Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. New therapies in fibromyalgia

Arthritis Research and Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2006, Pages

  Arnold, Lesley M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; ALPRAZOLAM; AMITRIPTYLINE; BROMAZEPAM; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CYCLOBENZAPRINE; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; DOSULEPIN; DOXEPIN; DULOXETINE; FLUOXETINE; IBUPROFEN; MAPROTILINE; MILNACIPRAN; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; OXYBATE SODIUM; PARACETAMOL; PAROXETINE; PREGABALIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRAMADOL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TROPISETRON; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE; VOLTAGE GATED CALCIUM CHANNEL; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL; LIGAND;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ABNORMAL THINKING; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANALGESIA; ANTINOCICEPTION; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; CONSTIPATION; DEPRESSION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EUPHORIA; FIBROMYALGIA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERTENSION; INSOMNIA; KINESIOTHERAPY; LETHARGY; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; NARCOLEPSY; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOMNOLENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THOUGHT DISORDER; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT GAIN; XEROSTOMIA; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNELS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; EXERCISE THERAPY; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMANS; LIGANDS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 33748551355     PISSN: 14786354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/ar1971     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Pillemer SR, Bradley LA, Crofford U, Moldofsky H, Chrousos GP: The neuroscience and endocrinology of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:1928-1939.
2. Lautenbacher S, Rollman GB: Possible deficiencies of pain modulation in fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain 1997,13:189-196.
3. Bennett RM: Emerging concepts in the neurobiology of chronic pain: evidence of abnormal sensory processing in fibromyalgia. Mayo Clin Proc 1999,74:385-398.
4. Staud R: Evidence of involvement of central neural mechanisms in generating fibromyalgia pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002, 4:299-305.
5. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tugwell P, Campbell SM, Abeles M, Clark P, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33:160-172.
6. Bennett RM: Emerging concepts in the neurobiology of chronic pain: evidence of abnormal sensory processing in fibromyalgia. Mayo Clin Proc 1999, 74:385-398.
7. Baranauskas G, Nistri A: Sensitization of pain pathways in the spinal cord: cellular mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 1998, 54:349-365.
8. Basbaum Al, Fields HL: Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Annu Rev Neurosci 1984, 7:309-338.
9. Clark FM, Proudfit HK: The projections of noradrenergic neurons in the A5 catecholamine cell group to the spinal cord in the rat: anatomical evidence that A5 neurons modulate nociception. Brain Res 1993, 616:200-210.
10. Millan MJ: Descending control of pain. Prog Neurobiol 2002, 66:355-474.
11. Russell IJ, Vaeroy H, Javors M, Nyberg F: Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1992, 35:550-556.
12. Russell IJ, Michalek JE, Vipraio GA, Fletcher EM, Javors MA, Bowden CA: Platelet 3H-imipramine uptake receptor density and serum serotonin levels in patients with fibromyalgla/fibrositis syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992,19:104-109.
13. Yunus MB, Dailey JW, Aldag JC, Masi AT, Jobe PC: Plasma tryptophan and other amino acids in primary fibromyalgia: a controlled study. J Rheumatol 1992,19:90-94.
14. Coderre TJ, Katz J: Peripheral and central hyperexcitability: differential signs and symptoms in persistent pain. Behav Brain Sci 1997, 20:404-19.
15. 3H]imipramine reuptake in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001, 40:290-296.
16. Arnold LM, Keck PE Jr, Welge JA: Antidepressant treatment of fibromyalgia. A meta-analysis and review. Psychosomatics 2000, 41:104-113.
17. Carette S, McCain GA, Bell DA, Fam AG: Evaluation of amitriptyline in primary fibrositis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 1986, 29:655-659.
18. Carette S, Bell MJ, Reynolds WJ, Haraoui B, McCain GA, Bykerk VP, Edworthy SM, Baron M, Koehler BE, Fam AG, et al.: Comparison of amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine, and placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37:32-40.
19. Carette S, Oakson G, Guimont C, Steriade M: Sleep electroencephalography and the clinical response to amitriptyline in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:1211-1217.
20. Goldenberg DL, Mayskiy M, Mossey C, Ruthazer R, Schmid C: A randomized double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:1852-1859.
21. Caruso I, Puttini PCS, Boccassini L, Santandrea S, Locati M, Volpato R, Montrone F, Benvenuti C, Beretta A: Double-blind study of dothiepin versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1987,15:154-159.
22. Bennett RM, Gatter RA, Campbell SM, Andrews RP, Clark SR, Scarola JA: A comparison of cyclobenzaprine and placebo in the management of fibrositis. Arthritis Rheum 1988, 31:1535-1542.
23. Quimby LG, Gratwick GM, Whitney CD, Block SR: A randomized trial of cyclobenzaprine for the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1989,16(Suppl 19):140-143.
24. Reynolds WJ, Moldofsky H, Saskin P, Lue FA: The effects of cyclobenzaprine on sleep physiology and symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1991, 18:452-454.
25. Kobayashi H, Hasegawa Y, One H: Cyclobenzaprine, a centrally acting muscle relaxant acts on descending serotonergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol 1996, 311:29-35.
26. Bibolotti E, Borghi C, Pasculli E, Regoli F, Tavoni A, Baroni L, Castrogiovanni P, Pasero G: The management of fibrositis: A double-blind comparison of maprotiline (Ludiomil), chlorimipramine, and placebo. J Clin Trials 1986, 23:269-280.
27. Tofferi JK, Jackson JL, O'Malley PG: Treatment of fibromyelgia with cyclobenzaprine: A mete-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 51:9-13.
28. O'Malley PG, Balden E, Tomkins G, Santoro J, Kroenke K, Jackson JL: Treatment of fibromyalgla with antidepressants. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2000,15:659-666.
29. Hannonen P, Malminierni K, Yli-Kerttula U, Isomeri R, Rokponen P: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of moclobemide and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibronnyalgia in females without psychiatric disorder. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:1279-1286.
30. Scudds RA, McCain GA, Rollman GB, Harth M: Improvements in pain responsiveness in patients with fibrositis after successful treatment with amitriptyline. J Rheumatol 1989, 16 (Suppl 19):98-103.
31. Ginsberg F, Mancaux A, Joos E, Vanhove P, Famaey JP: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of sustained-release amitriptyline in primary fibromyalgia. J Musculoskeletal Pain 1996,4:37-47.
32. Kempenears CH, Simenon G, Vander Elst M, Fransolet L, Mingard P, de Maertelaer V: Effect of an antidiencephalon immune serum on pain and sleep in primary fibromyalgia. Neuropsychobiology 1994, 30:66-72.
33. Wolfe F, Cathey MA, Hawley DJ: A double-blind placebo controlled trial of fluoxetine in fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1994, 23:255-259.
34. Nørregaard J, Volkmann H, Danneskiold-Samsoe B: A randomized controlled trial of citalopram in the treatment of fibromyalgla. Pain 1995,61:445-449.
35. Tavoni A, Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Pasero G: Evaluation of S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia. Am J Med 1987, 83(Suppl 5A)107-110.
36. Jacobsen S, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Andersen RB: Oral S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromylgia. Double-blind clinical evaluation. Scand J Rheumatol 1991, 20:294-302.
37. Anderberg UM, Marteinsdottir I, von Knorring L: Citalopram in patients with fibromyalgia - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Pain 2000,4:27-35.
38. Bymaster FP, Zhang W, Carter PA, Shaw J, Chernet E, Phebus L, Won DT, Perry KW: Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, increases norepinephrine and dopamine extracellular levels in prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology 2002,160:353-361.
39. Nemeroff CB, Owens MJ: Neuropharmacology of paroxetine. Psychopharmacol Bull 2003, 37(Suppl 1):8-18.
40. Arnold LM, Hess EV, Hudson JI, Welge JA, Berno SE, Keck PE Jr: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, flexible-dose study of fluoxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia. Am J Med 2002,112:191-197.
41. Patkar AA, Peindl K, Krulewicz S, Mannelli P, Lindsay A, Masand PS: History of depressive and anxiety disorders as predictors of response in fibromyalgia. Presented at the 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, 2005 [www.psych.org, NR 382].
42. Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L: Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA 2004, 292:2388-2395.
43. Beliles K, Stoudemire A: Psychopharmacologic treatment of depression in the medically ill. Psychosomatics 1998,39:S2-S19.
44. Dwight MM, Arnold LM, O'Brien H, Metzger R, Morris-Park E, Keck PE Jr: An open clinical trial of venlafaxine in fibromyalgis. Psychosomatics 1998, 39:14-17.
45. Sayar K, Aksu G, Ak I, Tosun M: Venlafaxine treatment of fibromyalgia. Ann Pharmacother 2003, 37:1561-1565.
46. Zijistra TR, Barendregt PJ, van de Laar MAF: Venlafaxine in fibromyalgia: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology, 2002 [www.rheumatology.org, abstract 179].
47. Bymaster FP, Dreshfield-Ahmad U, Threlkeld PG, Shaw JL, Thompson L, Nelson DL, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Wong DT: Comparative affinity of duloxetine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 25:871-880.
48. Goldstein DJ, Mallinckrodt C, Lu Y, Dernitrack MA: Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: A double-blind clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2002, 63:225-231.
49. Detke MJ, Lu Y, Goldstein DJ, Hayes JR, Dernitrack MA: Duloxetine 60 mg once daily for major depressive disorder: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2002, 63:308-315.
50. Detke MJ, Lu Y, Goldstein DJ, McNamara RK, Demitrack MA: Duloxetine 60 mg once daily dosing versus placebo in the acute treatment of major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2002, 36:383-390.
51. Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, Hudson J, Iyengar S, Demitrack MA: Effects of duloxetine on painful physical symptoms associated with depression. Psychosomatics 2004, 45:17-28.
52. Raskin J, Pritchett YL, Wang F, D'Souza DN, Waninger AL, Iyengar S, Wernicke JF: A double-blind, randomized multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain Med 2005, 6:346-356.
53. Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, Lee TC, Iyergar S: Duloxetine vs. placebo in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain 2005,116:109-118.
54. Physicians' Desk Reference. Montvale, New Jersey: Thomson PDR; 2006.
55. Arnold LM, Lu Y, Crofford U, Wohlreich M, Detke MJ, Iyengar S, Goldstein DJ: A double-blind, multicenter trial comparing duloxetine to placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients with or without major depressive disorder. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:2974-2984.
56. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM: The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: Development and validation. J Rheumatol 1991, 18:728-734.
57. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM: Pain assessment: global use of the brief pain inventory. Ann Acad Med 1994, 23:129-138.
58. Fischer AA: Pressure threshold meter: its use for quantification of tender spots. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986, 67:836-838.
59. Guy W: ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, Revised. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare publication (ADM). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976:76-338.
60. Hunt SM, McKenna SP: The OLDS: a scale for the measurement of quality of life in depression. Health Policy 1992, 22: 307-319.
61. Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA: The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996, 11 (Suppl 3):89-95.
62. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD: The SF-36 health status survey: I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 1992, 30:473-483.
63. Arnold LM, Rosen A, Pritchett YL, D'Souza DN, Goldstein DJ, Iyengar S, Wernicke JF: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain 2005,119:5-15.
64. Kranzler JD, Gendreau JF, Rao SG: The psychopharmacology of fibromyalgia: a drug development perspective. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002, 36:165-213.
65. Gendreau RM, Thorn MD, Gendreau JF, Kranzler JD, Ribeiro S, Gracely RH, Williams DA, Mease PJ, McLean SA, Clauw DJ: Efficacy of milnacipran in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:1975-1985.
66. Melzack R: The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975, 1:277-299.
67. Crofford U, Rowbotham MC, Mease PJ, Russell IJ, Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young JP Jr, LaMoreaux LK, Martin SA, Sharma U, and the Pregabalin 1008-105 Study Group: Pregabalin for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:1264-1273.
68. Melzack R: The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 1987, 30:191-197
69. Hays RD, Stewart AL: Sleep measures. In Measuring Functioning and Well-being. Edited by Stewart AL, Ware JEJ. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 1992:232-259.
70. Belza B, Henke C, Epstein W, Gilliss C: Correlates of fatigue in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Nurs Res 1993, 42:93-99.
71. Zigmond A, Snaith RP: The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983, 67:361-370.
72. Hindmarch I, Dawson J, Stanley N: A double-blind study in healthy volunteers to assess the effects on sleep of pregabalin compared with alprazolam and placebo. Sleep 2005, 28: 187-193.
73. Drewes AM, Andreasen A, Jennum P, Nielsen KD: Zopiclone in the treatment of sleep abnormalities in fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 1991, 20:288-293.
74. Gönblad M, Nykänen J, Konttinen Y, Jarvinen E, Helve T: Effect of zopiclone of sleep quality, morning stiffness, widespread tenderness and pain and general discomfort in primary fibromyalgia patients. A double-blind randomized trial. Clin Rheumatol 1993,12:186-191.
75. Moldofsky H, Lue FA, Mously C, Roth-Schechter B, Reynolds WJ: The effect of zolpidem in patients with fibromyalgia: a dose ranging, double-blind, placebo controlled, modified crossover study, J Rheumatol 1996, 23:529-533.
76. Russell IJ, Fletcher EM, Michalek JE, McBroom PC, Hester GG: Treatment of primary fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome with ibuprofen and alprazolam. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:552-560.
77. Quijada-Carrera J, Valenzuela-Castano A, Povedano-Gomez J, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Hernanz-Mediano W, Gutierrez-Rubio A, de ]a Iglesia-Salgado JL, Garcia-Lopez A: Comparison of tenoxicam and bromazepan in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 1996, 65: 221-225.
78. Scharf MB, Baumann M, Berkokwitz D. The effects of sodium oxybate on clinical symptoms and sleep patterns in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:1070-1074.
79. Russell IJ, Bennett RM, Michalek JE, Oxybate for FMS Study Group: Sodium oxybate relieves pain and improves sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS]: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial. Presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology, 2005 [www.rheumatology.org, abstract 80].
80. Nicholson KL, Balster RL: GHB: a new and novel drug of abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001, 63:1-22.
81. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW: Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: A conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds. J Clin Psychiatry 2005,66(Suppl 9):31-41.
82. Fuller DE, Hornfeldt CS, Kelloway JS, Stahl PJ, Anderson TF: The Xyrem® Risk Management Program. Drug Safety 2004, 27: 293-306.
83. Foldvary-Schaefer N, De Leon Sanchez I, Karafa M, Mascha E, Dinner D, Morris HH: Gabapentin increases slow-wave sleep in normal adults. Epilepsia 2002, 43:1493-1497.
84. Wolfe F, Anderson J, Harkness D, Bennett RM, Caro XJ, Goldenberg DL, Russell IJ, Yunus MB: A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study of service utilization and costs in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:1560-1570.
85. Sorensen J, Bengtsson A, Backman E, Henricksson KG, Ekselius L, Bengtsson M: Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine. Scand J Rheumatol 1995, 24:360-365.
86. Kemple KL, Smith G, Wong-Ngan J: Opiold therapy in fibromyalgia - A four year prospective evaluation of therapy selection, efficacy, and predictors of outcome. Arthritis Rheum 2003,48:S88.
87. Chu LF, Clark DJ, Angst MS: Oploid tolerance and hyperalgesia in chronic pain patients after one month of oral morphine therapy: A preliminary prospective study. J Pain 2006, 7:43-48.
88. King T, Gardell LR, Wang R, Vardanyan A, Ossipov MH, Malan TP Jr, Vanderah TW, Hunt SP, Hruby VJ, Lai J, Porreca F: Role of NK-1 neurotransmission in opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain 2005,116:276-288.
89. Biasi G, Manca S, Manganelli S, Marcolongo R: Tramadol in the fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled clinical trial versus placebo. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1998,18:13-19.
90. Russell IJ, Kamin M, Bennett RM, Schnitzer TJ, Green JA, Katz WA: Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. J Clin Rheumatol 2000, 6:250-257.
91. Bennett RM, Kamin M, Karim R, Rosenthal N: Tramadol and acetaminophen combination tablets in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med 2003,114:537-545.
92. Bennett RM, Schein J, Kosinski MR, Hewitt DJ, Jordan DM, Rosenthal NR: Impact of fibromyalgia pain on health-related quality of life before and after treatment with tramadol/acetaminophen. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 53:519-527.
93. Senay EC, Adams EH, Geller A, Inciardi JA, Munoz A, Schnoll SH, Woody GE, Cicero TJ: Physical dependence on Ultram® (tramadol hydrochloride): Both oploid-like and atypical withdrawal symptoms occur. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003, 69: 233-241.
94. Farber L, Stratz T, Bruckle W, Spath M, Pongratz D, Lautenschlager J, Kotter I, Zoller B, Peter HH, Neeck G, Alten R, Muller W: Efficacy and tolerability of tropisetron in primary fibromyalgia - a highly selective and competitive 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000,113:49-54.
95. Spath M, Stratz T, Neeck G, Kotter I, Hammel B, Amberger CC, Haus U, Farber L, Pongratz D, Muller W: Efficacy and tolerability of intravenous tropisetron in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 2004, 33:267-270.
96. Rao SG: The neuropharmacology of centrally-acting analgesic medications in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002, 28:235-259.
97. Henriksson KG, Sörensen J: The promise of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002, 28:343-351.
98. Clark SR, Bennett RM: Supplemental dextromethorphan in the treatment of fibromyalgia. A double blind, placebo controlled study of efficacy and side effects. Arthritis Rheum 2000,43:S333.
99. Staud R, Vierck CJ, Robinson ME, Price DD: Effects of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist dextromethorphan on temporal summation of pain are similar in fibromyalgia patients and normal control subjects. J Pain 2005, 6:323-332.
100. Holman AJ, Myers RR: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, in patients with fibromyalgia receiving concomitant medications. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:2495-2505.
101. Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L: The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum 1995, 38:19-28.
102. Rossy LA, Buckelew SP, Dorr N, Hagglund KJ, Thayer JF, McIntosh MJ, Hewett JE, Johnson JC: A meta-analysis of fibromyalgia treatment interventions. Ann Behav Med 1999, 21:180-191.
103. Hadhazy VA, Ezzo J, Creamer P, Berman BM: Mind-body therapies for the treatment of fibromyalgia. A systematic review. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:2911-2918.
104. Burckhardt CS, Mannerkorpi K, Hedenberg L, Bjelle A: A randomized, controlled clinical trial of education and physical training for women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1994, 21: 714-720.
105. Vlaeyen JW, Teeken-Gruben NJ, Goossens ME, Rutten-van Molken MP, Pelt RA, van Eek H, Heuts PH: Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. I. Clinical effects. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1237-1245.
106. Martin L, Nutting A, MacIntosh BR, Edworthy SM, Butterwick D, Cook J: An exercise program in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1050-1053.
107. Wigers SH, Stiles TC, Vogel PA: Effects of aerobic exercise versus stress management treatment in fibromyalgla. Scand J Rheumatol 1996, 25:77-86.
108. Nicassio PM, Radojevic V, Weisman MH, Schuman C, Kim J, Schoenfeld-Smith K, Krall T: A comparison of behavioral and educational interventions for fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:2000-2007.
109. Sim J, Adams N: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of nonpharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain 2002,18:324-336.
110. Karjalainen KA, Hurri H, Jauhiainen M, Koes BW, Malmivaara A, Roine R, van Tulder M: Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for fibromyalgia and musculoskeletal pain in working age adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1999, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001984. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001984.
111. Busch A, Schachter CL, Peloso PM, Bombardier C: Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003786. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003786.
112. McCain GA, Bell DA, Mai FM, Halliday PD: A controlled study of the effects of a supervised cardiovascular fitness training program on the manifestations of primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1988, 31:1135-1141.
113. Mengshoel AM, Komnaes HB, Forre O: The effects of 20 weeks of physical fitness training in female patients with fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992,10:345-349.
114. Buckelew CS, Conway R, Parker J, Deuser WE, Read J, Witty TE, Hewett JE, Minor M, Johnson JC, Van Male L, et al.: Blofeed-back/relaxation training and exercise interventions for fibromyalgia: a prospective trial. Arthritis Care Res 1998, 11: 196-209.
115. Hakkinen A, Hakkinen K, Hannonen P, Alen M: Strength training induced adaptations in neuromuscular function of pre-menopausal women with fibromyalgia: comparison with healthy women. Ann Rheum Dis 2001, 60:21-26.
116. Gowans SE, deHueck A, Voss S, Richardson M: A randomized, controlled trial of exercise and education for individuals with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res 1999, 12:120-128.
117. van Santen M, Bolwijn P, Verstappen F, Bakker C, Hidding A, Houben H, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, van der Linden S: A randomized clinical trial comparing fitness and biofeedback training versus basic treatment in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:575-581.
118. van Santen M, Bolwijn P, Landewe R, Verstappen F, Bakker C, Hidding A, van der Heijde D, Houben H, van der Linden S: High or low intensity aerobic fitness training in fibromyalgia: Does it matter? J Rheumatol 2002, 29:582-587.
119. Richards SCM, Scott DL: Prescribed exercise in people with fibromyalgia: parallel group randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2002, 325:185-188.
120. Schachter CL, Busch AJ, Peloso PM, Sheppard MS: Effects of short versus long bouts of aerobic exercise in sedentary women with fibromyelgia: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther 2003, 83:340-358.
121. Da Costa D, Abrahamowicz M, Lowensteyn I, Bernatsky S, Drista M, Fitzcharles MA, Dobkin PL: A randomized clinical trial of an individualized home-based exercise programme for women with fibromyalgla. Rheumatology 2005, 44:1422-1427.
122. Valim V, Oliveira L, Suda A, Silva L, de Assis M, Neto TB, Feldman D, Natour J: Aerobic fitness effects in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:1060-1069.
123. Mannerkorpi K, Nyberg B, Ahlmen M, Ekdahl C: Pool exercises combined with an education program for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. A prospective, randomized study. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:2473-2481.
124. Mannerkorpi K, Ahlmen M, Ekdahl C: Six- and 24-month follow-up of pool exercise therapy and education for patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 2002, 31:306-310.
125. Gedraschi C, Desmeules J, Rapiti E, Baumgartner E, Cohen P, Finckh A, Allaz AF, Vischer TL: Fibromysigia: A randomized, controlled trial of a treatment programme based on self management Ann Rheum Dis 2004, 63:290-296.
126. King SJ, Wessel J, Bhambhani Y, Sholter D, Maksymowych W: The effects of exercise and education, individually or combined, in women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2002, 29: 2620-2627.
127. Jones KD, Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM, Potempa KM: A randomized controlled trial of muscle strengthening versus flexibility training in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:1041-1048.
128. Kingsley JD, Panton LB, Toole T, Sirithienthad P, Mathis R, McMillan V: The effects of a 12-week strength-training program on strength and functionality in women with fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:1713-1721.
129. Dobkin PL, Abrahamowicz M, Fitzcharles MA, Dritsa M, Da Costa D: Maintenance of exercise in women with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 53:724-731.
130. Oliver K, Cronan T: Predictors of exercise behaviors among fibromyalgia patients. Prev Med 2002, 35:383-389.
131. Williams DA, Cary MA, Groner KH, Chaplin W, Glazer U, Rodriguez AM, Clauw DJ: Improving physical functional status in patients with fibromyalgia: A brief cognitive behavioral intervention. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:1280-1286.
132. Kashikar-Zuck S, Swain NF, Jones BA, Graham TB: Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral intervention for juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:1594-1602.
133. Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, Krystal AD, Rice JR: Behavioral insomnia therapy for fibromyalgia patients. A randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2005,165:2527-2535.
134. Astin JA, Berman BM, Bausell B, Lee WL, Hochberg M, Forys KL: The efficacy of mindfulness meditation plus Qlgong movement therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:2257-2262.
135. Oliver K, Cronan TA, Walen HR, Tomita M: Effects of social support and education on health care costs for patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2001, 28:2711-2719.
136. Holdcraft LC, Assefi N, Buchwald D: Complementary and alternative medicine in fibromyagia and related syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003, 17:667-683.
137. Harris RE, Tian X, Williams DA, Tian TX, Cupps TR, Petzke F, Groner KH, Biswas P, Gracely RH, Clauw DJ: Treatment of fibromyalgia with formula acupuncture: Investigation of needle placement, needle stimulation, and treatment frequency. J Altern Complement Med 2005,11:663-671.
138. Assefi NP, Sherman KJ, Jacobsen C, Goldberg J, Smith WR, Buchwald D: A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture in fibromyalgia. Ann Intem Med 2005,143:10-19.
139. Williams DA: Psychological and behavioural therapies in fibromyalgia and related syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003,17:649-665.
140. Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L: Management of fibromyelgia syndrome. JAMA 2004,292:2388-2395.
141. Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Keck PE, Jr, Auchenbach MB, Hess EV: Comorbidity of fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry, in press.
142. Arnold LM: Systemic therapies for chronic pain. In Fibromyalgia and Other Central Pain Syndromes. Edited by Wallace DJ, Clauw DJ. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:365-388.