Health risks associated with obesity

Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 56-61

  Ali, Aus Tariq ^a   Crowther, Nigel John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND MEDICAL SCHOOL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GROWTH HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN;

CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIABETES MELLITUS; GALLSTONE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; REPRODUCTION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 33748340034     PISSN: 16089677     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/22201009.2005.10872117     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell 2001; 104: 531-543.
2. Bray GA. Risks of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2003; 32: 787-804.
3. Baynes J, Dominiczak MH. Medical Biochemistry. London: Mosby, 2003.
4. Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Stokes J, et al. Incidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: the Framingham Offspring study. Prev Med 1937; 16: 234-251.
5. Hirose H, Saito I, Tsujioka M, Mori M, Kawabe H, Saruta T. The obese gene product, leptin: possible role in obesity-related hypertension in adolescents. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 2007-2012.
6. Hall JE, Hildebrandt DA, Kuo J. Obesity hypertension: role of leptin and sympathetic nervous system. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 103S-115S.
7. Hall JE, Louis K. Dahl Memorial lecture: Renal and cardiovascular mechanisms of hypertension in obesity. Hypertension 1994; 23: 381-394.
8. Domfeld LP, Maxwell MH, Waks A, Tuck M. Mechanisms of hypertension in obesity. Kidney Int Suppl 1937; 22: S254-S258.
9. Hall JE, Crook ED, Jones DW, et al. Mechanisms of obesity-associated cardiovascular and renal disease. Am J Med Sci 2002; 324: 127-137.
10. Engeli S, Schling P, Gorzelniak K, et al. The adipose-tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: role in the metabolic syndrome? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35: 807-825.
11. Reaven G. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 286-288.
12. Björntorp P. Regional obesity and NIDDM. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 334: 279-285.
13. Maggio CA, Pi-Sunyer FX. Obesity and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2003; 32: 805-822.
14. Nadler ST, Stoehr JP, Schueler KL, Tanimoto G, Yandell BS, Attie AD. The expression of adipogenic genes is decreased in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 11371-11376.
15. Bell GI, Polonsky KS. Diabetes mellitus and genetically programmed defects in b-cell function. Nature 2001; 414: 788-791.
16. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 481-486.
17. Ford ES, Williamson DF, Liu S. Weight change and diabetes incidence: findings from a national cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 214-222.
18. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Diabetes trends in the US 1990 - 1998. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1278-1283.
19. Despres JP, Nadeau A, Tremblay A, et al. Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes 1989; 38: 304-309.
20. Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, Stern MP. Greater influence of central distribution of adipose tissue on incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in women than men. J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1312-1317.
21. Spanow D, Borkan GA, Gerzof SG, Wisniewski C, Silbert CK. Relationship of fat distribution to glucose tolerance. Results of computed tomography in male participants of the Normative Aging Study. Diabetes 1986; 35: 411-415.
22. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stamfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 961-969.
23. Warram JH, Martin BC, Krolewski AS, Soeldner JS, Kahn CR. Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type 2 diabetes in the offspring of diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 909-915.
24. Ahima RS, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000; 11: 327-331.
25. Sinha R, Dufour S, Petersen KF, et al. Assessment of skeletal muscle triglyceride content by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lean and obese adolescents: relationships to insulin sensitivity, total body fat, and central adiposity. Diabetes 2002; 51: 1022-1027.
26. Wikstrand J, Pettersson P, Björntorp P. Body fat distribution and left ventricular morphology and function in obese females. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 1259-1266.
27. Lovejoy JC, de la Bretonne JA, Klemperer M, Tulley R. Abdominal fat distribution and metabolic risk factors: effects of race. Metabolism 1996; 45: 1119-1124.
28. Jung RT. Obesity as a disease. Br Med Bull 1997; 53: 307-321.
29. Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, Rood JC. Comparison of regional fat distribution and health risk factors in middle-aged white and African American women: the healthy transition study. Obes Res 2001; 9: 10-16.
30. Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. Risk within the 'normal' weight range. JAMA 1995; 273: 451-465.
31. Laws A, Reaven GM. Insulin resistance and risk factors for coronary heart disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 7: 1063-1078.
32. de Divitiis O, Fazio S, Petitto M, Maddalena G, Contaldo F, Mancini M. Obesity and cardiac function. Circulation 1981; 64: 477-482.
33. Klein S, Burke LE, Bray GA, et al. American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; American College of Cardiology Foundation. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition. Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 2004; 110: 2952-2967.
34. Poirier P, Eckel RH. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscl Rep 2002; 4: 448-453.
35. Pharoah PD, Stratton JF, Mackay J. Screening for breast and ovarian cancer: the relevance of family history. Br Med Bull 1993; 54: 823-838.
36. Friedenreich CM. Review of anthropometric factors and breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2001; 10: 15-32.
37. International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer-Preventive Agents, Weight Control and Physical Activity. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention. Vol. 6. Lyon, France: IARC, 2002.
38. Morimoto LM, White E, Chen Z, et al. Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002; 13: 741-751.
39. Huang Z, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, et al. Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. JAMA 1997; 278: 1407-1411.
40. Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Potter JD, et al. Effect of family history, body fat distribution, and reproductive factors on the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1323-1329.
41. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 2003; 53: 5-26.
42. Lew EA, Garfinkel L. Variations in mortality by weight among 750 000 men and women. J Chronic Dis 1979; 32: 563-576.
43. Tavani A, Pelucchi C, Parpinel M, et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland. Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 113-116.
44. Reddy BS. Novel approaches to the prevention of colon cancer by nutritional manipulation and chemoprevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9: 239-247.
45. Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Lee IM, Buring JE. Dietary fat and fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 1011-1022.
46. Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
47. Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, et al. Body size and prostate cancer: a 20-year follow-up study among 135 006 Swedish construction workers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 385-389.
48. Talamini R, La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Negri E, Franceschi S. Nutrition, social factors and prostate cancer in a northern Italian population. Br J Cancer 1986; 53: 817-821.
49. Snowdon DA, Philips RL, Choi W. Diet, obesity, and risk of fatal prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 244-250.
50. Wolk A, Gridley G, Svensson M, et al. A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 13-21.
51. Hulka B, Liu E, Lininger R. Steroid hormones and risk of breast cancer. Cancer 1994; 74: 1111-1124.
52. Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill MC, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 632-639.
53. Busch N, Matern S. Current concepts in cholesterol gallstone pathogenesis. Eur J Clin Invest 1991; 21: 453-460.
54. Cicuttini FM, Baker JR, Spector TD. The association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the hand and the knee in women: a twin study. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1221-1226.
55. Hochberg MC, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW jun., Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin JD. The association of body weight, body fatness and body fat distribution with osteoarthritis of the knee: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 488-493.
56. Carman WJ, Sowers M, Hawthorne VM, Weissfeld LA. Obesity as a risk factor for osteoarthritis of the hand and wrist: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139: 119-129.
57. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A, Walker AM, Meenan RF. Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 18-24.
58. Marks R, Allegrante JP. Comorbid disease profiles of adults with end-stage hip osteoarthritis. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8: CR305-309.
59. Ray C, Sue D, Bray G, et al. Effect of obesity on respiratory function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 501-506.
60. Lazarus R, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Effects of obesity and fat distribution on ventilatory function: the normative aging study. Chest 1997; 111: 891-898.
61. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep disordered breathing among middle aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1230-1235.
62. Vgontazas AN, Tan TL, Bixler EO, Martin LF, Shubert D, Kales A. Sleep apnea and sleep disruption in obese patients. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1705-1711.
63. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Dempsy J, Skaturd J. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA 2000; 284: 3015-3021.
64. Millman RP, Carlisle CC, McGarvey ST, Eveloff SE, Levinson PD. Body fat distribution and sleep apnea severity in women. Chest 1995; 107: 362-366.
65. Schwartz AR, Gold AR, Schubert N, et al. Effect of weight loss on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 494-498.
66. Motala A, Omar M, Pirie F. Epidemiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Africa. J Cardiovasc Risk 2003; 10: 77-83.
67. Camargo CA jun., Weiss ST, Zhang S, Willett WC, Speizer FE. Prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of adult-onset asthma in women. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2582-2588.
68. Stenius-Aarniala B, Poussa T, Kvarnstrom J, Gronlund EL, Ylikahri M, Mustajoki P. Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: randomised controlled study. BMJ 2000; 320: 827-832.
69. Hartz AJ, Barboriak PN, Wong A, Katayama KP, Rimm AA. The association of obesity with infertility and related menstrual abnormalities in women. Int J Obes 1979; 3: 57-73.
70. Rich-Edwards JW, Goldman MB, Willett WC, et al. Adolescent body mass index and infertility caused by ovulatory disorder. Am J Obestet Gynecol 1994; 171: 171-177.
71. Johnson SR, Kolberg BH, Varner MW, Railsback LD. Maternal obesity and pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1987; 164: 431-437.
72. Prentice A, Goldberg G. Maternal obesity increases congenital malformations. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: 146-152.
73. Sebire NJ, Jolly M, Harris JP, et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287 213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obesity 2001; 25: 1175-1182.
74. FIVNAT (French In Vitro National). Pregnancies and births resulting from in vitro fertilization: French national registry, analysis of data 1986 to 1990. FIVNAT (French In Vitro National). Fertil Steril 1995; 64: 746-756.
75. Norman RJ, Clark AM. Obesity and reproductive disorders: a review. Reprod Fertil Dev 1998; 10: 55-63.
76. Wang JX, Davies M, Norman RJ. Body mass and probability of pregnancy during assisted reproduction treatment: a retrospective study. BMJ 2000; 321: 1320-1321.
77. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 853-861.
78. Pettigrew R, Hamilton-Fairley D. Obesity and female reproductive function. Br Med Bull 1997; 53: 341-358.
79. Seli E, Duleba AJ. Treatment of PCOS with metformin and other insulin-sensitizing agents. Curr Diab Rep 2004; 4: 69-75.
80. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod 1993; 13: 1502-1505.
81. Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001; 414: 782-787.
82. Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IC, Wang G. National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: how much, and who's paying? Health Aff 2003; W3: 219-226.
83. Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D, et al. Obesity in South Africa: The South African demographic and health survey. Obes Res 2002; 10: 1038-1043.
84. Baskin ML, Ard J, Franklin F, Allison DB. Prevalence of obesity in the United States. Obes Rev 2005; 6: 5-7.
85. Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, Laubscher R, et al. Initial Burden of Disease Estimates For South Africa, 2000. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council, 2003.