAY MATTER; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LEARNING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; MORPHOMETRICS; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULVINAR; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SCORING SYSTEM; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; SUBICULUM; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THALAMUS NUCLEUS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AMYGDALA; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; FEMALE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MEMORY; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RISK; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; TEMPORAL LOBE; THALAMIC NUCLEI; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 33748873929     PISSN: 10538119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.031     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Swayze II V., Cizaldo T., Flaum M., O'Leary D., Ehrhardt J.C., and Yuh W.T.C. Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging. Science 266 (1994) 294-298
2. Antonova E., Sharma T., Morris R., and Kumari V. The relationship between brain structure and neurocognition in schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophr. Res. 70 (2004) 117-145
3. Antonova E., Kumari V., Morris R., Halari R., Anilkumar A., Mehrotra R., and Sharma T. The relationship of structural alterations to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Biol. Psychiatry 58 (2005) 457-467
4. Ashburner J., and Friston K.J. Voxel-based morphometry-The methods. NeuroImage 11 (2000) 805-821
5. Ashburner J., and Friston K.J. Why voxel-based morphometry should be used. NeuroImage 14 (2001) 1238-1243
6. Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D., Powers R.E., Richards S.S., and Tune L.E. Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 147 (1990) 1457-1462
7. Becker T., Elmer K., Schneider M., Grodd W., Bartels M., Heckers S., and Beckman H. Confirmation of reduced temporal limbic structure volume on magnetic resonance imaging in male patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 67 (1996) 135-143
8. Brett, M., 1999. The MNI brain and the Talairach atlas. MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit. http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/Imaging/Common/mnispace.shtml.
9. Brewer W.J., Francey S.M., Wood S.J., Jackson H.J., Pantelis C., Phillips L.J., Yung A.R., Anderson V.A., and McGorry P.D. Memory impairments identified in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop first-episode psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 71-78
10. Buchsbaum M.S., Someya T., Ying Teng C., Abel L., Chin S., Najafi A., Haier R.J., Wu J., and Bunney W.E. PET and MRI of the thalamus in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 153 (1996) 191-199
11. Byne W., Buchsbaum M.S., Kemether E., Hazlett E.A., Shinwari A., and Mitropoulou V. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and pulvinar in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58 (2001) 133-140
12. Byne W., Buchsbaum M.S., Mattiace L.A., Hazlett E.A., Kemether E., Elhakem S.L., Purohit D.P., Haroutunian V., and Jones L. Postmortem assessment of thalamic nuclear volumes in subjects with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 159 (2002) 59-65
13. Byrne M., Hodges A., Grant E., Owens D.G.C., and Johnstone E.C. Neuropsychological assessment of young people at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia compared with controls: preliminary findings of the Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS). Psychol. Med. 29 (1999) 1161-1173
14. Byrne M., Clafferty B.A., Cosway R., Grant E., Hodges A., Whalley H.C., Lawrie S.M., Owens D.G.C., and Johnstone E.C. Neuropychology, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in those at high risk of schizophrenia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 112 (2003) 38-48
15. Cannon T.D., Eyler Zorrilla L., Shtasel D., Gur R.E., Gur R.C., Marco E.J., Moberg P., and Price A. Neuropsychological functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51 (1994) 651-661
16. Choi J.-S., Kang D.-H., Kim J.-J., Ha T.-H., Roh K.S., Youn T., and Kwon J.S. Decreased caudal anterior cingulate gyrus volume and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 139 (2005) 239-247
17. Clinton S.M., and Meador-Woodruff J.H. Thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia: neurochemical, neuropathological, and in vivo imaging abnormalities. Schizophr. Res. 69 (2004) 237-253
18. Crespo-Facorro B., Paradiso S., Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Watkins L., Boles Ponto L.L., and Hichwa R.D. Recalling word lists reveals "cognitive dysmetria" in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study. Am. J. Psychiatry 156 (1999) 386-392
19. Danos P., Schmidt A., Baumann B., Bernstein H.-G., Nothoff G., Stauch R., Krell D., and Bogerts B. Volume and neuron number of the mediodorsal thalamic nuclei in schizophrenia: a replication study. Psychiatry Res. 140 (2005) 281-289
20. Dazzan P., Morgan K.D., Orr K.G., Hutchinson G., Chitnis X., Suckling J., Fearon P., Salvo J., McGuire P.K., Mallett R.M., Jones P.B., Leff J., and Murray R.M. The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in AESOP first-episode psychoses study. Brain 127 (2004) 143-153
21. Dickey C.C., McCarley R.W., Voglmaier M.M., Niznikiewicz M.A., Siedman L.J., Demeo S., Frumin M., and Shenton M.E. An MRI study of superior temporal gyrus volume in women with schizotypal personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 (2003) 2198-2201
22. Faraone S.V., Seidman L.J., Kremen W.S., Pepple J.R., Lyons M.J., and Tsuang M.T. Neuropsychological functioning among the nonpyschotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: a diagnostic efficiency analysis. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104 (1995) 286-304
23. Faraone S.V., Seidman L.J., Kremen W.S., Toomey R., Pepple J.R., and Tsuang M.T. Interest functioning among the non psychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: a 4-year follow-up study. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 108 (1999) 176-181
24. Flaum M., Andreasen N.C., Swayze II V.W., O'Leary D.S., and Alliger R.J. IQ and brain size in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 53 (1994) 243-257
25. Flaum M., Swayze II V.W., O'Leary D.S., Yuh W.T.C., Ehrhardt J.C., Arndt S.V., and Andreasen N.C. Effects of diagnosis, laterality, and gender on brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 152 (1995) 704-714
26. Good C.D., Johnstrude I.S., Ashburner J., Henson R.N.A., Friston K.J., and Frackowiak R.S.J. A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage 14 (2001) 21-36
27. Grasby P.M., Frith C.D., Friston K.J., Bench C., Frackowiak R.S., and Dolan R.J. Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory function. Brain 116 (1993) 1-20
28. Grasby P.M., Frith C.D., Friston K.J., Simpson J., Fletcher P.C., Frackowiak R.S., and Dolan R.J. A graded task approach to the functional mapping of areas implication in auditory-verbal memory. Brain 117 (1994) 1271-1282
29. Gur R.E., Maany V., Mozley D., Swanson C., Bilker W., and Gur R.C. Subcortical MRI volumes in neuroleptic-naive and treated patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 155 (1998) 1711-1717
30. Gur R.E., Turetsky B.I., Cowell P.E., Finkelman C., Maany V., Grossman R.I., Arnold S.E., Bilker W.B., and Gur R.C. Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57 (2000) 769-775
31. Harris J.M., Whalley H.C., Yates S., Miller P., Johnstone E.C., and Lawrie S.M. Abnormal cortical folding in high-risk individuals: a predictor of the development of schizophrenia?. Biol. Psychiatry 56 (2004) 182-189
32. Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 122 (1999) 593-624
33. Hazlett E.A., Buchsbaum B.R., Byne W., Wei T.-C., Speigel-Cohen J., Geneve C., Kinderlehrer R., Haznedar M.M., Shihabuddin L., and Siever L.J. Three-dimensional analysis with MRI and PET of the size, shape, and function of the thalamus in the schizophrenic spectrum. Am. J. Psychiatry 156 (1999) 1190-1199
34. Hazlett E.A., Buchsbaum M.S., Kemether E., Bloom R., Platholi J., Brickman A.M., Shihabuddin L., Tang C., and Byne W. Abnormal glucose metabolism in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161 (2004) 305-314
35. Hodges A., Byrne M., Grant E., and Johnstone E.C. People at risk of schizophrenia sample characteristics of the first 100 cases in the Edinburgh High-risk Study. Br. J. Psychiatry 174 (1999) 547-553
36. Hoenig J., and Turner T. Schizophrenia. In: Berrios G.E., and Porter R. (Eds). A History of Clinical Psychiatry (1995), Athlone, London
37. Holinger D.P., Shenton M.E., Wible C.G., Donnino R., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., and McCarley R.W. Superior temporal gyrus volume abnormalities and thought disorder in left-handed schizophrenic men. Am. J. Psychiatry 156 (1999) 1730-1735
38. Innocenti G.M., Ansermet F., and Parnas J. Schizophrenia, neurodevelopment and corpus callosum. Mol. Psychiatry 8 (2003) 261-274
39. Jayakumar P.N., Venkatasubramanian G., Gangadhar B.N., Janakiramaiah N., and Keshavan M.S. Optimized voxel-based mophometry of gray matter volume in first-episode, antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 29 (2005) 587-591
40. Job D.E., Whalley H.C., McConnell S., Glabus M., Johnstone E.C., and Lawrie S.M. Structural gray matter differences between first-episode schizophrenics and normal controls using voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage 17 (2002) 880-889
41. Job D.E., Whalley H.C., McConnell S., Glabus M., Johnstone E.C., and Lawrie S.M. Voxel-based morphometry of grey matter densities in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 64 (2003) 1-13
42. Job D.E., Whalley H.C., Johnstone E.C., and Lawrie S.M. Grey matter changes over time in high risk subjects developing schizophrenia. NeuroImage 25 (2005) 544-552
43. Johnstone E.C., and Owens D.G.C. Early studies of brain anatomy in schizophrenia. In: Lawrie S.M., et al. (Ed). Schizophrenia: from Neuroimaging to Neuroscience (2004), Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1-19
44. Johnstone E.C., Frith C.D., Crow T.J., Husband J., and Kreel L. Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet 2 (1976) 924-926
45. Johnstone E.C., Abukmeil S.S., Byrne M., Clafferty R., Grant E., Hodges A., Lawrie S.M., and Owens D.G.C. Edinburgh high risk study-Findings after four years: demographic, attainment and psychopathological issues. Schizophr. Res. 46 (2000) 1-15
46. Johnstone E.C., Ebmeir K.P., Miller P., Owens D.G.C., and Lawrie S.M. Predicting schizoprenia: findings from the Edinburgh High-risk Study. Br. J. Psychiatry 186 (2005) 18-25
47. Kendler K.S., Lieberman J.A., and Walsh D. The Structured Interview for Schizotypy (SIS): a preliminary report. Schizophr. Bull. 15 (1989) 559-571
48. Kolb B., and Whishaw I.Q. Performance of schizophrenic patients on test sensitive to left or right frontal, temporal, or parietal function in neurological patients. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 171 (1983) 435-443
49. Kremen W.S., Seidman L.J., Pepple J.R., Lyons M.J., Tsuang M.T., and Faraone S.V. Neuropsychological risk indicators for schizophrenia: a review of family studies. Schizophr. Bull. 20 (1994) 119-130
50. Lawrie S.M., and Abukmeil S.S. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 172 (1998) 110-120
51. Lawrie S.M., Whalley H.C., Kestelman J.N., Abukmeil S.S., Byrne M., Hodges A., Rimmington J.E., Best J.J.K., Owens D.G.C., and Johnstone E.C. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Lancet 353 (1999) 30-33
52. Lawrie S.M., Whalley H.C., Abukmeil S.S., Kestelman J.N., Donnelly L., Miller P., Best J.J.K., Owens D.G.C., and Johnstone E.C. Brain structure, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 49 (2001) 811-823
53. Lehrer D.S., Christian B.T., Mantil J., Murray A.C., Buchsbaum B.R., Oakes T.R., Byne W., Kemether E.M., and Buchsbaum M.S. Thalamic and prefrontal FDG uptake in never medicated patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 931-938
54. Lewis S.W. Computerised tomography in schizophrenia 15 years on. Br. J. Psychiatry 157 (1990) 16-24
55. Lezak M.D. Neuropsychological Assessment (1995), Oxford Univ. Press
56. Matsumoto H., Simmons A., Williams S., Hadjulis M., Pipe R., Murray R., and Frangou S. Superior temporal gyrus abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia: similarities and differences with adult-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 1299-1304
57. Menon R.R., Barta P.E., Aylward E.H., Richards S.S., Vaughn D.D., Tien A.Y., Harris G.J., and Pearlson G.D. Posterior superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: grey matter changes and clinical correlates. Schizophr. Res. 16 (1995) 127-135
58. Miller P., Byrne M., Hodges A., Lawrie S.M., Owens D.G.C., and Johnstone E.C. Schizotypal components in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia: early findings from the Edinburgh High-risk Study. Br. J. Psychiatry 180 (2002) 179-184
59. Miller P.M., Lawrie S.M., Byrne M., Cosway R., and Johnstone E.C. Self-rated schizotypal cognitions, psychotic symptoms and the onset of schizophrenia in young people at high risk of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 105 (2002) 341-345
60. Mitelman S.A., Byne W., Kemether E.M., Hazlett E.A., and Buchsbaum M.S. Metabolic disconnection between the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and cortical Brodmann's areas of the left hemisphere in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1733-1735
61. Mitelman S.A., Shihabuddin L., Brickman A.M., and Buchsbaum M.S. Cortical intercorrelations of temporal area volumes in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 76 (2005) 207-229
62. Mitelman S.A., Byne W., Kemether E.M., Hazlett E.A., and Buchsbaum M.S. Correlations between volumes of the pulvinar, centromedian, and mediodorsal nuclei and cortical Brodmann's areas in schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett. 392 (2006) 16-21
63. Moorhead T.W.J., Job D.E., Whalley H.C., Sanderson T.L., Johnstone E.C., and Lawrie S.M. Voxel-based morphometry of comorbid schizophrenia and learning disability: analyses in normalised and native spaces using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. NeuroImage 22 (2004) 188-202
64. Nestor P.G., Shenton M.E., McCarley R.W., Haimson J., Smith R.S., O'Donnell B., Kimble M., Kikinis R., and Jolesz F.A. Neuropsychological correlates of MRI temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 150 (1993) 1849-1855
65. Nestor P.G., Shenton M.E., O'Donnell B., McCarley R.W., and Wible C.G. Letter to the Editor. Am. J. Psychiatry 152 (1995) 475-476
66. Nestor P.G., O'Donnell B.F., McCarley R.W., Niznikiewicz M.A., Barnard J., Jen Shen Z., Bookstein F.L., and Shenton M.E. A new statistical method for testing hypotheses of neuropsychological/MRI relationships in schizophrenia: partial least squares analysis. Schizophr. Res. 53 (2002) 57-66
67. O'Driscoll G.A., Florencio P.S., Gagnon D., Wolff A.-L.V., Benkelfat C., Mikula L., Lal S., and Evans A.C. Amygdala-hippocampal volume and verbal memory in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 107 (2001) 75-85
68. Pakkenberg B. Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47 (1990) 1023-1028
69. Pakkenberg B. The volume of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in treated and untreated schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 7 (1992) 95-100
70. Ragland J.D., Gur R.C., Raz J., Schroeder L., Kohler C.G., Smith R.J., Alavi A., and Gur R.E. Effect of schizophrenia on frontotemporal activity during word encoding and recognition: a PET cerebral blood flow study. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 1114-1125
71. Ragland J.D., Gur R.C., Valdez J.N., Loughead J., Elliot M., Kohler C., Kanes S., Siegle S.J., Moelter S.T., and Gur R.E. Levels-of-processing effect on frontotemporal function in schizophrenia during word encoding and recognition. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1840-1848
72. Rajarethinam R.P., DeQuardo J.R., Nalepa R., and Tandon R. Superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: a volumetic magnetic resonance imaging study. Schizophr. Res. 41 (2000) 303-312
73. Rey A. L'examen clinique en psychologie (1964), Presses Universitaires de France, Paris
74. Rust J. The Rust Inventory of Schizoptypal Cognitions (RISC). Schizophr. Bull. 14 (1988) 317-322
75. Ruz M., Wolmetz M.E., Tudela O., and McCandliss B.D. Two brain pathways for attended and ignored words. NeuroImage 27 (2005) 852-861
76. Sanfilipo M., Lafargue T., Rusinek H., Arena L., Loneragan C., Lautin A., Rotrosen J., and Wolkin A. Cognitive performance in schizophrenia: relationship to regional brain volumes and psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 116 (2002) 1-23
77. Saykin A.J., Gur R.C., Gur R.E., Mozley P.D., Mozley L.H., Resnick S.M., Kester B., and Stafiniak P. Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: selective impairment in memory and learning. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48 (1991) 618-624
78. Seidman L.J., Faraone S.V., Goldstein J.M., Goodman J.M., Kremen W.S., Matsuda G., Hoge E.A., Kennedy D., Makris N., Caviness V.S., and Tsuang M.T. Reduced subcortical brain volumes in nonpsychotic siblings of schizophrenic patients: a pilot magnetic resonance imaging study. Am. J. Med. Genet., Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 74 (1997) 507-514
79. Seidman L.J., Faraone S.V., Goldstein J.M., Goodman J.M., Kremen W.S., Toomey R., Tourville J., Kennedy D., Makris N., Caviness V.S., and Tsuang M.T. Thalamic and amygdala-hippocampal volume reductions in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: an MRI-based morphometric analysis. Biol. Psychiatry 46 (1999) 941-954
80. Shenton M.E., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., Pollak S.D., LeMay M., Wible C.G., Hokama H., Martin J., Metcalf D., Coleman M., and McCarley R.W. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 327 (1992) 604-612
81. Shenton M.E., Dickey C.C., Frumin M., and McCarley R.W. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 49 (2001) 1-52
82. Staal W.G., Hulshoff Pol H.E., Schnack H., van der Schot A.C., and Kahn R.S. Partial volume decrease of the thalamus in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 155 (1998) 1784-1786
83. Sullivan E.V., Shear P.K., Lim K.O., Zipursky R.B., and Pfefferbaum A. Cognitive and motor impairments are related to gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 39 (1996) 234-240
84. Talairach J., and Tournoux P. Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain (1998), Thieme, Stuttgart
85. Thermenos H.W., Seidman L.J., Breiter H., Goldstein J.M., Goodman J.M., Poldrack R., Faraone S.V., and Tsuang M.T. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during auditory verbal working memory in nonpsychotic relatives of persons with schizophrenia: a pilot study. Biol. Psychiatry 55 (2004) 490-500
86. Toulopoulou T., Grech A., Morris R.G., Schulze K., McDonald C., Chapple B., Rabe-Hesketh S., and Murray R.M. The relationship between volumetric brain changes and cognitive function: a family study on schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 56 (2004) 447-453
87. van der Werf Y.D., Jolles J., Witter M.P., and Uylings H.B.M. Contributions of thalamic nuclei to declarative memory functioning. Cortex 39 (2003) 1047-1062
88. Villeneuve M.Y., Kupers R., Gjedde A., Ptito M., and Casanova C. Pattern-motion selectivity in the human pulvinar. NeuroImage 28 (2005) 474-480
89. Vita A., Massimiliano D., Marco Giobbio G., Caputo A., Ghiringhelli L., Comazzi M., Garbarini M., Paolo Mednini A., Morganti C., Tenconi F., Cesana B., and Inverinizzi G. Language and thought disorder in schizophrenia: brain morphological correlates. Schizophr. Res. 15 (1995) 243-251
90. Whalley H.C., Simonotto E., Flett S., Marshall I., Ebmeir K.P., Owens D.G.C., Goddard N.H., and Lawrie S.M. fMRI correlates of state and trait effects in subjects at genetically enhanced risk of schizophrenia. Brain 127 (2004) 478-490
91. Whitford T.J., Farrow T.F.D., Gomes L., Brennan J., Harris A.W.F., and Williams L.M. Grey matter deficits and symptom profile in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 139 (2005) 229-238
92. Whyte M.-C., Brett C., Harrison L.K., Byrne M., Miller P., Lawrie S.M., and Johnstone E.C. Neuropsychological performance over time in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia and controls. Biol. Psychiatry 59 (2006) 730-739
93. Wieckert T.W., Goldberg T.E., Gold J.M., Bigelow L.B., Egan M.F., and Weinberger D.R. Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying persevered and compromised intellect. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57 (2000) 907-913