Topical anesthesia verses distraction for infants' immunization distress: Evaluation with 6-month follow-up

Children's Health Care

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 103-121

  Cohen, Lindsey L ^a   Bernard, Rebecca S ^b   McClellan, Catherine B ^c   Piazza Waggoner, Carrie ^d   Taylor, Brandie K ^e   MacLaren, Jill E ^e  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^d Children's Medical Center   (United States)

^e WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMLA; POLYURETHAN;

ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NURSE; PARENT; PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TOPICAL ANESTHESIA;

EID: 33748048492     PISSN: 02739615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15326888chc3502_1     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Alexander, J., & Manno, M. (2003). Underuse of analgesia in very young pediatric patients with isolated painful injuries. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 41, 617-622.
2. Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Moher, D., Egger, M., Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., et al. (2001). The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 663-694.
3. Anand, K. J. S., & Craig, K. D. (1996). New perspectives on the definition of pain. Pain, 67, 3-6.
4. Arts, S. E., Abu-Saad, H. H., Champion, G. D., Crawford, M. R., Fisher, R. J., Juniper, K. H., et al. ( 1994). Age-related response to lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) emulsion and effect of music distraction on the pain of intravenous cannulation. Pediatrics, 93, 797-801.
5. Bellieni, C. V., Buonocore, G., Nenci, A., Franci, N., Cordelli, D. M., & Bagnoli, F. (2001). Sensorial saturation: An effective analgesic tool for heel-prick in preterm infants; A prospective randomized trial. Biology of the Neonate, 80, 15-18.
6. Blass, E. M., & Watt, L. B. (1999). Suckling- and sucrose-induced analgesia in human newborns. Pain, 83, 611-623.
7. Blount, R. L., Piira, T., & Cohen, L. L. (2003). Management of pediatric pain and distress due to medical procedures. In M. C. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (3rd. ed. pp. 216-233). New York: Guilford.
8. Buckley, M. M., & Benfield, P. (1993). Eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine cream: A review of the topical anaesthetic/analgesic efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA). Drugs, 46, 126-151.
9. Cohen, L. L. (2002). Reducing infant immunization distress through distraction. Health Psychology, 27, 207-211.
10. Cohen, L. L., Blount, R. L., Cohen, R. J., Schaen, E. R., & Zaff, J. (1999). Comparative study of distraction versus topical anesthesia for pediatric pain management during immunizations. Health Psychology, 18, 591-598.
11. Cohen, L. L., Blount, R. L., & Panopoulos, G. (1997). Nurse coaching and cartoon distraction: An effective and practical intervention to reduce child, parent, and nurse distress during immunizations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 355-370.
12. Craig, K. D., McMahon, R. J., Morison, J. D., & Zaskow, C. (1984). Developmental changes in infant pain expression during immunization injections. Social Science in Medicine, 19, 1331-1337.
13. Dahlquist, L. M., Gil, K., Armstrong, D., DeLawyer, D., Greene, P., & Wouri, D. (1986). Preparing children for medical examinations: The importance of previous medical experience. Health Psychology, 5, 249-259.
14. Dahlquist, L. M., Pendley, J. S., Landthrip, D. S., Jones, C. L., & Steuber, C. P. (2002). Distraction intervention for preschoolers undergoing intramuscular injections and subcutaneous port access. Health Psychology, 21, 94-99.
15. Essink-Tjebbes, C. M., Hekster, Y. A., Liem, K. D., & van Dongen, R. T. (1999). Topical use of local anesthetics in neonates. Pharmacy World and Science, 21, 173-176.
16. Faul, F., & Erdfelder, E. (1992). GPOWER: A priori, post-hoc, and compromise power analyses for MS DOS [Computer program]. Bonn, Germany: Bonn University, Department of Psychology.
17. Feldman, R. (1998). Child development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
18. Field, T. (1999). Sucking and massage therapy reduce stress during infant. In M. Lewis & D. Ramsay (Eds.), Soothing and stress (pp. 157-169). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
19. Finley, G. A., & McGrath, P. J. (Eds.). (1998). Measurement of pain in infants and children: Vol. 10. Progress in pain research and management. Seattle, WA: International Association for the Study of Pain.
20. Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York: Wiley.
21. Frank, N. C., Blount, R. L., Smith, A. J., Manimala, M. R., & Martin, J. K. (1995). Parent and staff behavior, previous child medical experience, and maternal anxiety as they relate to child procedural distress and coping. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 277-289.
22. Fuller, B. F. (2002). Infant gender differences regarding acute established pain. Clinical Nursing Research, 11, 190-203.
23. Guinsburg, R., de Araujo Peres, C., Branco de Almeide, M. F., de Cassia Xavier Balda, R., Cassia Berenguel, R., Tonelotto, J., et al. (2000). Differences in pain expression between male and female newborn infants. Pain, 85, 127-133.
24. Halperin, S. A., McGrath, P., Smith, B., & Houston, T. (2000). Lidocaine-prilocaine patch decreases the pain associated with the subcutaneous administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine but does not adversely affect the antibody response. Journal of Pediatrics, 136, 789-794.
25. Izard, C. E., Hembree, E. A., Dougherty, L. M., & Spizzirri, C. C. (1983). Changes in facial expressions of 2- to 19-month-old infants following acute pain. Developmental Psychology, 3, 418-426.
26. Joyce, B. A., Keck, J. F., & Gerkensmeyer, J. (2001). Evaluation of pain management interventions for neonatal circumcision pain. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 15, 105-114.
27. Koren, G. (1993). Use of the eutectic mixture of local anesthetics in young children for procedure-related pain. The Journal of Pediatrics, 122, S30-S35.
28. Larsson, B. A. (1999). Pain management in neonates. Acta Paediatrica, 88, 1301-1310.
29. Lewis, M., & Thomas, D. A. (1990). Developmental organization, stress, and illness. Psychological Science, 1, 316-318.
30. Lilly, C. M., Craig, K. D., & Grunau, R. E. (1997). The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: Developmental changes in facial action. Pain, 72, 161-170.
31. Linn, V., Wiklund, U., & Hakansson, S. (2000). Assessment of the effect of EMLA during venipuncture in the newborn by analysis of heart rate variability. Pain, 86, 247-254.
32. Manimala, M., Blount, R. L., & Cohen, L. L. (2000). The influence of parental reassurance and distraction on children's reactions to an aversive medical procedure. Children's Health Care, 29, 161-177.
33. Masters-Harte, L. D., & Abdel-Rahman, S. M. (2001). Sucrose analgesia for minor procedures in newborn infants. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 35, 947-952.
34. McGrath, P. A. (1990). Pain in children: Nature, assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford.
35. McGrath, P. A. (1991). Intervention and management. In J. P. Bush & S. W. Harkins (Eds.), Children in pain: Clinical and research issues from a developmental perspective (pp. 83-115). New York: Springer-Verlag.
36. McGrath, P., Johnson, G., Goodman, J. T., Schillinger, J., Dunn, J., & Chapman, J. (1985). CHEOPS: A behavioral scale for rating postoperative pain in children. In H. L. Fields, R. Dubner, & F. Cervero (Eds.), Advances in pain research and therapy (Vol. 9, pp. 395-401). New York: Raven.
37. Porter, F. L., Grunau, R. E., & Anand, K. J. (1999). Long-term effects of pain in infants. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20, 253-261.
38. Powers, S. W. (1999). Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Procedure-related pain. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 24, 131-145.
39. Rosmus, C., Johnston, C. C., Chan-Yip, A., & Yang, F. (2000). Pain response in Chinese and non-Chinese Canadian infants: Is there a difference? Social Science Medicine, 51, 175-184.
40. Ruda, M. A., Ling, Q., Hohmann, A., Peng, Y. B., & Tachibana, T. (2000). Altered nocioceptive neuronal circuits after neonatal peripheral inflammation. Science, 289, 628-631.
41. Stevens, B. J., & Franck, L. S. (2001). Assessment and management of pain in neonates. Pediatric Drugs, 3, 539-558.
42. Stevens, B., Johnston, C., Taddio, A., Jack, A., Narciso, J., Stremler, R., et al. (1999). Management of pain from heel lance with lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) cream: Is it safe and efficacious in preterm infants? Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20, 216-221.
43. Stevens, B., Yamada, J., & Ohlsson, A. (2004). Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. In The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3.
44. Stinson, J. N., McGrath, P. J., & Yamada, J. T. (2003). Clinical trials in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology: Applying the CONSORT statement. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 159-167.
45. Taddio, A., Goldbach, M., Ipp, M., Stevens, B., & Koren, G. (1995). Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys. Lancet, 345, 291-292.
46. Taddio, A. Katz, J., Ilersich, A. L., & Koren, G. (1997). Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet, 439, 599-603.
47. Taddio, A., Nulman, I., Goldbach, M., & Ipp, M. (1994). Use of lidocaine-prilocaine cream for vaccination pain in infants. Journal of Pediatrics, 124, 643-648.
48. Taddio, A., Nulman, I., Koren, B. S., Stevens, B., & Koren, G. (1995). A revised measure of acute pain in infants. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 10, 456-463.
49. Taddio, A., Ohlsson, A., Einarson, T. R., Stevens, B., & Koren, G. (1998). A systematic review of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) in the treatment of acute pain in neonates. Pediatrics, 101(2), E1.
50. Varni, J. W., Walco, G. A., & Wilcox, K. T. (1990). Cognitive-biobehavioral assessment and treatment of pediatric pain. In A. M. Gross & R. S. Drabman (Eds.), Handbook of clinical behavioral pediatrics (pp. 83-97). New York: Plenum.