What about atypical antipsychotics;Le point sur les antipsychotiques atypiques

Pharmacien Hospitalier

Volumn 38, Issue 152, 2003, Pages 5-29

  Bret, Marie Christine ^a   Bret, Pierre ^a   Bonnet, Frédéric ^a  

^a CENTRE HOSPITALIER CHARLES PERRENS   (France)

Author keywords

Amisulpride; Antipsychotics; Atypical neuroleptics; Clozapine; Efficacy; Olanzapine; Pharmacology; Review; Risperidone; Tolerability

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748250138     PISSN: 07689179     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (213)

1. Adler G, Weber S, Grieshaber S, Schmitt A, Dressing H. Atypical antipsychotics and memory function in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2000 ; 3 (S165).
2. Agelink MW, Majewski T, Wurthmann C et al. Effects of newer atypical antipsychotics on autonomic neurocardiac function : a comparaison between Amisulpride. Olanzapine, Sertindole and Clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001 ; 21 : 8-13.
3. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M et al. Antipsychotic induced weight gain : a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatr 1999 ; 156 : 1686-1696.
4. Amado-Boccara I. Neuroleptiques et cognition. Encephale 2000 ; XXVI (Sp III) : 47-51.
5. Amery W. Safety and switching issues of novel antipsychotics. Int J Psy Clin Pract 1998 ; 2 : 43-49.
6. Andersen SW. Depressive signs and symptoms in schizophrenia : a prospective blinded trial of olanzapine and haloperidol. Schizophren Res 1999 ; 36 : 1-3.
7. Andreasen NC. Improvement of negative symptoms : concepts, definition and assement. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997 ; 12 : 7-10.
8. Arana GW. An overview of side effects caused by typical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 5-11.
9. Azorin JM. Long term treatment of mood disorders in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiat Scand 1995 ; 91 : 20-23.
10. Azorin JM. Schizophrénie, neuroleptiques et cognition. Nervure 1997 ; 10 : 1-4.
11. Azorin JM. Comparaison du Leponex avec la Rispéridone dans les schizophrénies chroniques sévères. Info Psy 1998 ; 10 : 1045-1050.
12. Azorin JM, Spiegel R, Remington G et al. A double blind comparative study of clozapine and risperidone in the management of severe chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr 2001 ; 158 : 1305-1313.
13. Bagherie H. Hypersialorrhée sous Clozapine (Leponex®). Rev ADPHSO 2001 ; 26 (2) : 9-10.
14. Barnes TR, McPhillips MA. Novel antipsychotics, extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998 ; 13 : 49-57.
15. Barnes TR, , McPhillips MA. Critical analysis and comparaison of the side effect and safety profiles of the new antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatr 1999 ; 174 : 34-43.
16. Barnes TR, Joyce E. Antipsychotic drug treatment : recent advances. Curr Opin Psychiatr 2001 ; 14 : 25-37.
17. Basson BR. The comparative antimuscarinic like side effect profiles of olanzapine and risperidone treatment in patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Schizophren Res 1999 ; 36 : 1-3.
18. Beasley CM Jr, Tollefson G, Tran P, Satterlee W, Sanger T, Hamilton S. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol : acute phase results of the north american double blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996 ; 14 : 111-123.
19. Beasley CM Jr, Sanger T, Satterlee W, Tollefson G, Tran P, Hamilton S. Olanzapine vs placebo : results of a double-blind fixed dose olanzapine trial. Psychopharmacology 1996 ; 124 : 159-167.
20. Beasley CM. Efficacy of olanzapine : an overview of pivotal clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry Monograpg 1997 ; 15 : 16-18.
21. Beuzen JN, Taylor N, Wesnes K, Wood A. A comparaison of the effects of olanzapine, haloperidol and placebo on cognitive and psychomotor functions in healthy elderly volunters. J Psychopharmacol 1999 ; 13 : 152-158.
22. Bhana N, Foster RH, Olney R, Plosker GL. Olanzapine : an updated review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. Drugs 2001 ; 61 : 111-161.
23. Bille A, Andersen J. Risperidone-Olanzapine drug outcome studies in schizophrenia (Rodos) single center report from an international study series. Schizophren Res 2000 ; 41 : 198.
24. Blin O, Azorin JM, Bouhours P. Propriétés antipsychotiques et anxiolytiques de la rispéridone, de l'halopéridol et de la lévomépromazine chez des patients schizophrènes. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996 ; 16 : 38-44.
25. Blin O. A comparative review of new antipsychotics. Can J Psychiatr 1999 ; 44 : 235-244.
26. Bondolfi G, Dufour H, Patris M. Rispéridone versus Leponex dans la schizophrénie chronique resistante au traitement : une étude randomisée, en double aveugle. Am J Psychiatr 1998 ; 155 : 499-504.
27. Bouchard RH, Merette C, Pourcher E et al. Etude comparative longitudinale entre la rispéridone et les neuroleptiques conventionnels dans le traitement de la schizophrénie. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000 ; 20 : 295-306.
28. Bourin M. Les récepteurs nicotiniques. Livret Janssen Cilag, La maladie d'Alzeimer, 2001.
29. Boyer P, Lecrubier Y, Puech AJ, Dewailly J, Aubin F. L'amisulpride dans le traitement des manifestations déficitaires de la schizophrénie. Br J Psychiatr 1995 ; 166 : 68-72.
30. Breier A. Cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and its neurochemical basis. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 (suppl 37) : 16-18.
31. Breier A, Hamilton SH. Comparative efficacy of olanzapine and haloperidol for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999 ; 45 : 403-411.
32. Breier AF, Malhotra AK, Su TP et al. Leponex and risperidone in chronic schizophrenia : effects on symptoms, parkinsonian side effects and neuroendocrine response. Am J Psychiatr 1999 ; 156 : 294-298.
33. Brown CS, Markowitz JS, Moore TR, Parker NG. Atypical antipsychotics : adverse effects, drug interactions and cost. Ann Pharmacother 1999 ; 33 : 210-217.
34. Burkhard PR, Vingerhoets FJ, Alberque C, Landis T. Olanzapine induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999 ; 56 : 101-102.
35. Bymaster F, Rasmussen K, Calligaro DO et al. In vitro and in vivo biochemistry of olanzapine. J Clin Psychiatry 1997, 58 (suppl 10) : 28-33.
36. Bymaster F, Perry KW, Nelson DL et al. Olanzapine : a basic science update. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 : 36-40.
37. Canadian cognition and outcome study group. Neuropsychological change in early phase schizophrenia over twelve months of treatment with olanzapine, risperidone or haloperidol. Schizophren Res 1998 ; 29 : 152.
38. Carlsson A, Hansson LO, Waters N, Carlsson ML. A glutamatergic deficiency model of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 (suppl 37) : 2-6.
39. Carriere P, Bonhomme D, Lemperiere T. Amisulpride has a superior benefit/risk profile to haloperidol in schizophrenia : results of a multicentre, double blind study. Eur Psychiatry 2000 ; 15 : 321-329.
40. Casey DE. Relationship of pharmacology to side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 1997 ; 58 : 55-62.
41. Chabannes JP, Pelissolo A, Farah S, Gerard D. Evaluation of efficacy and tolerance of amisulpride in treatment of schizophrenic psychosis. Encephale 1998 ; XXIV : 386-392.
42. Chouinard G, Jones B, Remington G et al. Etude multicentrique canadienne contrôlée contre placebo de la rispéridone à doses fixes et de l'halopéridol dans le traitement de la schizophrénie chronique. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993 ; 13 : 25-40.
43. Chouinard G, Kopala L, Labelle A, Beauclair L, Johnson SV, Singh KI. Etude clinique multicentrique de phase IV : rispéridone dans le traitement de la schizophrénie chez des patients en ambulatoire. Rev Can Psy 1998 ; 43 : 1018-1025.
44. Ciaparelli A, Dell'osso L, Pini S, Chiavacci MC, Fenzi M, Cassano GB. Leponex for treatment refractory schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and psychotic bipolar disorder : a 24 month naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 329-334.
45. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Adverse effects of the atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 17-22.
46. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Assesment of EPS and tardive dyskinesia in clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 23-27.
47. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Clinical development of atypical antipsychotics : research design and evaluation. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 10-16.
48. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Measuring outcome in schizophrenia : differences among the atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 3-9.
49. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Treatment of special populations with the atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 46-55.
50. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Assessing the effects of atypical antipsychotics on negative symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 28-34.
51. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Atypical antipsychotics for treatment of depression in schizophrenia and affective disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 41-45.
52. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Evaluating the effects of antipsychotics on cognition in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 35-40.
53. Coll. Olanzapine, un neuroleptique à surveiller. Rev Prescrire 1999 ; 19 (196) : 411-415.
54. Coll. Diabète sous neuroleptiques. Rev Prescrire 2001 ; 21 (223) : 834.
55. Coll. Myocardite due à la clozapine. Rev Prescrire 2001 ; 21 (214) : 123.
56. Colonna L, Guerault E, Turjanski S. Long term study of amisulpride in the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1997 ; 42 : 181-182.
57. Colonna L, Saleem P, Dondey-Nouvel L, Rein W. Long term safety and efficacy of amisulpride in subchronic or chronic schizophrenia. Amisulpride study group. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000 ; 5 : 13-22.
58. Conley RR, Carpenter WT Jr, Tamminga CA. Time to Leponex response in a standardized trial. Am J Psychiatr 1997 ; 154 : 1243-1247.
59. Conley RR, Kelly DL, Gale EA. Olanzapine compared with chlorpromazine in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr 1998 ; 155 : 914-920.
60. Conley RR. Risperidone side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 20-23.
61. Conley RR and Meltzer HY. Adverse events related to olanzapine. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 26-30.
62. Conley RR, Mahmoud R. A randomized double blind study of Risperidone and Olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatr 2001 ; 158 : 765-774
63. Costentin J. Réceptologie des psychoses : systèmes dopaminergiques. Lett Pharmacol 1997 ; 11 (suppl 10) : 4-10.
64. Coukell AJ, Spencer CM, Benfield P. Amisulpride : bilan de ses propriétés pharmacodynamiques et pharmacocinétiques et de son efficacité thérapeutique dans la prise en charge de la schizophrénie. CNS Drugs 1996 ; 6 (3) : 237-256.
65. Coulouvrat C, Dondey-Nouvel L. Safety of amisulpride : a review of 11 clinical studies. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1999 ; 14 : 209-218.
66. Crook JM, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Copolov DL et al. Low muscarinic receptor binding in prefrontal cortex from subjects with schizophrenia : a study of Broadmann's areas 8, 9, 10 and 46 and the effects of neuroleptic drug treatment. Am J Psychiatr 2001 ; 158 : 918-925.
67. Csernansky J. Risperidone versus haloperidol for prevention of relapse in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders : a long terme double-blind comparison. Poster 11 th Congress of Psychiatry 1999, Hambourg.
68. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Zarzuela A. Effects of Olanzapine and other antipsychotics on cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia : a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Res 2001 ; 48 : 17-28.
69. Czekalla J, Beasley CM, Dellva MA et al. Analysis of the QTc interval during Olanzapine treatment of patients with schhophrenia and related psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 2001 ; 62 : 191-198.
70. Danion JM, Rein W, Fleurot O. Improvment of schizophrenic patients with primary negative symptoms treated with amisulpride. Am J Psychiatr 1999 ; 156 : 610-616.
71. Danion JM. Fonctions cognitives et schizophrénie : qu'apportent les neuroleptiques atypiques ? In : Olié JP, Dalery J, Azorin JM. Médicaments antipsychotiques : évolution ou révolution ? Ed Acanthe, Paris : 2001 : 289-306.
72. David S. Prolactin levels in olanzapine versus typical and atypical antipsychotics. Schizophren Res 1998 ; 29 : 152.
73. Davydov L, Botts FR. Leponex induced hypersalivation. Ann Pharmacother 2000 ; 34 : 662-665.
74. De Beauchamp I. Observance des traitements : présentation d'une enquête. Symposium Premières Journées de Psychiatrie pour les Pharmaciens Hospitaliers, Paris, 18 et 19 mai 2001.
75. Duggan L, Fenton M, Dardennes RM, El-Dosoky A, Indran S. Olanzapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane database. Syst Rev 2000 ; 2 : CD 001359.
76. Ereshefsky L. Pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic considerations in choosing an antipsychotic. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 : 20-30.
77. Fleischhacker WW. Leponex : a comparaison with other novel antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 (suppl 12) : 30-34.
78. Fleming K. Dissociation of improvment in neurocognition and negative symptomatology with olanzapine and leponex. Schizophrenia Res 1999 ; 36 : 1-3.
79. Freeman HL. Amisulpride compared with standard neuroleptics in acute exacerbations of schizophrenia : three efficacy studies. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997 ; 12 : 11-17.
80. Fulton B, Goa KL. Olanzapine. Drugs 1997 ; 53 : 281-298.
81. Gauillard J. Le passage des neuroleptiques classiques aux antipsychotiques atypiques : pourquoi ? pour qui ? comment ? exemple de l'olanzapine. Nervure 1998 ; 6 : 7-10.
82. Gallhofer B, Bauer U, Lis S et al. Cognitive dysfonction in schizophrenia : comparison of treatment with atypical antipsychotic agents and conventinal neuroleptic drugs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996 ; S2 : 13-20.
83. Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P et al. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia : systematic overview and metaregression analysis. Br Med J 2000 ; 321 : 1371-1376.
84. Gilbody SM, Bagnall AM, Duggan L, Tuunainen A. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane database. Syst Rev 2000 ; 3 : CD 002306.
85. Gillet G. Amisulpride does not inhibit cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. Poster 13 th E.C.N.P. Congress 2000, Munich.
86. Gomez JC, Sacristan JA, Hernandez J et al. The safety of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotic drugs : results of an observational prospective study in patients with schizophrenia (EFESO) . J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 335-343.
87. Gotti C, Fornasari D, Clementi F. Human neuronal nicotinic receptors. Prog Neurobiol 1997 ; 53 : 199-237.
88. Green MF, Marshall BD Jr, Wirshing WC et al. Does risperidone improve verbal working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatr 1997 ; 154 : 799-804.
89. Guille C, Sachs GS, Ghaemi SN. A naturalistic comparaison of Leponex, risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 638-642.
90. Gury C. Antipsychotiques et sécurité cardiovasculaire : données actuelles sur les allongements de l'espace QT. Encephale 2000 ; XXVI : 62-72.
91. Hagger C, Buckley P, Kenny JT, Friedman L, Ubogy D, Meltzer HY. Improvment in cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms in treatment refractory schizophrenic patients receiving Leponex. Biol Psychiatry 1993 ; 34 : 702-712.
92. Hamon M. Sérotonine et schizophrénie. Lett Pharmacol 1997 ; 11 (suppl 10) : 11-17.
93. Hamon M. Les cibles pertinentes de l'activité antipsychotique. Halopsy 2001, 26 : 19-24.
94. Harrison PJ. Neurochemical alterations in schizophrenia affecting the putative receptor targets of atypical antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 (suppl 38) : 12-22.
95. Herrick-Davis K, Grinde E, Teitler M. Inverse agonist activity of atypical antipsychotic drugs at human 5 HT2C receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000 ; 295 : 226-232.
96. Ho Beng-Choon, Miller D, Nopoulos P, Andreasen N. A comparative effectiveness study of Risperidone and Olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 : 658-663.
97. Hoff AL, Faustman WO, Wieneke M et al. The effects of Leponex on symptoms reduction, neurocognitive function, and clinical management in treatment refractory state hospital schizophrenic inpatients. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996 ; 15 : 361-369.
98. Hsien-Yuan Lane, Wei-Che Chiu, James C-Chou, Shaw-Tein Wu, Muh-Hwan Su, Wen-Ho Chang. Risperidone in acutely exacerbated schizophrenia : dosing strategies and plasma levels. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 209-214.
99. Ichikawa J, Ishii H, Bonaccorso S et al. 5-HT2a and D2 receptor blockade increases cortical DA release via 5-HT1a receptor activation : a possible mechanism of atypical antipsychotic-induced cortical dopamine release. J Neurochim 2001 ; 76 : 1521-1531.
100. Jacobs T, Tohen M, Gannon KS et al. Olanzapine versus placebo : antimanic effect and cognitive function in psychotic and non psychotic bipolar patients. Schizophr Res 1999 ; 36 : 1-3.
101. Jalenques I, Coudert AJ. Leponex et schizophrénies résistantes. Etude prospective à long terme chez vingt patients. Encephale 1994 ; XX : 767-775.
102. Jeste DV, Okamoto A, Napolitano J, Kane JM, Martinez RA. Low incidence of persistent tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients with dementia treated with risperidone. Am J Psychiatr 2000 ; 157 : 1150-1152.
103. Jolliet P et Bourin M. Pharmacologie des nouveaux antipsychotiques. Nervure 1998 ; 6 : 11-17.
104. Kane JM. What are the therapeutics needs in schizophrenia and how are they satisfied by new antipsychotics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997 ; 12 : 3-6.
105. Kane JM. Olanzapine in the long term treatment of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 : 26-29.
106. Kapur S, Remington G. Serotonin dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr 1996 ; 1534 : 466-476.
107. Kapur S, Remington G. Atypical antipsychotics : new directions and new challenges in the treatment of schizophrenia. Annu Rev Med 2001 ; 52 : 503-517.
108. Kasper S. Risperidone and olanzapine : optimal dosing for efficacy and tolerability in patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998 ; 13 : 253-262.
109. Kasper S, Rosillon D, Duchesne I. Risperidone, Olanzapine drug outcomes studies in schizophrenia (RODOS) : efficacy and tolerability results of an international naturalistic study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001 ; 16 : 179-187.
110. Keck PE Jr, Wilson DR, Strakowski SM et al. Clinical predictor of acute risperidone response in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and psychotic mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1995 ; 56 : 466-470.
111. Keks N, Mazumdar P, Steele K. The new antipsychotics. How much better are they ? Aust Fam Physician 2000 ; 29 : 445-450.
112. Kennedy E, Song F, Hunter R, Clarke A, Gilbody S. Risperidone versus typical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane database. Syst Rev 2000 ; 2 : CD 000440.
113. Kinon BJ. Efficacité de l'olanzapine dans le traitement de l'agitation et des symptômes positifs chez des patients schizophrènes en phase aiguë. Poster WPA 26-30 juin 2000, Paris.
114. Kopala LC, Fredrikson D, Good KP, Honer WG. Efficacité de la rispéridone au cours du premier épisode psychotique chez des patients sans antécédents de traitement neuroleptique. Biol Psychiatry 1996 ; 39 : 296-298.
115. Kopala LC, Caudle C. Risperidone in first episode schizophrenia : improvment in symptoms and pre-existing extrapyramidal signs. Int J Psy Clin Pract 1998 ; 2 : 19-25.
116. Kopelowicz A, Zarate R, Tripodis K, Gonzalez V, Mintz J. Differential efficacy of olanzapine for deficit and nondeficit negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr 2000 ; 157 : 987-993.
117. Krebs MO. Systèmes glutamatergiques et psychose. La lettre du Pharmacologue 1997 ; 11 : 18-22.
118. Lader M. Some adverse effects of antipsychotics : prevention and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 : 18-21.
119. Lecrubier Y, Benkert O, Kasper S et al. Amisulpride versus Risperidone in schizophrenia : comparing clinical and functional outcome in a 6 month study. Poster 39 th congress ACNP, San Juan, Puerto Rico 2000.
120. Legangneux E, McEwen J, Wesnes KA et al. The acute effects of amisulpride 50 mg and 200 mg and haloperidol 2 mg on cognitive function in healthy elderly volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2000 ; 14 : 164-171.
121. Lemmens P, Brecher M, Van Baelen B. A combinated analysis of double blind studies with risperidone versus placebo and other antipsychotic agents : factors associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Acta Psych Scand 1999 ; 99 : 160-170.
122. Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Abraham D, Kissling W. Efficacy and extrapyramidal side effects of the new antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and sertindole compared to conventional antipsychotics and placebo. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophren Res 1999 ; 35 : 51-68.
123. Levron J.C. Synopsis de l'activité pharmacologique de la rispéridone. Halopsy 2001, 26 : 4-5.
124. Leweke FM, Giuffrida A, Wurster U, Emrich H.M, Piomelli D. Elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 1999, 10 : 1665-1669.
125. Leysen JE, Janssen PMF, Heylen H, Gommeren W. Receptor interactions of new antipsychotics : relation to pharmacodynamic and clinical effects. Int J Psych Clin Pract 1998 ; 2 (suppl 1) : 3-17.
126. Liebzeit KA, Markowitz JS, Caley CF. New onset diabetes and atypical antipsychotics. Eur Neuropharmacology 2001 ; 11 : 25-32.
127. Lindenmayer JP, Iskander A, Park M et al. Clinical and neurocognitive effects of leponex and risperidone in treatment refractory schizophrenic patients : a prospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59 : 521-527.
128. Lindenmayer JP, Nathan AM, Smith RC. Hyperglycemia associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2001 ; 62 (suppl 23) : 30-38.
129. Llorca PM, Lancon C, Farisse J, Scotto JC. Leponex and negative symptoms. An open study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2000 ; 24 : 373-384.
130. Loo H, Poirier-Littre MF, Theron M, Rein W, Fleurot O. Amisulpride versus placebo in the medium-term treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1997 ; 170 : 18-22.
131. Marder SR. La rispéridone dans le traitement de la schizophrénie. Am J Psychiatr 1994 ; 151 : 825-835.
132. Marder SR, Davis JM, Chouinard G. Effets de la rispéridone sur les cinq dimensions symplomatiques de la schizophrénie dérivées par une analyse factorielle : résultats combinés des études nord-américaines. J Clin Psychiatry 1997 ; 58 : 538-546.
133. Marder SR. An approach to treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 : 19-22.
134. Martin A. L'amisulpride dans le traitement des symptômes positifs de la schizophrénie. Nervure 1999 ; 4 : 1-5.
135. Masand PS. Side effects of antipsychotics in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 43-49.
136. Masand PS, Berry SL. Switching antipsychotic therapies. Ann Pharmacother 2000 ; 34 : 200-207.
137. Masand PS. Weight gain associated with psychotropic drugs. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2000 ; 1 : 377-389.
138. McGrath J, Emmerson WB. Treatment of schizophrenia. Br Med J 1999 ; 319 : 1045-1048.
139. McGurck SR. The effects of Leponex on cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 (suppl 12) : 24-29.
140. McIntyre RS, McCann SM, Kennedy SH. Antipsychotic metabolic effects : weight gain, diabetes mellitus, and lipid abnormalities. Can J Psychiatry 2001 ; 46 (3) : 273-281.
141. McKay FJ, Wilton LV, Pearce GL, Freemantle SN, Mann RD. The safety of risperidone : a post-marketing study on 7684 patients. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 1998 ; 13 : 413-418.
142. Melkerson KI, Hulting AL. Insulin and leptin levels in patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses : a comparaison between different antipsychotic agents. Psychopharmacology 2001 ; 154 : 205-212.
143. Meltzer HY et McGurck SR. The effects of Leponex, Risperidone and Olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizoph Bull 1999 ; 25 : 233-255.
144. Miller DD. Review and management of Leponex side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 14-17.
145. Mir S, Taylor D. Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycemia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001 ; 16 : 63-73.
146. Moller HJ, Boyer P, Fleurot O, Rein W. Amélioration des phases d'exacerbation aiguē de la schizophrénie par l'amisulpride : comparaison à l'halopéridol. Psychopharmacology 1997 ; 132 : 396-401.
147. Moller HJ, Bauml J, Ferrero F et al. Traitement au long cours de la schizophrénie chronique par la rispéridone : étude multicentrique en ouvert, portant sur 386 patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998 ; 13 : 99-103.
148. Moller HJ. Amisulpride : a review of its efficacy in schizophrenia. Acta Psych Scand 2000 ; 400 : 17-22.
149. Montastruc JL. Syndrome malin des neuroleptiques et syndrome sérotoninergique : diagnostics positifs et différentiels et étiologies médicamenteuses. Lett Pharmacol 2000 ; 14 : 164-169.
150. Moore NA. Behavioural pharmacology of the new generation of antipsychotic agents. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 (suppl 38) : 5-11.
151. Murray RR, Schooler NR. Novel antipsychotic : use in schizophrenia (Academic Highlights). J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 223-232.
152. Naber D. Optimizing Leponex treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 : 35-38.
153. Naja WJ, Reneric JP, Bouvard MP. Neuroleptiques atypiques chez l'enfant et l'adolescent. Encephale 1998 ; XXIV : 378-385.
154. Paillere-Martinot ML, Lecrubier Y, Martinot JL, Aubin F. Amélioration de certains symptômes déficitaires de la schizophrénie avec de faibles doses d'amisulpride. Am J Psychiatr 1995 ; 152 : 130-133.
155. Patat A, Rosenzweig P, Miget N, Allain H, Gandon JM. Effects of 50 mg amisulpride on EEG, psychomotor and cognitive functions in healthy sleep deprived subjects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1999 ; 13 : 582-594.
156. Peretti CS, Danion JM, Kauffmann-Muller F, Grange D, Patat A, Rosenzweig P. Effects of haloperidol and amisulpride on motor and cognitive skill learning in healthy volunteer. Psychopharmacology 1997 ; 131 : 329-338.
157. Peuskens J. Risperidone in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia : a multi national multicentre double blind parallele group study versus haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry 1995 ; 166 : 712-726.
158. Peuskens J, Bech P, Moller HJ, Bale R, Fleurot O, Rein W. Amisulpride versus risperidone in the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia. Amisulpride study group. Psychiatry Res 1999 ; 88 : 107-117.
159. Procyshyn RM, Zerjav S. Drug utilization patterns and outcome associated with in hospital treatment with risperidone and olanzapine. Clin Ther 1998 ; 20 : 1203-1217.
160. Puech A, Fleurot O, Rein W. Amisulpride, an atypical antipsychotic in the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia : a dose-ranging study versus haloperidol. Acta Psych Scand 1998 ; 98 : 65-72.
161. Rabinowitz J, Lichtenberg P, Kaplan Z et al. Rehospitalization rates of chronically ill schizophrenic patients discharged on a regimen of risperidone, olanzapine or conventional antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatr 2001 ; 158 : 266-269.
162. Ramaekers JG, Louwerens JW, Muntjewerff ND et al. Psychomotor, cognitive, extrapyramidal, and affective functions of healthy volunteers during treatment with an atypical (amisulpride) and a classic (haloperidol) antipsychotic. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999 ; 19 : 209-221.
163. Raymondet P, Bottai T, Dassa D, Durelle G, Maurel-Raymondet M. La rispéridone en pratique quotidienne. Nervure 1998 ; 11 (8) : 1-9.
164. Reggiani K, Vandel P, Haffen E, Sechter D, Bizouard P, Vandel S. Effets indésirables extrapyramidaux des neuroleptiques et antidépresseurs, recherche de facteurs de risque : rôle du polymorphisme génétique du CYP2D6. Encéphale 2000 ; XXVI : 62-67.
165. Rein W et Turjanski S. Clinical update on amisulpride in deficit schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997 ; 12 : 19-27.
166. Rein W, Coulouvrat C, Dondey-Nouvel L. Safety profile of amisulpride in short and long term use. Acta Psych Scand 2000 ; 400 : 23-27.
167. Remington G and Kapur S. Atypical antipsychotics : are some more atypical than others. Psychopharmacology 2000 ; 148 : 3-15.
168. Richard D, Senon JL, Azarias P. Dossier antipsychotiques : les molécules atypiques. Mon Hosp 1997 ; 100 : 34-46.
169. Richelson E. Receptor pharmacology of neuroleptics : relation to clinical effects. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 (suppl 10) : 5-14.
170. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir JMJ et al. Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatr 1999 ; 156 : 544-549.
171. Sanders RD, Mossman D. An Open trial of olanzapine inpatients with treatment refractory psychoses. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999 ; 19 : 62-66.
172. Sanger TM. Olanzapine vs placebo in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Schizophren Res 1998 ; 29 : 152.
173. Sanger TM. Olanzapine vs placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Schizophren Res 1998 ; 29 : 152.
174. Sanger TM, Lieberman JA, Tohen M, Grundy S, Beasley C Jr, Tollefson GD. Olanzapine versus haloperidol treatment in first episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatr 1999 ; 156 : 79-87.
175. Scatton B, Claustre Y, Cudennec A et al. Amisulpride : from animal pharmacology to therapeutic action. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997 ; 12 : 29-37.
176. Sciolla A. Use of antipsychotics in the elderly. Int J Psy Clin Pract 1998 ; 2 : 27-34.
177. Sharma T. Cognitive effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 : 44-51.
178. Sharma T. Effects of antipsychotic agents on cognitive function in schizophrenia. CPNS Inv Drugs 2000 ; 2 : 40-44.
179. Sokoloff P. Rationaliser l'effet d'un antipsychotique. Encephale 1999 ; XXIV (suppl IV) : 50-52.
180. Soubrouillard C, Blin O. Systèmes noradrénergiques et schizophrénie. Lett Pharmacol 1997 ; 11 (suppl 10) : 23-28.
181. Stahl SM. Selecting an atypical antipsychotic by combining clinical experience with guidelines from clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 : 31-41.
182. Stahl SM. «Hit and Run »actions at dopamine receptors, part 1, mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2001 ; 62 (9) : 670-671.
183. Stahl SM. Dopamine system stablizers, aripiprazole, and the next generation of antipsychotics, part 1. J Clin Psychiatry 2001 ; 62 (11) : 841-842.
184. Stanniland C and Taylor D. Tolerability of atypical antipsychotics. Drug Saf 2000 ; 22 : 195-214.
185. Stephenson CM, Pilowski LS et al. Psychopharmacology of olanzapine. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 : 52-58.
186. Street J, Clark WS, Mitan S et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of psychiatric disturbances associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1999 ; 52 : 396-397.
187. Tamminga C. Glutamatergic aspects of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 (suppl 37) : 12-15.
188. Tandon R. Antipsychotics from theory to practice. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 (suppl 8) : 21-30.
189. Tandon R. Cholinergic aspects of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 (suppl 37) : 7-11.
190. Tassin JP. Schizophrénie et neurotransmission. In : Dalery J, D'Amato T. La Schizophrénie. Ed Masson, Paris : Médecine et psychothérapie, 1999 : 149-169.
191. Tassin JP. Réceptologie chez l'animal in vitro et in vivo : la cascade monoaminergique. In : Olié JP, Dalery J, Azorin JM. Médicaments antipsychotiques : évolution ou révolution ? Ed Acanthe, Paris : 2001 : 93-108.
192. Tohen M, Sanger TM, McElroy SL et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzapine HGEH sudy group. Am J Psychiatr 1999 ; 156 : 702-709.
193. Tohen M, Jacobs TG, Grundy SL et al. Long term olanzapine treatment cognitive and mood improvment in psychotic and nonpsychotic manic patients. Schizophrenia Res 1999 ; 36 : 1-3.
194. Tohen M, Jacobs TG, Grundy SL et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania. A double blind placebo controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000 ; 57 : 841-849.
195. Tollefson GD, Beasley CM Jr, Tamura RN, Tran PV, Potvin JH. Olanzapine versus haloperidol dans le traitement de la schizophrénie et des troubles schizo-affectifs et schizophréniformes. Am J Psychiatr 1997 ; 154 : 457-465.
196. Tollefson GD, Sanger TM, Beasley CM, Tran PV. Blind, controlled, long term study of the comparative incidence of treatment emmergent tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine and haloperidol. Am J Psychiatr 1997 ; 154 : 1248-1254.
197. Tollefson GD, Sanger TM, Lu Y, Thieme ME. Depressive signs and symptoms in schizophrenia : a prospective blinded trial of olanzapine vs haloperidol. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998 ; 55 : 250-258.
198. Tollefson GD, Kuntz AJ. Review of recent clinical studies with olanzapine. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 : 30-35.
199. Tollefson GD, Birkett MA, Kiesler GM et al. Double blind comparison of olanzapine versus clozapine in schizophrenic patients clinically eligible for treatment with clozapine. Biol Psychiatry 2001 ; 49 : 52-63.
200. Tran PV. Double-blind comparaison of Olanzapine versus Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997 ; 17 : 407-418.
201. Tran PV, Tollefson GD, Sanger TM, Lu Y, Berg PH, Beasley CM Jr. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder. Acute and long term therapy. Br J Psychiatry 1999 ; 174 : 15-22.
202. Trugman JM. Leponex and tardive dystonia. Mov disord 1994 ; 9 : 441-446.
203. Turetz M, Mozes T, Toren P et al. An open trial of Leponex in neuroleptic-resistant childhood onset schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1997 ; 170 : 507-510.
204. Tuunainen A, Wahlbeck K, Gilbody SM. Newer atypical antipsychotic medication versus Leponex for schizophrenia. Cochrane database. Syst Rev 2000 ; 2 : CD 000966.
205. Wagstaff AJ. Leponex. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in patients with schizophrenia who are unresponsive to or intolerant of classical antipsychotic agents. CNS Drugs 1995 ; 4 : 370-400.
206. Wahlbeck K, Cheine M, Tuisku K, Ahokas A, Joffe G, Rimon R. Leponex versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane database. Syst Rev 2000 ; 3 : CD 002306.
207. Wetterling T. Bodyweight gain with atypical antipsychotics. A comparative review. Drug Safety 2001 ; 24 : 59-73.
208. Wetzel H, Grunder G, Hillert A et al. Amisulpride versus jlupentixol in schizophrenia with predominantly positive symptomatology - a double blind controlled study comparing a selective D2-like antagonist to a mixed D1/D2 like antagonist. Psychopharmacology 1998 ; 137 : 223-232.
209. Wirshing DA, Marshall BD Jr, Green MF, Mintz J, Marder SR, Wirshing WC. Risperidone in treatment refractory schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatr 1999 ; 156 : 1374-1379.
210. Wirshing DA, Wirshing WC, Kysar L et al. Novel antipsychotics : comparaison of weight gain liabilities. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60 : 358-363.
211. Woods SW, Stolar M. Consistency of atypical antipsychotic superiority to placebo in recent clinical trials. Biol Psychiatry 2001 ; 49 : 64-70.
212. Young CR, Bowers MB Jr, Mazure CM. Management of the adverse effects of Leponex. Schizophr Bull 1998 ; 24 : 381-390.
213. Zarate CA. Antipsychotic drug side effect issues in bipolar manic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 ; 61 : 52-61.