Has the rolling uterus finally gathered moss? Somatization and malingering of cognitive deficit in six cases of "toxic mold" exposure

Clinical Neuropsychologist

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 766-785

  Stone, David C ^a   Boone, Kyle B ^a   Back Madruga, Carla ^b   Lesser, Ira M ^a  

^a HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEPRESSION; ETHICS; FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; MALINGERING; MOULD; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; SCORING SYSTEM; SOMATIZATION;

ADULT; AGED; COGNITION DISORDERS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FUNGI; HUMANS; MALE; MALINGERING; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES;

EID: 33748786504     PISSN: 13854046     EISSN: 17444144     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13854040500428459     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Arnold, G., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., Dean, A., Wen, J., Nitch, S., et al. (2005). Sensitivity and specificity of finger tapping test scores for the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 105-120.
2. Babikian, T., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Arnold, G. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of various Digit Span scores in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 145-159.
3. Baldo, J. V., Ahmad, L., & Ruff, R. (2002). Neuropsychological performance of patients following mold exposure. Applied Neuropsychology, 9(4), 193-202.
4. Bardana, E. J., Jr. (2003). Indoor air quality and health: Does fungal contamination play a significant role? Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 23(2), 291-309.
5. Bierley, R. A., Drake, A. I., Ahmed, S., Date, E. S., Rosner, M., Warden, D., et al. (2001). Biased responding: A case series demonstrating a relationship between somatic symptoms and impaired recognition memory performance for traumatic brain injured individuals. Brain Injury, 15(8), 697-714.
6. Binder, L. M. & Willis, S. C. (1991). Assesment of motivation after financially compensable minor head trauma. Psychological Assessment, 3(2), 175-181.
7. Boone, K. B., Lesser, I. M., Miller, B. L., Wohl, M., Berman, N., Lee, A., et al. (1995). Cognitive functioning in older depressed outpatients: Relationship of presence and severity of depression to neuropsychological test scores. Neuropsychology, 9, 290-298.
8. Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Herzberg, D. (2002a). The b test. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
9. Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Herzberg, D. (2002b). The dot counting test. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
10. Boone, K. B., Salazar, X., Lu, P., Warner-Chacon, K., & Razani, J. (2002). The Rey 15-Item recognition trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey 15-item Memorization Test. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(5), 561-573.
11. Burge, H. A. (2003). Bioaerosols and the scientific method. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 91(3), 217-219.
12. Chapman, J. A. (2003). Stachybotrys chartarum (chartarum = atra = alternans) and other problems caused by allergenic fungi. Allergy Asthma Proc, 24(1), 1-7.
13. Chapman, J. A., Terr, A. I., Jacobs,R. L., Charlesworth, E. N., & Bardana, E. J., Jr. (2003). Toxic mold: Phantom risk vs. science. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 91(3), 222-232.
14. Fox, D. D., Greiffenstein, M. F., & Lees-Haley, P. R. (2005). Commentary on cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure. Applied Neuropsychology, 12, 129-133.
15. Fung, F., Clark, R., & Williams, S. (1998). Stachybotrys, a mycotoxin-producing fungus of increasing toxicologic importance. Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology, 36(1-2), 79-86.
16. Gervais, R. O., Rohling, M. L., Green, P., & Ford, W. (2004). A comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM failure rates in non-head injury disability claimants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(4), 475-487.
17. Gordon, W. A., Cantor, J. B., Johanning, E., Charatz, H. J., Ashman, T. A., Breeze, J. L., et al. (2004). Cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure: A replication and extension of previous findings. Applied Neuropsychology, 11(2), 65-74.
18. Graham, J. R. (2000). MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Greene, R. L. (1991). The MMPI-2/MMPI: An interpretive manual. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
20. Hardin, B. D., Kelman, B. J., & Saxon, A. (2003). Adverse human health effects associated with molds in the indoor environment. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(5), 470-478.
21. Iverson, G. L. & Franzen, M. D. (1994). The Recognition Memory Test, Digit span, and Knox Cube Test as markers of malingered memory impairment. Assessment, 1, 323-334.
22. Jarvis, B. B. & Miller, J. D. (2005). Mycotoxins as harmful indoor air contaminants. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 66(4), 367-372.
23. Kuhn, D. M. & Ghannoum, M. A. (2003). Indoor mold, toxigenic fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum: Infectious disease perspective. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(1), 144-172.
24. Kuhn, R. C., Trimble, M. W., Hofer, V., Lee, M., & Nassof, R. S. (2005). Prevalence and airborne spore levels of Stachybotrys spp. in 200 houses with water incursions in Houston, Texas. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 51(1), 25-28.
25. Larrabee, G. J. (1998). Somatic malingering on the MMPI and MMPI-2 in personal injury litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12(2), 179-188.
26. Lees-Haley, P. R. (2003). Toxic mold and mycotoxins in neurotoxicity cases: Stachybotrys, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Trichothecenes. Psychological Reports, 93(2), 561-584.
27. Lees-Haley, P. R., English, L. T., & Glenn, W. J. (1991). A Fake Bad Scale on the MMPI-2 for personal injury claimants. Psychological Reports, 68(1), 203-210.
28. Lu, P., Boone, K. B., Cozolino, L., & Mitchell, C. (2003). Effectiveness of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test and the Meyers and Meyers recognition trial in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 426-440.
29. McCaffrey, R. J. & Yantz, C. L. (2005). "Cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure." A critique and critical analysis. Applied Neuropsychology, 12, 134-137.
30. Miller, J. D., Rand, T. G., & Jarvis, B. B. (2003). Stachybotrys chartarum: Cause of human disease or media darling? Medical Mycology, 41(4), 271-291.
31. National Institute of Medicine. Damp indoor spaces and health. (2004). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
32. Nitch, S., Boone, K. B., Wen, J., Arnold, G., & Warner-Chacon, K. (in press). The utility of the Rey Word Recognition Test in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist.
33. Page, E. & Trout, D. (1998). Mycotoxins and building-related illness. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40(9), 761-764.
34. Page, E. H. & Trout, D. B. (2001). The role of Stachybotrys mycotoxins in building-related illness. AIHAJ, 62(5), 644-648.
35. Revankar, S. G. (2003). Clinical implications of mycotoxins and Stachybotrys. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 325(5), 262-274.
36. Ross, S. R., Millis, S. R., Krukowski, R. A., Putnam, S. H., & Adams, K. M. (2004). Detecting incomplete effort on the MPMI-2: An examination of the Fake-Bad Scale in mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 115-124.
37. Sherman, D. S., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Razani, J. (2002). Re-examination of a Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test/Rey Complex Figure discriminant function to detect suboptimal effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 242-250.
38. Sudakin, D. L. (2003). Trichothecenes in the environment: relevance to human health. Toxicology Letters, 143(2), 97-107.
39. Swenson, W. M., Pearson, J. S., & Osborne D. (1973). An MMPI source book: Basic item, scale, and pattern data on 50,000 medical patients. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
40. Terr, A. I. (2001). Stachybotrys: Relevance to human disease. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 87(6 Suppl 3), 57-63.
41. Terr, A. I. (2004). Are indoor molds causing a new disease? The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 113(2), 221-226.
42. Trout, D., Bernstein, J., Martinez, K., Biagini, R., & Wallingford, K. (2001). Bioaerosol lung damage in a worker with repeated exposure to fungi in a water-damaged building. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(6), 641-644.
43. Tsushima, W. T. & Tsushima, V. G. (2001). Comparison of the Fake Bad Sclae and other MMPI-2 validity scales with personal injury litigants. Assessment, 8, 205-121.