Effect of alcohol on risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Causality, bias, or a bit of both?

Vascular Health and Risk Management

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 239-249

  Emberson, Jonathan R ^a   Bennett, Derrick A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Coronary heart disease; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE; FIBRINOGEN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPID;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLISM; BEER; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONFOUNDING VARIABLE; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; HEALTH HAZARD; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; METHODOLOGY; MORTALITY; PATIENT SELECTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIOECONOMICS; STROKE; WINE;

EID: 33747798671     PISSN: 11766344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.239     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Beaglehole R, Jackson R. 1992. Alcohol, cardiovascular disease and all causes of death: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Drug Alcohol Rev, 11:175-89.
2. Berger K, Ajani UA, Kase CS, et al. 1999. Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among U.S. male physicians. N Engl J Med, 341:1557-64.
3. Bobak M, Marmot M. 1999. Alcohol and mortality in Russia: is it different than elsewhere? Ann Epidemiol, 9:335-8.
4. Bobak M, Skodova Z, Marmot M. 2000. Effect of beer drinking on risk of myocardial infarction: population based case-control study. BMJ, 320:1378-9.
5. Boffetta P, Garfinkel L. 1990. Alcohol drinking and mortality among men enrolled in an American Cancer Society prospective study. Epidemiology, 1:342-8.
6. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, et al. 2004. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev Med, 38:613-19.
7. Corrao G, Rubbiati L, Bagnardi V, et al. 2000. Alcohol and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Addiction, 95:1505-23.
8. Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. 2003. 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol, 32:1-22.
9. Di Castelnuovo A, Rotondo S, Iacoviello L, et al. 2002. Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation, 105:2836-44.
10. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, et al. 2005. Mortality in relation to alcohol consumption: a prospective study among male British doctors. Int J Epidemiol, 34:199-204.
11. Doll R, Peto R, Hall E, et al. 1994. Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ, 309:911-18.
12. Emberson JR, Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG, et al. 2005. Alcohol intake in middle age and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: accounting for intake variation over time. Am J Epidemiol, 161:856-63.
13. Farchi G, Fidanza F, Mariotti S, et al. 1992. Alcohol and mortality in the Italian rural cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Int J Epidemiol, 21:74-81.
14. Fillmore KM, Golding JM, Graves KL, et al. 1998. Alcohol consumption and mortality. I. Characteristics of drinking groups. Addiction, 93:183-203.
15. Fillmore KM, Kerr WC, Bostrom A. 2003. Changes in drinking status, serious illness and mortality. J Stud Alcohol, 64:278-85.
16. Flesch M, Schwarz A, Bohm M. 1998. Effects of red and white wine on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rat aorta and human coronary arteries. Am J Physiol, 275:H1183-90.
17. Foppa M, Fuchs FD, Preissler L, et al. 2002. Red wine with the noon meal lowers post-meal blood pressure: a randomized trial in centrally obese, hypertensive patients. J Stud Alcohol, 63:247-51.
18. Frankel EN, Kanner J, German JB, et al. 1993. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine. Lancet, 341:454-7.
19. Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. 1995. Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. N Engl J Med, 332:1245-50.
20. Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Breslow JL, et al. 1993. Moderate alcohol intake, increased levels of high-density lipoprotein and its subfractions, and decreased risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 329:1829-34.
21. Gronbaek M, Becker U, Johansen D, et al. 2000. Type of alcohol consumed and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cancer. Ann Int Med, 133:411-19.
22. Hendriks HF, Veenstra J, Velthuis-te Wierik EJ, et al. 1994. Effect of moderate dose of alcohol with evening meal on fibrinolytic factors. BMJ, 308:1003-6.
23. Hines LM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, et al. 2001. Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 344:549-55.
24. Iijima K, Yoshizumi M, Ouchi Y. 2002. Effect of red wine polyphenols on vascular smooth muscle cell function - molecular mechanism of the 'French paradox'. Mech Ageing Dev, 123:1033-9.
25. Iso H, Baba S, Mannami T, et al. 2004. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among middle-aged men: the JPHC Study Cohort I. Stroke, 35:1124-9.
26. Jackson R, Broad J, Connor J, et al. 2005. Alcohol and ischaemic heart disease: probably no free lunch. Lancet, 366:1911-12.
27. Kauhanen J, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DD, et al. 1997a. Frequent hangovers and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged men. Epidemiology, 8:310-14.
28. Kauhanen J, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, et al. 1997b. Beer binging and mortality: results from the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study, a prospective population based study. BMJ, 315:846-51.
29. Keil U, Chambless LE, Doring A, et al. 1997. The relation of alcohol intake to coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality in a beer-drinking population. Epidemiology, 8:150-6.
30. Kerr WC, Fillmore KM, Bostrom A. 2002. Stability of alcohol consumption over time: evidence from three longitudinal surveys from the United States. J Stud Alcohol, 63:325-33.
31. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. 1990. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in alcohol drinkers, ex-drinkers and non-drinkers. Am J Cardiol, 66:1237-42.
32. Langer RD, Criqui MH, Reed DM. 1992. Lipoproteins and blood pressure as biological pathways for effect of moderate alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease. Circulation, 85:910-15.
33. Lazarus NB, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, et al. 1991. Change in alcohol consumption and risk of death from all causes and from ischaemic heart disease. BMJ, 303:553-6.
34. Leon DA, Chenet L, Shkolnikov VM, et al. 1997. Huge variation in Russian mortality rates 1984-94: artefact, alcohol, or what? Lancet, 350:383-8.
35. Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, Nyboe J. 1994. Influence of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides on risk of cerebrovascular disease: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. BMJ, 309:11-15.
36. Maclure M. 1993. Demonstration of deductive meta-analysis: ethanol intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiol Rev, 15:328-51.
37. Marmot MG. 1984. Alcohol and coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol, 13:160-7.
38. Marmot MG, Elliott P, Shipley MJ, et al. 1994. Alcohol and blood pressure: the INTERSALT study. BMJ, 308:1263-7.
39. Marques-Vidal P, Ducimetiere P, Evans A, et al. 1996. Alcohol consumption and myocardial infarction: a case-control study in France and Northern Ireland. Am J Epidemiol, 143:1089-93.
40. McElduff P, Dobson AJ. 1997. How much alcohol and how often? Population based case-control study of alcohol consumption and risk of a major coronary event. BMJ, 314:1159-64.
41. McKee M, Shkolnikov V, Leon DA. 2001. Alcohol is implicated in the fluctuations in cardiovascular disease in Russia since the 1980s. Ann Epidemiol, 11:1-6.
42. Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, et al. 2003. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med, 348:109-18.
43. Mukamal KJ, Jensen MK, Gronbaek M, et al. 2005. Drinking frequency, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men. Circulation, 112:1406-13.
44. Murray RP, Connett JE, Tyas SL, et al. 2002. Alcohol volume, drinking pattern, and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: is there a U-shaped function? Am J Epidemiol, 155:242-8.
45. Naimi TS, Brown DW, Brewer RD, et al. 2005. Cardiovascular risk factors and confounders among nondrinking and moderate-drinking U.S. adults. Am J Prev Med, 28:369-73.
46. Pace-Asciak CR, Hahn S, Diamandis EP, et al. 1995. The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human platelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implications for protection against coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta, 235:207-19.
47. [PSC] Prospective Studies Collaboration. 2002. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet, 360:1903-13.
48. Puddey IB, Rakic V, Dimmitt SB, et al. 1999. Influence of pattern of drinking on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors - a review. Addiction, 94:649-63.
49. Rehm J, Greenfield TK, Rogers JD. 2001. Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, and all-cause mortality: results from the US National Alcohol Survey. Am J Epidemiol, 153:64-71.
50. Renaud S, de Lorgeril M. 1992. Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease. Lancet, 339:1523-6.
51. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al. 2003. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 289:579-88.
52. Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC, et al. 1991. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. Lancet, 338:464-8.
53. Rimm EB, Klatsky A, Grobbee D, et al. 1996. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits. BMJ, 312:731-6.
54. Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, et al. 1999. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ, 319:1523-8.
55. Sacks FM. 2002. The role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease: expert group recommendations. Am J Cardiol, 90:139-43.
56. Schroder H, Ferrandez O, Jimenez Conde J, et al. 2005. Cardiovascular risk profile and type of alcohol beverage consumption: a population-based study. Ann Nutr Metab, 49:100-6.
57. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. 2002. Case-control studies: research in reverse. Lancet, 359:431-4.
58. Shaper AG. 1990. Alcohol and mortality: a review of prospective studies. Br J Addict, 85:837-47; discussion 849-61.
59. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. 1988. A prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of coronary disease and stroke in women. N Engl J Med, 319:267-73.
60. Stranges S, Wu T, Dorn JM, et al. 2004. Relationship of alcohol drinking pattern to risk of hypertension: a population-based study. Hypertension, 44:813-19.
61. Suh I, Shaten BJ, Cutler JA, et al. 1992. Alcohol use and mortality from coronary heart disease: the role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Ann Int Med, 116:881-7.
62. Tanne D, Yaari S, Goldbourt U. 1997. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of ischemic stroke mortality. A 21-year follow-up of 8586 men from the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Stroke, 28:83-7.
63. Theobald H, Bygren LO, Carstensen J, et al. 2000. A moderate intake of wine is associated with reduced total mortality and reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease. J Stud Alcohol, 61:652-6.
64. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, et al. 1997. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med, 337:1705-14.
65. Trevisan M, Dorn J, Falkner K, et al. 2004. Drinking pattern and risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction: a population-based case-control study. Addiction, 99:313-22.
66. Trevisan M, Schisterman E, Mennotti A, et al. 2001. Drinking pattern and mortality: the Italian risk factor and life expectancy pooling project. Ann Epidemiol, 11:312-19.
67. Veenstra J, Ockhuizen T, van de Pol H, et al. 1990. Effects of a moderate dose of alcohol on blood lipids and lipoproteins postprandially and in the fasting state. Alcohol Alcohol, 25:371-7.
68. Wannamethee G, Shaper AG. 1988. Men who do not drink: a report from the British Regional Heart Study. Int J Epidemiol, 17:307-16.
69. Wannamethee G, Shaper AG. 1992. Alcohol and sudden cardiac death. Br Heart J, 68:443-8.
70. Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Shaper G, et al. 2003. The effects of different alcoholic drinks on lipids, insulin and haemostatic and inflammatory markers in older men. Thromb Haemost, 90:1080-7.
71. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. 1997. Lifelong teetotallers, ex-drinkers and drinkers: mortality and the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in middle-aged British men. Int J Epidemiol, 26:523-31.
72. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. 1999. Type of alcoholic drink and risk of major coronary heart disease events and all-cause mortality. Am J Public Health, 89:685-90.
73. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Ebrahim S. 2000. HDL-Cholesterol, total cholesterol, and the risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Stroke, 31:1882-8.
74. Wellmann J, Heidrich J, Berger K, et al. 2004. Changes in alcohol intake and risk of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality in the MONICA/ KORA-Augsburg cohort 1987-97. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 11:48-55.
75. Wood D, De Backer G, Faergeman O, et al. 1998. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention. Atherosclerosis, 140:199-270.
76. Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, et al. 2001. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension, 38:1112-17.
77. Yusuf PS, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. 2004. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet, 364:937-52.