Testosterone treatment comes of age: New options for hypogonadal men

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 275-281

  Nieschlag, Eberhard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANDROTOP; ESTRADIOL; ESTRODERM; ETONOGESTREL; FINASTERIDE; MESTEROLONE; NORETHISTERONE ENANTATE; SELECTIVE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; TESTOCUR; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE 4 BUTYLCYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLATE; TESTOSTERONE ENANTATE; TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE; TRESTOLONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BLISTER; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTRACEPTION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG IMPLANT; DRUG PELLET; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ERYTHEMA; GEL; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TUMOR; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PURPURA; REVIEW; SKIN IRRITATION; SUSTAINED RELEASE PREPARATION; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADULT; AGED; AGING; CHEEK; GELS; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPOGONADISM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SCROTUM; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 33747356206     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: 13652265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02618.x     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Berthold, A.A. (1849) Transplantation der Hoden. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 42-46.
2. Pézard, A. (1912) Sur la détermination des caractères sexuels secondaires chez les gallinaceés. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Science, 154, 1183-1186.
3. Moore, C.R., Gallagher, T.F. & Koch, F. (1929) The effects of extracts of testis in correcting the castrated condition in the fowl and in the mammal. Endocrinology, 13, 367.
4. David, K., Dingemanse, E., Freud, J. & Laqueur, E. (1935) Über krystallinisches männliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron), wirksamer als aus Harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie, 233, 281-282.
5. Butenandt, A. & Hanisch, G. (1935) Über Testosteron. Umwandlung des Dehydroandrosteron in Androestendiol und Testosteron; ein Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons aus Cholesterin. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie, 237, 89-98.
6. Ruzicka, L. & Wettstein, A. (1935) Synthetische Darstellung des Testishormons, Testosteron (Androsten 3-on-17-ol). Helvetica Chimica Acta, 18, 1264-1275.
7. Nieschlag, E. (2002) Male endocrinology. In: J.A.H. Wass, S.M. Shalet eds. Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1225-1379.
8. Deansley, R. & Parkes, A.S. (1938) Further experiments on the administration of hormones by the subcutaneous implantation of tablets. Lancet, ii, 606-608.
9. Handelsman, D.J., Conway, A.J. & Boylan, L.M. (1990) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of testosterone pellets in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 70, 216-222.
10. Jockenhövel, F., Vogel, E., Kreutzer, E., Reinhard, W., Lederbogen, S. & Reinwein, D. (1996) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous testosterone implants in hypogonadal man. Clinical Endocrinology, 45, 61-71.
11. Kelleher, S., Conway, A.J. & Handelsman, D.J. (2004) Blood testosterone threshold for androgen deficiency symptoms. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 3813-3817.
12. Handelsman, D.J., Mackey, M.A., Howe, C., Turner, L. & Conway, A.J. (1997) Analysis of testosterone implants for androgen replacement therapy. Clinical Endocrinology, 47, 311-316.
13. Behre, H.M., Wang, C., Handelsman, D.J. & Nieschlag, E. (2004) Pharmacology of testosterone preparations. In: E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre eds. Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 405-444.
14. Rolf, C. & Nieschlag, E. (1998) Potential adverse effects of long-term testosterone therapy. Bailliere's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12, 521-534.
15. World Health Organization (1989) Mesterolone and idiopathic male infertility: a double-blind study. World Health Organization Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility. International Journal of Andrology, 12, 254-264.
16. Junkmann, K. (1957) Long-acting steroids in reproduction. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 13, 389-419.
17. Schulte-Beerbühl, M. & Nieschlag, E. (1980) Comparison of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in serum after injection of testosterone enanthate or testosterone cypionate. Fertility and Sterility, 33, 201-203.
18. Dorfman, R.I. & Shipley, R.A. (eds) (1956). Androgens: Biochemistry, Physiology and Clinical Significance. Wiley, New York.
19. Kochakian, C.H. (ed.) (1976) Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
20. Kopera, H. (1985) The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids. Acta Endocrinologica Supplement, 271, 11-18.
21. Anderson, R.A., Wallace, A.M., Sattar, N., Kumar, N. & Sundaram, K. (2003) Evidence for tissue selectivity of the synthetic androgen 7 alpha-methyl-19-noretestosterone in hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 2784-2793.
22. von Eckardstein, S., Noé, G., Brache, V., Nieschlag, E., Croxatto, H., Alvarez, F., Moo-Young, A., Sivin, I., Kumar, N., Small, M. & Sundaram, K. (2003) A clinical trial of 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone implants for possible use as a long-acting contraceptive for men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 5232-5239.
23. Schänzer, W. (2004) Abuse of androgens and detection of illegal use. In: E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre eds. Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution, 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 715-735.
24. Nielen, M.W., Bovee, T.F., van Engelen, M.C., Rutgers, P., Hamers, A.R., van Rhijn, J.H. & Hoogenboom, L.R. (2006) Urine testing for designer steroids by liquid chromatography with androgen bioassay detection and electrospray quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification. Analytical Chemistry, 78, 424-431.
25. Malvey, T.C. & Armsey, T.D. 2nd (2005) Tetrahydrogestrinone: the discovery of a designer steroid. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4, 227-230.
26. Knuth, U.A., Maniera, H. & Nieschlag, E. (1989) Anabolic steroids and semen parameters in bodybuilders. Fertility and Sterility, 52, 1041-1047.
27. Bhasin, S., Storer, T.W., Singh, A.B., Woodhouse, L., Singh, R., Artaza, J., Taylor, W.E., Sinha-Hikim, I., Jasuja, R. & Gonzalez-Cadavid, N. (2004) Testosterone effects on the skeletal muscle. In: E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre eds. Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution, 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 255-282.
28. Negro-Vilar, A. (1999) Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): a novel approach to androgen therapy for the new millennium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3459-3462.
29. Bhasin, S., Calof, O.M., Storer, T.W., Lee, M.L., Mazer, N.A., Jasuja, R., Montori, V.M., Gao, W. & Dalton, J.T. (2006) Drug insight: testosterone and selective androgen receptor modulators as anabolic therapies for chronic illness and aging. Nature Clinical Practice, 2, 146-159.
30. Wolf, S.S. & Obendorf, M. (2004) Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). In: E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre eds. Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution, 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 623-640.
31. Gao, W., Kearbey, J.D., Nair, V.A., Chung, K., Parlow, A.F., Miller, D.D. & Dalton, J.T. (2004) Comparison of the pharmacological effects of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator, the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride, and the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide in intact rats: new approach for benign prostate hyperplasia. Endocrinology, 145, 5420-5428.
32. Nieschlag, E., Mauss, J., Coert, A. & Kicovic, P. (1975) Plasma androgen levels in men after oral administration of testosterone or testosterone undecanoate. Acta Endocrinologica, 79, 366-374.
33. Schürmeyer, T.H., Wickings, E.J., Freischem, C.W. & Nieschlag, E. (1983) Saliva and serum testosterone following oral testosterone undecanoate administration in normal and hypogonadal men. Acta Endocrinologica, 102, 456-462.
34. Bagchus, W.M., Hust, R., Maris, F., Schnabel, P.G. & Houwig, N.S. (2003) Important effect of food on the bioavailability of oral testosterone undecanoate. Pharmacotherapy, 23, 319-325.
35. Nieschlag, E., Kamischke, A. & Behre, H.M. (2004) Hormonal male contraception: the essential role of testosterone. In: E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre eds. Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution, 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 685-735.
36. Waites, G.M. (2003) Development of methods of male contraception: impact of the World Health Organization Task Force. Fertility and Sterility, 80, 1-15.
37. Behre, H.M., Baus, S., Kliesch, S., Keck, C., Simomi, M. & Nieschlag, E. (1995) Potential of testosterone buciclate for male contraception: endocrine differences between responders and nonresponders. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 2394-2403.
38. Behre, H.M. & Nieschlag, E. (1992) Testosterone buciclate (20 Aet-1) in hypogonadal men: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new long-acting androgen ester. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 75, 1204-1210.
39. Nieschlag, E., Wang, C., Handelsman, D.J., Swerdloff, R.S., Wu, F., Einer-Jensen, N. & Waites, G. (1992) Guidelines for the Use of Androgens. World Health Organization, Geneva.
40. Bals-Pratsch, M., Langer, K., Place, V.A. & Nieschlag, E. (1988) Substitution therapy of hypogonadal men with transdermal testosterone over one year. Acta Endocrinologica, 118, 7-13.
41. Place, V.A., Atkinson, L., Prather, D.A., Trunnell, N. & Yates, F.E. (1990) Transdermal testosterone replacement through genital skin. In: E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre eds. Testosterone: Action Deficiency, Substitution, 1st edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 165-181.
42. Behre, H.M., von Eckardstein, S., Kliesch, S. & Nieschlag, E. (1999) Long-term substitution therapy of hypogonadal men with transscrotal testosterone over 7-10 years. Clinical Endocrinology, 50, 629-635.
43. Snyder, P.J., Peachey, H., Hannoush, P., Berlin, J.A., Loh, L., Holmes, J.H., Dlewati, A., Staley, J., Santanna, J., Kapoor, S.C., Attie, M.F., Haddad, J.G. Jr & Strom, B.L. (1999) Effects of testosterone treatment on bone mineral density in men over 65 years of age. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 1966-1972.
44. Snyder, P.J., Peachey, H., Hannoush, P., Berlin, J.A., Loh, L., Lenrow, D.A., Holmes, J.H., Dlewati, A., Santanna, J., Rosen, C.J. & Strom, B.L. (1999) Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 2647-2653.
45. Meikle, A.W., Arver, S., Dobs, A.S., Sanders, S.W., Rajaram, L. & Mazer, N. (1996) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in hypogonadal men: influence of application site - a clinical research centre study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81, 1832-1840.
46. Dobs, A.S., Meikle, W., Arver, S., Sanders, S.W., Caramelli, K.E. & Mazer, N.A. (1999) Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3469-3478.
47. Parker, S. & Armitage, M. (1999) Experience with transdermal testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men. Clinical Endocrinology, 50, 57-62.
48. Rolf, C., Knie, U., Lemmnitz, G. & Nieschlag, E. (2002) Interpersonal testosterone transfer after topical application of a newly developed testosterone gel preparation. Clinical Endocrinology, 56, 637-641.
49. Swerdloff, R.S., Wang, C., Cunningham, G., Dobs, A., Iranmanesh, A., Matsumoto, A.M., Snyder, P.J., Weber, T., Lonstreth, J. & Berman, N. (2000) Long-term pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 4500-4510.
50. Wang, C., Swerdloff, R.S., Iranmanesh, A., Dobs, A., Snyder, P.J., Cunningham, G., Matsumoto, A.M., Weber, T. & Berman, N. (2001) Effects of transdermal testosterone gel on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. Clinical Endocrinology, 54, 739-750.
51. Steidle, C., Schwartz, S., Jacoby, K., Sebree, T., Smith, T. & Bachand, R.; North American AA2500 T Gel Study Group (2003) AA2500 testosterone gel normalizes androgen levels in aging males with improvements in body composition and sexual function. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 2673-2681.
52. McNicholas, T.A., Dean, J.D., Mulder, H., Carnegie, C. & Jones, N.A. (2003) A novel testosterone gel formulation normalizes androgen levels in hypogonadal men, with improvements in body composition and sexual function. BJU International, 91, 69-74.
53. Wang, C., Cunningham, G., Dobs, A., Iranmanesh, A., Matsumoto, A.M., Snyder, P.J., Weber, T., Berman, N., Hull, L. & Swerdloff, R.S. (2004) Long-term testosterone gel (AndroGel) treatment maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and mood, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 2085-2098.
54. Anonymous (2003) Testosterone-topical fortigel - cellegy: fortigel, tostrex. Biodrugs, 17, 299-300.
55. Kühnert, B., Byrne, M., Simoni, M., Köpcke, W., Gerss, J., Lemmnitz, G. & Nieschlag, E. (2005) Testosterone substitution with a new transdermal, hydroalcoholic gel applied to scrotal or non-scrotal skin: a multicentre trial. European Journal of Endocrinology, 153, 317-326.
56. Rolf, C., Kemper, S., Lemmnitz, G., Eickenberg, U. & Nieschlag, E. (2002) Pharmacokinetics of a new transdermal testosterone gel in gonadotropin-suppressed normal men. European Journal of Endocrinology, 146, 673-679.
57. Wang, C., Swerdloff, R., Kipnes, M., Matsumoto, A.M., Dobs, A.S., Cunningham, G., Katznelson, L., Weber, T.J., Friedman, T.C., Snyder, P. & Levine, H.L. (2004) New testosterone buccal system (Striant) delivers physiological testosterone levels: pharmacokinetics study in hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 3821-3829.
58. Korbonits, M., Slawik, M., Cullen, D., Ross, R.J., Stalla, G., Schneider, H., Reincke, M., Bouloux, P.M. & Grossman, A.B. (2004) A comparison of a novel testosterone bioadhesive buccal system, Striant, with a testosterone adhesive patch in hypogonadal males. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 2039-2043.
59. Wang, L., Shi, D.C., Lu, S.Y. & Fang, R.Y. (1991) The therapeutic effect of domestically produced testosterone undecanoate in Klinefelter syndrome. New Drugs Market, 8, 28-32.
60. Partsch, C.J., Weinbauer, G.F., Fang, R. & Nieschlag, E. (1995) Injectable testosterone undecanoate has more favourable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics than testosterone enanthate. European Journal of Endocrinology, 132, 514-519.
61. Behre, H.M., Abshagen, K., Oettel, M., Hübler, D. & Nieschlag, E. (1999) Intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of male hypogonadism: phase I studies. European Journal of Endocrinology, 140, 414-419.
62. Nieschlag, E., Büchter, D., von Eckardstein, S., Abshagen, K., Simoni, M. & Behre, H.M. (1999) Repeated intramuscular injections of testosterone undecanoate for substitution therapy in hypogonadal men. Clinical Endocrinology, 51, 757-763.
63. von Eckardstein, S. & Nieschlag, E. (2002) Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone undecanoate injected at extended intervals of 12 weeks: a phase II study. Journal of Andrology, 23, 419-425.
64. Schubert, M., Minnemann, T., Hübler, D., Rouskova, D., Christoph, A., Oettel, M., Ernst, M., Mellinger, U., Krone, W. & Jockenhövel, F. (2004) Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate: pharmacokinetic aspects of a novel testosterone formulation during long-term treatment of men with hypogonadism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 5429-5434.
65. Zitzmann, M., Saad, F. & Nieschlag, E. (2006) Longterm experience of more than 8 years with a novel formulation of testosterone undecanoate (Nebido) in substitution therapy of hypogonadal men. Endocrine Abstracts, 11, P178.
66. Kamischke, A., Heuermann, T., Krüger, K., von Eckardstein, S., Schellschmidt, I., Rübig, A. & Nieschlag, E. (2002) An effective hormonal male contraceptive using testosterone undecanoate with oral or injectable norethisterone preparations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 530-539.
67. Kamischke, A. & Nieschlag, E. (2004) Progress towards hormonal male contraception. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 25, 49-57.
68. Meriggiola, M.C., Constantino, A., Saas, F., D'Emidio, L., Morselli Labate, A.M., Bertaccini, A., Bremner, W.J., Rudolph, I., Ernst, M., Kirsch, B., Martorana, G. & Pelusi, G. (2005) Norethisterone enanthate plus testosterone undecanoate for male contraception: effects of various injection intervals on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones, testis, and prostate. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 2005-2014.
69. Hoesl, C.E., Saad, F., Poppel, M. & Altwein, J.E. (2005) Reversible, non-barrier male contraception: status and prospects. European Urology, 48, 712-722.
70. Gu, Y.Q., Wang, X.H., Xu, D., Peng, L., Cheng, L.F., Huang, M.K., Huang, Z.J. & Zhang, G.Y. (2003) A multicenter contraceptive efficacy study of injectable testosterone undecanoate in healthy Chinese men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 562-568.
71. Manson, J.E., Hsia, J., Johnson, K.C., Rossouw, J.E., Assaf, A.R., Lasser, N.L., Trevisan, M., Black, H.R., Heckbert, S.R., Detrano, R., Strickland, O.L., Wong, N.D., Crouse, J.R., Stein, E. & Cushman, M.; Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2003) Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 523-534.
72. Board on Health Science Policies (2004) Testosterone and Aging: Clinical Research Directions. Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
73. Nieschlag, E. & Behre, H.M. (2004) Clinical uses of testosterone in hypogonadism and other conditions. In: E. Nieschlag, H.M. Behre eds. Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution, 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 375-403.
74. Nieschlag, E., Behre, H.M., Bouchard, P., Corrales, J.J., Jones, T.H., Stalla, G.K., Web, S.M. & Wu, F.C.W. (2004) Testosterone replacement therapy: current trends and future directions. Human Reproduction Update, 10, 409-419.
75. Rhoden, E.L. & Morgentaler, A. (2004) Risks of testosterone- replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 482-492.
76. Nieschlag, E., Swerdloff, R., Behre, H.M., Gooren, L.J., Kaufman, J.M., Legros, J.-J., Lunenfeld, B., Morley, J.E., Schulman, C., Wang, C., Weidner, W. & Wu, F.C.W. (2005) Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations. International Journal of Andrology, 28, 125-127.
77. Zitzmann, M., Brune, M., Kornmann, B., Gromoll, J., Junker, R. & Nieschlag, E. (2001) The CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene affects bone density and bone metabolism in healthy males. Clinical Endocrinology, 55, 649-657.
78. Zitzmann, M., Brune, M., Kornmann, B., Gromoll, J., von Eckardstein, S., von Eckardstein, A. & Nieschlag, E. (2001) The CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene affects high density lipoprotein cholesterol and arterial vasoreactivity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 4867-4873.
79. Zitzmann, M., Gromoll, J., von Eckardstein, A. & Nieschlag, E. (2003) The CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene modulates body fat mass and serum levels of leptin and insulin in men. Diabetologia, 46, 31-39.
80. Walsh, S., Zmuda, J.M., Cauley, J.A., Shea, P.R., Metter, E.J., Hurley, B.F., Ferrell, R.E. & Roth, S.M. (2005) Androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism in associated with fat-free mass in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, 132-137.
81. Zitzmann, M., Depenbusch, M., Gromoll, J. & Nieschlag, E. (2004) X-chromosome inactivation patterns and androgen receptor functionality influence phenotype and social characteristics as well as pharmacogenetics of testosterone therapy in Klinefelter patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 6208-6217.
82. Zinn, A.R., Ramos, P., Elder, F.F., Kowal, K., Samango-Sprouse, C. & Ross, J.L. (2005) Androgen receptor CAGn repeat length influences phenotype of 47,XXY (Klinefelter) syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 5041-5046.
83. Zitzmann, M., Depenbusch, M., Gromoll, J. & Nieschlag, E. (2003) Prostate volume and growth in testosterone-substituted hypogonadal men are dependent on the CAG repeat polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene: a longitudinal pharmacogenetic study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 2049-2054.
84. Wakisaka, N., Taira, Y., Ishikawa, M., Nakamizo, Y., Kobayashi, K., Uwabu, M., Fukuda, Y., Taguchi, Y., Hama, T. & Kawakami, M. (2005) Effectiveness of finasteride on patients with male pattern baldness who have different androgen receptor gene polymorphism. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings, 10, 293-294.
85. Zitzmann, M. & Nieschlag, E. (2006) Testosterone substitution: current modalities and perspectives. Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology, 3, 109-116.